西方中世纪翻译史

Hundred

Years’TranslationMovement

of

Arab

In

the

MiddleAgesContentsBackgroundPeriod

1Period

2InfluenceBackgroundMiddle

Ages

(500AC-1500AC)A

dark

age

in

the

development

of

modernscience

and

human

historyReligion

cumbers

the

development

of

scienceWestern

science

develops

slowly

at

this

periodCausesA

large

scale

of

translation

activities

centered

on

Greekscientific

and

philosophical

materials

began

at

the

Arabic

worldPolitical

reason

-to

consolidate

powerCulture

reason

-to

meet

the

needs

of

peoplePrivate

reason

-

caliphs’

interests

eg.

Al-Mansur

,

the

secondAbbasid

caliph(754-775),was

obsessed

with

astrologyPeriod

1When830AC-930ACWhereBaghdadProcess

Translate

Greek

scientificand

philosophical

material

into

ArabicMain

Translators

Hunayn

ibn

Ish-aqAchievementsHouse

of

WisdomEstablished

in

830ACSupported

by

the

fourth

caliphAl-Mamun

who

reigned

from813-833Official

translation

agencyHuge

library

filled

with

books

,scholars

from

all

over

the

world

come

here,

enjoy

a

carefree

life

supported

by

caliphThe

establishment

of

the

Wisdom

of

Houseplayed

an

important

role

for

the

Arab

world

toassimilate

civilization

fruits

of

China，Greek，India,PersiaImproving

the

development

of

science

andtechnologyHunayn

ibn

Ish-aqThe

greatest

translator

inthe

history

of

ArabicFamous

scholarTake

charge

of

translationwork

of

the

House

ofWisdomProficient

in

Greek,

Persian,syriac

and

ArabicWith

a

deep

understanding

of

the

original

text,Hunayn’translation

is

accurate

,and

equipped

with

detailed

notes

.Created

a

number

of

corresponding

Arabic

medical,

philosophical,animal,

plant

names

and

astronomical

terms.made

an

admirable

contribution

to

making

Arabic

the

academiclanguage

of

the

middle

agesAchievementsDialogues

and

Republic

of

PlatoThe

logic

essays

of

Aristotle:Organon《工具论》,whichincludes

Categories《范畴篇》,On

Interpretation《解释篇》，Pior

Analytics《前分析篇》,Posterior

Analytics《后分析篇》，Topics《论辩篇》,On

SophisticalRefutations《辩谬篇》,The

Metaphysics《形而上学》Ptolemy’

works

about

AstronomyPeriod

2When11th

-13th

century

ACWhereToledo托莱多Process

Translate

scientific

andphilosophical

material

of

Greek

and

Arab

into

LatinThe

most

important

translator Gerard

(

1114-1187)AchievementsTwo

features

of

translation

activities

in

ToledoTranslation

activities

supported

by

theChristian

ChurchAmong

these

translation

works，most

of

themare

Arabic

texts

translated

from

Greek，therest

are

Arabic

books

or

Greek

booksTranslation

Features

In

the

12thCenturyServed

for

the

interests

of

the

churchDevoted

to

explore

the

heritage

of

Greek

and

ArabworldTarget

language

:

LatinCare

more

about

knowledge

but

not

deliveringinformationTranslation

method:

literalGerard

of

Cremona1114-1187ACFrom

Italy

to

ToledoSeek

for

Ptolemy’

famousastronomic

book

Almagest《天文学大成》Translate

Almagest

in

1175Translate

more

than

80

workswhich

includes

a

wide

variety

ofsciencesTranslation

Features

In

the

13thCenturyServed

for

sponsors

not

religion

eg.

King

Alfonso

XDevoted

to

establish

Spanish

cultureTarget

language

:

SpanishThe

creation

of

translators

depends

on

the

relationshipbetween

power

and

knowledgeTranslation

method:

literal

King

Alfonso

X

asks

forthat

translation

should

be

easy

to

understand“The

first

[method],

associated

with

Yuhanna

Ibnal-Batr

q

and

Ibn

Na

’ima

al-Himsi,

was

highlyliteral

and

consisted

of

translating

each

Greekword

with

an

equivalent

Arabic

word

and,

wherenone

existed,

borrowing

the

Greek

word

intoArabic.”-Baker

and

Hanna“The

second

method,

associated

with

Ibn

Isha

qand

al-Jawahari,

consisted

of

translating

sense-for-sense,

creating

fluent

target

texts

whichconveyed

the

meaning

of

the

original

withoutdistorting

the

target

language.”–Baker

and

HannaSummaryThis

movement

had

a

profound

impact

on

the

developmentof

scientific

and

philosophical

thought

throughout

the

Arabworld,

leading

directly

to

the

cultural

and

ideological

changesof

the

time

in

the

regionMany

precious

Greek

works

preserved

by

this

movementeg.There

were

two

volumes

of

Ptolemy"s

most

importantwork,

Planetary

Hypotheses,

written

in

his

later

years,

onlythe

first

was

pr