新高考英语二轮复习课时练第1部分阅读理解与阅读七选五专题1第8 体裁微解议论文 (含解析)

第8讲体裁微解——议论文议论文，也叫说理文，是一种剖析事物、论述事理、发表意见、提出主张的文体。作者通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方法，来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立或否定某种主张。议论文的三要素是论点、论据和论证。论点是一篇文章的灵魂、统帅；论据是支撑论点的材料；论证是用论据来证明论点的方法和过程。主要具有以下特点：选材主要选自一些外国期刊，如NewsWeek，Times，BusinessWeek，TheEconomist；主要是中外广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。内容内容包罗万象，社会生活类占据了绝大部分。作者通过摆事实、列数字等方法论证论点，目的是说服他人、宣扬观点，或者说服读者接受某种意见或采取某种行动。文章中会出现生僻词汇和长难句。结构大多以“总—分—总”的结构行文，即“提出问题—分析问题—解决问题”。语言议论文一般观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理，有严密的逻辑性。命题议论文难度相对比较大，命题角度呈多样化，如细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等。高考英语议论文设题广泛，细节理解题、推理判断题、词句猜测题、主旨大意题都有可能出现，因此，在阅读议论文时，应该从结构和内容两方面同时入手，先通读原文，再区分事实和观点，明确论点、论证和论据，明了作者最后得出的结论。具体答题策略如下：(2021·天津3月·D)Thereissomethingtobesaidforbeingageneralist，evenifyouareaspecialist.Knowingalittleaboutalotofthingsthatinterestyoucanaddtotherichnessofawhole，well-livedlife.Societypushesustospecialize，tobecomeexperts.Thisrequirescommitmenttoaparticularoccupation，branchofstudyorresearch.Thedrawbacktobeingspecialistsisweoftencometoknowmoreandmoreaboutlessandless.Thereisagreatdealofpressuretomasterone’sfield.Youmaypursuetraining，degrees，orincreasinglevelsofresponsibilityatwork.Thenyoudiscoverthepressureofhavingtokeepup.Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty.Butsuchcommitmentcanalsoweakenasenseoffreedom.Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight，thenlookbackandrealizetheywouldhavelovedtohavegonehomeandenjoyedthesweetnessoftheirfamilyandfriends，ortraveledtoexcitingplaces，meetinginterestingpeople.Masteringonethingtotheexclusion(排除)ofotherscanholdbackyourtruespirit.Generalists，ontheotherhand，knowalotaboutawiderangeofsubjectsandviewthewholewithallitsconnections.Theyarepeopleofability，talent，andenthusiasmwhocanbringtheirbroadperspective(视角)intospecificfieldsofexpertise(专长)．Thedoctorwhoisalsoapoetandphilosopherisasuperiordoctor，onewhocangivesomuchmoretohispatientsthanjustgoodmedicalskills.Thingsareconnected.Letyourexpertiseinonefieldfuelyourpassionsinallrelatedareas.Someofyourinterestsmaynotappeartobeconnectedbut，onceyouexploretheirdepths，youdiscoverthattheyare.MyeditorToni，whoisalsoawriter，haseditedseveralhistorybooks.ShehasdecidedtostudyChinesehistory.FascinatedbythestructuralbeautyoftheForbiddenCityasapainter，sheisequallyinterestedtolearnmoreaboutChinesephilosophy.“Idon’tknowwhereitwilllead，butI’mexcitedI’monthispursuit.”Theseexpansionsintonewworldshelpusbygivingusnewperspectives.Webegintoseetheinterconnectednessofonethingtoanotherinallaspectsofourlife，ofourselvesandtheuniverse.Developbroad，generalknowledgeandexperience.Theuniverseisallyourstoexploreandenjoy.eq\x(语篇解读本文是议论文。文章论述了要当一个多面手，而不是当某方面的专家。)51．Tobecomeaspecialist，onemayhaveto.A．narrowhisrangeofknowledgeB．avoidresponsibilitiesatworkC．knowmoreaboutthesocietyD．broadenhisperspectiveonlife答案A解析推理判断题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，成为专家需要对特定的职业、研究领域的投入。成为专家的缺点是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越多。因此，要成为一名专家，了解到的知识领域会越来越少，会缩小一个人的知识范围。故选A。52．Thespecialistsmentionedinparagraph3tendto.A．treasuretheirfreedomB．travelaroundtheworldC．spendmosttimeworkingD．enjoymeetingfunnypeople答案C解析细节理解题。第三段中提到“Somepeopleseemwillingtoworkaroundtheclockintheirnarrowspecialty...Thesespecialistscouldworkattheofficeuntilteneachnight”，由此可知，这些专家往往花大部分的时间在工作上。故选C。53．Accordingtotheauthor，asuperiordoctorisonewho.A．isfullyawareofhistalentandabilityB．isapurespecialistinmedicineC．shouldlovepoetryandphilosophyD．bringsknowledgeofotherfieldstowork答案D解析细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句可知，这位既是诗人又是哲学家的医生是一位优秀的医生，他能给他的病人提供比良好的医术更多的东西。由此可知，作者认为一名优秀的医生可以将其他领域的知识运用到工作中。故选D。54．WhatdoestheauthorintendtoshowwiththeexampleofToni?A．Passionalonedoesnotensureaperson’ssuccess.B．In-depthexplorationmakesdiscoveriespossible.C．Everyonehasachancetosucceedintheirpursuit.D．Seeminglyunrelatedinterestsareinawayconnected.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第五段前三句可知，事物之间是有联系的，你在一个领域的专长可以激发你在所有相关领域的热情。你的一些兴趣可能看起来没有联系，但一旦你深入探索，你就会发现它们是有联系的。接着下文举出Toni的例子，由此可以推断，作者想通过Toni的例子说明看似不相关的兴趣，如果深入探索的话，在某种程度上是有联系的。故选D。55．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．BeMoreaGeneralistThanaSpecialistB．SpecialistorGeneralist：HardtoDecideC．TurnaGeneralistintoaSpecialistD．WaystoBecomeaGeneralist答案A解析标题归纳题。第一段第一句提出观点，即使你是一个专家，也应该当一个通才；第二段第三句说明成为专家的不足之处是我们常常对越来越少的知识领域了解得越来越深；第四段说明当通才的优点。由此可知，作者认为应该当一个通才。故选A。AIfhavingtomakeachoicebetweenreadingane-bookandaprintedbook，whichwouldmostpeoplechoose？Somewouldgoforane-bookwhilesomestillpreferthehard-printedbook.Undoubtedly，e-booksdohavebenefits.Firstly，changestoanelectronicpublicationarerelativelyeasytomake.Theyarequickertoobtain.E-booksaremoreeasilyupdated.Theprintedbooksonmanysubjectscanbecomeoutdatedveryquickly.Secondly，e-bookscanbeeasilyandquicklykeptuptodate.Youusuallygetfarmorethanjustthee-books.Moste-booksaresoldwithbonusesandrelatedinformationthatusuallydonotcomewiththepurchaseofaprintedbook.Moreover，theytakeuplessspace.Insteadofabiglibrary，youcanfitliterallythousandsofbooksonyourcomputer.Italsomakesiteasiertosharethisinformationwithfamiliesandfriends.Fornearlytwentyyears，additionally，futuristshavebeenpredictingthedevelopmentofprintedbooks.Theconventionalviewhasbeenthatdigitale-booksareonthevergeofreplacingpaperbooks.However，thishasnotbeenthecase.Aprintedbookhasitsadvantagestoo.Firstly，itisanobjectthatcanbecarriedandusedalone.Itneedsnoelectricoutlet(插座)，nobatteries，nothing.Secondly，e-bookswillalwaysrequiresomeformsofsupportthattheprintedbookdoesnotneed.Ibelievethattheonlinepublishinghasnottakenoffbecausepeoplewantrealbooks.Whatisbeingpublishedonlinemoreandmorearepamphlets(小册子)andthingsthatreallydonotneedtobeinprint.Thesearestuffthatpeoplethrowawayafterward.Moreoften，peopledonotwanttoreadabookonthecomputer.Whatcouldbebetterthanapaperbook？Itlastsalongtime.Thesebooksaredesignedtolastalongtimewithoutdisappearing.Tosumup，thereisnodenyingthattheprintedbookisstillverymuchpreferredoveritsdigitalcousins.Readingelectronicpublicationsisjustnotthesamewhenitcomestobooks.Peoplearestillveryinterestedinrealbooksandnotebooks.语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了电子书和印刷书籍各自的优缺点，并对其未来做出了预测。1．Whatcanweknowaboutane-book?A．Itwillneverbeoutofdate.B．Italwaysgivesyouanaddedbonus.C．Itcandeliverinformationquickly.D．Ithastakentheplaceofprintedbooks.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“Theyarequickertoobtain.”和第六句“Secondly，e-bookscanbeeasilyandquicklykeptuptodate.”及最后一句可知，电子书更新快，获取方便，易于分享。由此推知，电子书可以快速地传递信息。故选C。2．Whichstatementwouldfuturistsprobablyagreewith?A．Printedbookswilldisappear.B．Printedbookscanbeusedalone.C．E-bookshavemanyrestrictions.D．E-bookshavenodrawbacks.答案A解析推理判断题。根据第三段第一、二句可知，未来学家认为在以后电子书将取代印刷书籍。由此推知，未来学家可能会同意印刷书籍即将消失这个观点。故选A。3．Whatisonecauseofthefailedonlinepublishing?A．Thelowdemandforbookindustry.B．Theexpectationsfrompeople.C．Theguidanceofpolicy.D．Thedesirefortheprintedbooks.答案D解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句可知，在线出版没有成功的原因是人们对印刷书籍的需求。故选D。4．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthefutureoftheprintedbook?A．Hopeless. B．Unpredictable.C．Costly. D．Promising.答案D解析观点态度题。根据最后一段第一句和最后一句可知，作者认为印刷书籍的未来是有希望的。故选D。B“Mirror，mirroronthewall.Who’stheprettiestofthemall？”Everyoneis.Includingyou.NomatterwhatTikTok’sbeautytrendswantyoutobelieve.Thepopularvideo-sharingplatformneedsnointroduction.Anyoneintheworldcancreateanythingandpostitonthewidespreadplatform.Butwhathappenswhenmoreandmorefault-findingcontents—especiallyinregardtopeople’slooks—arecreated?“You’reattractiveifyouhave8to10teethshowingwhenyousmile.”“Apparently，thisfilter(滤镜)showshowgoodyoureyebrowslook.”“Usethiseffecttoadjustthesizeofyourfeatures.”Wearebornwithatendencytofollowthecrowdtogainapproval.Asaresult，welookatthehugenumberofviewsonthesepostsandthinkfollowingthesetrendsistherightthingtodo.Sowehurriedlydownloadthefiltersorrushtothemirrortopretendtosmilebroadlyandcuriouslycountourteeth.Mediahasbeenkeepingwesternbeautystandardsforgenerationsandhasfailedtoconsiderthatdifferentculturesandcountrieshavetheirownbeautystandards.Youmightnotbelieveit，butIfinddarkcircles(theproofyouworkedharduntillateatnight)andscars(theproofthatyou’vesurvivedbattles)beautiful.AndI’msurethereareplentyofotherswhodo，too.TikTokbeautystandardssortpeopleintogroupsaccordingtothesizesoftheirnoses，foreheads，orlips.Theyjudgeapersonbytheirlooks.Actually，peoplearewholeindividualswithfarmoreinterestingqualitiesthantheirforeheadsize.It’sthewayyoureyeslightupwhentalkingaboutyourfavoritebookorthewayyoutakecareofyoursadfriendthatmakesyoubeautiful.Asweageandgrowwrinkles，it’sthethingswedidthatwe’llberememberedfor，notwhatwelookedlike20yearsago.Trustme，noone’sactuallycountingandcommittingtomemoryhowmanyteethareinyoursmile.语篇解读这是一篇议论文。TikTok上的审美标准只注重外表的美，作者论述了自己对于美的看法。5．Whyisthefamouslinefromastoryusedatthebeginningofthepassage?A．Toremindreadersofthemagicmirror.B．Tomakethebeginningunderstandable.C．Tointroducetheauthor’sbeautyattitude.D．TodisplaypopularbelieftowardsTikTok.答案C解析写作意图题。根据第一段中“Everyoneis.Includingyou.NomatterwhatTikTok’sbeautytrendswantyoutobelieve.”可知，这就是作者自己对于“谁是最美的人”的答案，是作者自己对于美的态度，不要跟风，要相信自己最美。所以说作者引用那句故事台词的目的就是引出自己对于美的看法。故选C。6．Whydowefollowthebeautytrendsaccordingtothepassage?A．Togetacceptance.B．Tosatisfycuriosity.C．Toputonmoreposts.D．Tocreateabetterself.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第六段前两句可知，因为我们生来就有一种从众以得到他人的认可的倾向，所以才会追随审美趋势。A项与gainapproval意思一致。故选A。7．Whatisbeautifulaccordingtotheauthor?A．Scarsfromabarfighting.B．Darkcirclesfromplayinggames.C．Eyebrowsshownthroughthefilter.D．Alamelegfromsavingachildinafire.答案D解析推理判断题。根据倒数第三段第二句以及最后一段可推知，假如你是因为从大火中救出孩子而腿瘸的人，在作者看来这就是最美的。故选D。8．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthepassage?A．WorryingFutureforTikTokFollowersB．UniqueBeautyStandardsonTikTokC．HarmfulTikTokBeautyTrendsD．DangerousTikTokPlatform答案C解析标题归纳题。第一段作者阐述了自己对美的态度；第二段作者质疑TikTok平台上很多人分享的人造美对社会导向是错误的；倒数第二段作者指出了这些网络视频中的审美是具有负面影响的，并指出了正确的审美观。综上，作者担心TikTok平台的审美趋势所带来的负面影响。故选C。强化练(十六)议论文AAsimplepieceofclotheslineshangsbetweensomeenvironmentallyfriendlyAmericansandtheirneighbors.Ononesidestandthosewhoseeclothesdryersasawasteofenergyandamajorpolluteroftheenvironment.Asaresult，theyareturningtoclotheslinesaspartofthe“what-I-can-doenvironmentalism”．Butontheothersidearepeoplewhoareagainstdryingclothesoutside，arguingthatclotheslinesareunpleasanttolookat.TheyhavepersuadedHomeownersAssociations(HOAs)acrosstheUStostopoutdoorclotheslines，becauseclotheslinedryingalsotendstolowerhomevalueintheneighborhood.ThishasledtoaRight-to-DryMovementthatiscallingforlawsbepassedtoprotectthechoicetouseclotheslines.Sofar，onlythreestateshavelawstoprotectclotheslines.MattReck,37，isthekindofeco-friendlypersonwhofeedshistreeswithbathwaterandreuseswaterdropsfromhisairconditionerstowaterplants.Hisfamilyalsousesaclothesline.Butseveraldaysago，theHOAinNorthCarolinatoldhimthatadissatisfiedneighborhadtelephonedthemabouthisclothesline.TheReckspaidnoattentiontothewarningandstilldriedtheirclothesonalineintheyard.“Manypeoplesaytheyareenvironmentallyfriendlybuttheydon’ttakemattersintheirownhands，”saysReck.ThelocalHOAhasdecidednottotakeanyaction，unlessmoreneighborscomplain.NorthCarolinalawmakerssaythatstoppingclotheslinesisnottherightthingtodo.ButHOAsandhousingbusinessesbelievethatclotheslinedryingremindspeopleofpoorneighborhoods.Theyworrythatifbuyersthinktheirfutureneighborscan’tevenafforddryers，housingpriceswillfall.Environmentalistssaysuchworriesarenotnecessary，andinviewofglobalwarming，thatideaneedstochange.Astheysay，“Theclotheslineisbeautiful.Hangingclothesoutsideshouldbeencouraged.Weallhavetodoatleastsomethingtoslowdowntheprocessofglobalwarming.”语篇解读这是一篇议论文。一条简单的晾衣绳引起了一些环保的美国人和他们的邻居之间的争议，有些人反对在室外晾晒衣服，他们认为晾衣绳看起来很难看，且会降低房屋价值，环保人士则认为晾衣绳很环保且美观。1．Supportersofclothesdryersaretryingtostopclotheslinedryingbecause.A．clothesdryerscansavemoneyB．clothesdryersareenergy-savingC．clotheslinedryingreduceshomevalueD．clotheslinedryingisnotallowedinUS答案C解析细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，干衣机的支持者们正试图阻止晾衣绳，因为晾衣绳降低了房屋价值。故选C。2．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesMattReck?A．Heisawarm-heartedman.B．Heisanimpoliteneighbor.C．Heisaninexperiencedgardener.D．Heisamanofsocialresponsibility.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第三段第一句和倒数第二句可推知，MattReck是一个有社会责任感的人。故选D。3．Whoaremostlikelytosupportclotheslinedrying?A．Housingbusinesses.B．Environmentalists.C．HomeownersAssociations.D．Reck’sdissatisfiedneighbors.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第三段第一、二句以及最后一段可知，环保人士最有可能支持晾衣绳。故选B。4．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．OppositeOpinionsonClotheslineDryingB．AWaytoSaveEnergyandMoneyC．DifferentVarietiesofClotheslinesD．ALostArttoBeDiscovered答案A解析标题归纳题。根据第一段并结合文章的主要内容可知，文章讲述了一条简单的晾衣绳引起了一些环保的美国人和他们的邻居之间的争议。文章介绍了不同的人对此的看法。故选A。B(2022·江西赣州适应性考试)Beingperfectissomethingmanyofuswantandtrytoachieve.Itmakesusfeelwe’recorrectandthatourhardworkhaspaidoff.However，asmuchasperfectionandbeingperfectisnotallaperfectthing.Perfectionisallaboutbeingwithoutmistakesandcriticism.Wantingortryingtobeperfectcanmakeithardtoadmitamistake.Nevertheless，itisimportanttoownuptomistakesandworktofixthem.Notbeingabletotakecriticismandfixmistakesisarrogance，notperfection.Perfectionisadouble-edgedsword.Inourlives，wewantperfection.Perfectionholdsusaccountable;it’sthemistakesandimperfectionthatkeepspushingusharderandfurtheratwhatwedo.It’stheperfectmotivator.Butit’salsotheperfectkiller.Forexample，themovie“BlackSwan”showcasedhowperfectioncankillus.Workingandtrainingandstresshurtourbody，mind，andsomuchmorethatwecan’tdoitanymore.Butperfectioncanalsohavetheoppositeeffect.Themovie“HighStrung”showedthatperfectiondoesn’texist，butpracticingandpushingourselvescanbringusgreatrewards.In“BlackSwan”，themaincharactertriedtobeperfectbuthealsocomparedhimselftosomeoneelsewhohethoughtwasbetterthanhim.Thisaddedmorepressureandself-doubt，whichcancauseunhealthywaysofachievingperfection.Themaincharacterof“BlackSwan”didn’tknowwhentostop，whereasthemaincharacterof“HighStrung”did，oratleastdidn’tfocussomuchonthecomparison，andinsteadfocusedonthecompetitionandtheonesshecaredabout.Perfectionissomethingwecan’tlivewithoutandcan’tlivewith.Theonlywaytokeeptheswordfromcuttingusisifweknowwhentostop.Somedaysaregoingtobegooddaysandotherswillbebad.Wehavetotakewhateverdayitis—perfectorimperfect—andhopethat’senough.语篇解读这是一篇议论文。文章主要论述完美是我们很多人都想要并努力实现的，然而，完美并不是没有错误和缺点，它是一把双刃剑。5．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“ownupto”meaninparagraph2?A．Make. B．Avoid.C．Correct. D．Acknowledge.答案D解析词义猜测题。根据第二段中“Notbeingabletotakecriticismandfixmistakesisarrogance，notperfection.”以及画线词后面“mistakesandworktofixthem”可知，不能接受批评和纠正错误是傲慢，而不是完美，所以承认错误并努力改正是很重要的。故画线短语意思是“承认”。故选D。6．Whatpreventsthecharacterin“BlackSwan”fromgoingfurther?A．Comparison. B．Self-doubt.C．Pressure. D．Competition.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第四段中“In‘BlackSwan’，themaincharactertriedtobeperfectbuthealsocomparedhimselftosomeoneelsewhohethoughtwasbetterthanhim.Thisaddedmorepressureandself-doubt，whichcancauseunhealthywaysofachievingperfection.”可知，是比较阻止了《黑天鹅》中的角色走得更远。故选A。7．Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodowhiletryingtobeperfect?A．Trynottomakemistakes.B．Pushourselvesharder.C．Stopbeforegoingtoofar.D．Proveourabilitytoothers.答案C解析细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Theonlywaytokeeptheswordfromcuttingusisifweknowwhentostop.”可知，作者建议我们在追求完美的同时，不要走得太远。故选C。8．Whatcouldbethebeststructureofthepassage?(P＝paragraph)答案C解析篇章结构题。通读全文可知，第一段总起全文，引出关于“完美”的话题；第二段中“Perfectionisallaboutbeingwithoutmistakesandcriticism.”为第一个论点；第三段和第四段指出完美是一把双刃剑，为第二个论点；最后第五段对全文进行总结。由此可推知，C选项最符合文章结构。CItisbettertokeepyourmouthclosedandletpeoplethinkyouareafoolthantoopenitandremovealldoubt.—MarkTwainYoucanhavesomethingextremelysmart，usefulorfunnytosay，butifyousayitatanimpropertime，youcouldmakeyourselflookfoolish.Throughouthistorymanyfamous，noteworthypeoplehavetakenMarkTwain’swordstoheart.Thesewisepeopleknewwhentotalkandwhentokeepsilent.Manyleadershavetolearnwhentotalkandwhentokeepsilentevenwhenitmightbedifficulttodoso.Allleadersmustchoosetheirwordscarefully，pickingtherighttimetospeak，sothattheirwordscanhavethegreatestimpact.Ifyoulearntodevelopthisskillofknowingwhentoholdyourtongue，youwillalsobecomewise，evenifpeoplethinkyouarenot.Somepeople，infact，willunderestimateyoubecausetheydonotknowwhatyouarethinkingallthetime.Thiscangiveyouanadvantageinmanysituations.Whenpeopleunderestimateyou，theydonotfocusonyou，leavingyoutomakeandperformplanswithoutbeingnoticed.Ifyouthinkbeforeyou