教学课件-《安全工程专业英语(第2版)》司鹄

安全工程专业英语UINTONE

SAFETYMANAGEMENT

SYSTEMS

句子分析Allmoderntheoriesarebasedonaccidentcausationmodelswhichtrytoexplainthesequenceofeventsthatfinallyproducetheloss.

Thestrategicmanagement,leadership,motivation,andthepersonnel’svisibleandhiddenvaluesaresomeissuesthatarenowunderintensivestudy.战略管理，领导力，动力以及人员的可见和隐藏价值是目前正在深入研究的一些问题。所有现代理论都基于事故因果关系模型，试图解释最终产生损失的事件序1AccidentcausationmodelsThemostimportantaimofsafetymanagementistomaintainandpromoteworkers’healthandsafetyatwork.Understandingwhyandhowaccidentsandotherunwantedeventsdevelopisimportantwhenpreventiveactivitiesareplanned.Accidenttheoriesaimtoclarifytheaccidentphenomena,andtoexplainthemechanismsthatleadtoaccidents.Allmoderntheoriesarebasedonaccidentcausationmodelswhichtrytoexplainthesequenceofeventsthatfinallyproducetheloss.安全管理的最重要目标是维护和促进工人在工作时的健康和安全。在计划预防性活动时，了解事故和其他不良事件发生的原因和方式非常重要。事故理论旨在澄清事故现象，并解释导致事故的机制。所有现代理论都基于事故因果关系模型，试图解释最终产生损失的事件序列。Inancienttimes,accidentswereseenasanactofGodandverylittlecouldbedonetopreventthem.Inthebeginningofthe20thcentury,itwasbelievedthatthepoorphysicalconditionsaretherootcausesofaccidents.在远古时代，事故被视为上帝的行为，并且很少有人能够预防事故。在20世纪初，人们认为不良的身体状况是事故的根本原因。Safetypractitionersconcentratedonimprovingmachineguarding,housekeeping,andinspections.Inmostcasesanaccidentistheresultoftwothings:thehumanact,andtheconditionofthephysicalorsocialenvironment.安全从业人员专注于改善机器防护，内务管理和检查。在大多数情况下，事故是两件事的结果：人类行为，以及身体或社会环境的状况。

Petersenextendedthecausationtheoryfromtheindividualactsandlocalconditionstothemanagementsystem.Heconcludedthatunsafeacts,unsafeconditions,andaccidentsareallsymptomsofsomethingwrongintheorganizationalmanagementsystem.Furthermore,hestatedthatitisthetopmanagementwhoisresponsibleforbuildingupsuchasystemthatcaneffectivelycontrolthehazardsassociatedtotheorganization’soperation.彼得森将因果关系理论从个人行为和当地条件扩展到管理系统。他的结论是，不安全行为，不安全状况和事故都是组织管理系统出现问题的症状。此外，他表示，最高管理层负责建立这样一个能够有效控制与组织运作相关的危害的系统。

Theerrorsdonebyasinglepersoncanbeintentionalorunintentional.RasmussenandJensenhavepresentedathree-levelskill-rule-knowledgemodelfordescribingtheoriginsofthedifferenttypesofhumanerrors.Nowadays,thismodelisoneofthestandardmethodsintheexaminationofhumanerrorsatwork.单个人所犯的错误可能是有意或无意的。拉斯穆森和詹森提出了一个三级技能规则-知识模型，用于描述不同类型的人为错误的起源。如今，该模型是检查工作中人为错误的标准方法之一。2Safetymanagementasanorganizationalactivity

Safetymanagementisoneofthemanagementactivitiesofacompany.Differentcompanieshavedifferentmanagementpractices,andalsodifferentwaystocontrolhealthandsafetyhazards.Organizationalcultureisamajorcomponentaffectingorganizationalperformanceandbehavior.OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidthatorganizationalcultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”.Theconceptofsafetycultureistodayunderintensivestudyinindustrializedcountries.OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidthatorganizationalcultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”.Schein提出了组织文化的一个全面定义，他说组织文化是“一种基本假设的模式-由特定群体发明，发现或发展，因为它学会应对外部适应和内部整合的问题。-这已经足够有效，被认为是有效的，因此，被教导给新成员作为正确的方式来感知，思考和感受这些问题“。如今，安全文化的概念正在工业化国家进行深入研究。Theseinclude:organizationalresponsibilityforsafety,managementattitudestowardssafety,managementactivityinrespondingtohealthandsafetyproblems,safetytrainingandpromotion,levelofriskattheworkplace,workers’involvementinsafety,andstatusofthesafetyofficerandthesafetycommittee.其中包括：组织安全责任，管理层对安全的态度，应对健康和安全问题的管理活动，安全培训和晋升，工作场所的风险水平，工人参与安全，安全官员的地位和安全委员会。安全术语安全管理事故致因不安全行为不安全状态企业安全文化安全的工作环境科技文章的特点

大量使用名词化结构

Theearthrotatesonitsownaxis,whichcausesthechangefromdaytonight.

Therotationoftheearthonownaxis

causesthechangefromdaytonight.广泛使用被动句Thesafetypolicyshouldbeputintopracticethroughcarefulplanningofthesafetyactivities.非限定动词Organizationalcultureisamajorcomponentaffecting

organizationalperformanceandbehavior.后置定语Insmallandmedium-sizedcompanies,thesafetymanagerandthesafetyrepresentativeoftenhaveotherdutiesbesidestheirhealthandsafetytasks.Thesafetymanager’sroleistoactasanexpertwhoisawareofthehealthandsafetylegislationandotherobligationsconcerningthecompany.Theeffortsnecessarytoassurethatsufficientemphasisisplacedonsystemsafetyareoftenorganizedintoformalprograms.长句OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidthatorganizationalcultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”.UNIT

TWO

SYSTEMSAFETYENGINEERING

Systemsafetyengineeringdrawsuponsystemsafetyconceptsandtheapproachesusedinsystemengineering.Itsobjectiveistosafelyintegrateallsystemcomponentsinamannerconsistentwithothersystemcriteria.系统安全工程利用系统安全概念和系统工程中使用的方法。其目标是以符合其他系统标准的方式安全地集成所有系统组件。Itinvolvestheapplicationofscientificandmanagementprinciplesforthetimelyrecognition,evaluation,andcontrolofhazards.Throughthelogicalprogrammingoftheseeffortsoverasystem’slifecycle,thedesiredlevelofsafetycanberealized.它涉及应用科学和管理原则来及时识别，评估和控制危害。通过在系统的生命周期中对这些努力进行逻辑编程，可以实现期望的安全级别。

Systemsafetyprogram

Thedegreeofsafetyachievedinasystemdependsontheimportanceitisgivenbysystemdesigners,managers,andoperators.Theeffortsnecessarytoassurethatsufficientemphasisisplacedonsystemsafetyareoftenorganizedintoformalprograms.系统中实现的安全程度取决于系统设计人员，管理人员和操作员的重要性。确保充分强调系统安全所需的努力通常被组织成正式计划。Theobjectivesofsuchprogramsaretorecognize,evaluate,andcontrolsystemhazardsasearlyinthelifecycleaspossible.Adequatesafetyinputduringtheinitialphasesisthekeytoproduceaninherentlysafesystem.Effectivesystemsafetyprogramsalsoeliminatethescheduledelaysandcostlychangesthatoftenresultinsystemsthatdidnothaveadequatesafetyplanning.此类计划的目标是尽可能早地识别，评估和控制系统危害。初始阶段的足够安全输入是产生本质安全系统的关键。有效的系统安全计划还可以消除计划延迟和代价高昂的变更，这些变更通常会导致系统没有足够的安全计划。Theheartofasystemsafetyprogramisintheperformanceofhazardanalyses.Theseeffortsalsoinvolvemostofthedetailworkofsystemsafetyengineering.Analysesareconductedtoidentifyandevaluatehazardswithinasystem.Withthisinformation,responsibleofficialsmaydeterminethesafest,mostefficientmeansofcontrollingthehazardsidentified.系统安全规划的核心是进行危险源分析。这些还涉及系统安全工程的具体工作。分析有利于识别和评估系统内的危险源。有了这些信息，负责人可以确定最安全、最有效控制危险的措施。Withitsaccidentsourceseliminated,theentiresystemalsobecomesmoreeffectiveinperformingitstask.Ingeneral,hazardanalysesareconductedasfollows:Gainanunderstandingofthesystem.Definethescopeandpurposeoftheanalysis.Selectandapplyananalysistechnique.Evaluatetheresults.Hazardanalysisisnotanintuitiveprocess.Forananalysistobemeaningful,itmustbelogical,accurate,descriptiveofthesystem,andbasedonvalidassumptions.Itssuccesslargelydependsontheskillandknowledgeofthoseconductingtheanalysis.Anyonewhohasathorough,workingknowledgeofboththesystemunderconsiderationandtheanalysistechniquetobeusedmayperformahazardanalysis.危险分析不是一个直观的过程。为使分析有意义，它必须是逻辑的，准确的，系统的描述，并基于有效的假设。它的成功在很大程度上取决于进行分析的人的技能和知识。任何对所考虑的系统和要使用的分析技术都具有全面的工作知识的人都可以进行危害分析。Itinvolvestheapplicationofscientificandmanagementprinciplesforthetimelyrecognition,evaluation,andcontrolofhazards.

句子分析Thesecriterianormallyprovideforcompliancewithacceptedsafetystandardssuchasthosecontainedingovernmentregulations.

Equipmentspecifications,maintenanceplans,trainingplans,proposedsystemprocedures,andotherdesignmaterialsarereviewedandevaluatedduringthedesignphase.EquipmentHazardanalysesareupdatedtodeterminetheimpactofanysystemchanges,andactionistakentocontrolanyhazardsthatresultfromsuchchanges.Forananalysistobemeaningful,itmustbelogical,accurate,descriptiveofthesystem,andbasedonvalidassumptions.ForAnalysiswasneverintendedtoprovidethefinalanswertosystemsafetyproblems,butrathertoaidinmakingdecisionsforimprovingthesystem.安全术语危险控制安全评价系统安全工程危险分析危险辩识安全准则翻译技巧（一）词义引申

词义转译Likeanyprecisiondevice,themonitorofmethanerequirescarefultreatment.

Solarenergyseemstooffermorehopethan

anyothersourceofenergy.

词义具体化Thepurposeofadrilleristoholes.

Asingle-pointcuttingtoolisusedtocut

threadsonenginelathes

词义抽象化Themajorcontributors

incomponenttechnologyhavebeenthesemi-conductorcomponents

Therearethreestepswhichmustbetakenbeforewegraduatefrom

theintegratedcircuittechnology

词的搭配Theironoreusedtomakesteel

comesfromopen-pitandundergroundmines.

Aninsulatoroffersavery

highresistance

tothepassagethroughwhichelectriccurrentgoes.UINT

THREE

THEERGONOMICSPROCESS

句子分析

Inaninformationprocessingtask,wemightredesigntheinterfacesoastoreducetheloadontheuser'smemory(e.g.shiftmoreofthememoryloadofthetaskontothecomputersystemorredesigntheinformationtomakeitmoredistinctiveandeasiertorecall).

在信息处理任务中，我们可能会重新设计界面，以减少用户内存的负担（例如，将任务的更多内存负载转移到计算机系统上或重新设计信息，使其更加独特，更容易回忆）。Newtaskscanbemadeeasiertolearnandtoperformbydesigningthemsothattheyresembletasksorproceduresthatpeoplearealreadyfamiliarwith.Theimplementationofergonomicsinsystemdesignshouldmakethesystemworkbetterbyeliminatingaspectsofsystemfunctioningthatareundesirable,uncontrolledorunaccountedfor.通过设计新任务，可以使新任务更容易学习和执行，使它们类似于人们已经熟悉的任务或程序。在系统设计中实施人机工程学应该通过消除不受欢迎，不受控制或不计入的系统功能的各个方面，使系统更好地工作Inergonomics,absenteeism,injury,poorqualityandunacceptablyhighlevelsofhumanerrorareseenassystemproblemsratherthan'people'problems,andtheirsolutionisseentolieindesigningabettersystemofworkratherthaninbetter'manmanagement'orincentives,by'motivating'workersorbyintroducingsafetyslogansandotherpropaganda.在人机工程学方面，旷工，受伤，质量差和人为错误程度高得令人无法接受被视为系统问题而不是“人”问题，他们的解决方案被认为是设计更好的工作系统而不是更好的“人员管理”。通过“激励”工人或引入安全标语和其他宣传来激励。Thedatabaseofmodernergonomicscontainsmuchinformationonthecapabilitiesandcharacteristicsofpeopleandoneofthemainpurposesofthisbookistointroducethereadertothisinformationandshowhowitcanbeusedinpractice.现代人体工程学数据库包含有关人员能力和特征的大量信息，本书的主要目的之一是向读者介绍这些信息，并说明如何在实践中使用它。安全术语安全人机工程工作效率工作压力伤害率人机过程职业伤残翻译技巧（二）词量增减

词量增加Matercanbechangedintoenergy,andenergyintomater.

Thebestconductorhastheleastresistanceandthepooresthasthegreatest.

Oxidationwillmakeironandsteelrusty.词量减少Theworldofworkinjuryinsuranceis

complex.Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritisa

solid,a

liquid,ora

gas.In

theabsenceofforce,abodywilleitherremainatrest,orconitnuetomovewith

constantspeedinastraightline.Awirelengthenswhileit

isheated

Stainlesssteelspossess

goodhardnessandhighstrengh.Thecostofsuchapowerplantisarelativelysmallportionofthetotalcostofthedevelopment.

Theresistanceofthepipetotheflowofwaterthroughitdependsuponthelengthofthepipe,thediameterofthepipe,andthefeatureoftheinsidewalls(roughorsmooth).

Ingeneral,allthemetalsaregoodconductros,withsilverthebestandcopperthesecond.

UNIT

FOUR

HAZARD

IDENTIFICATION

句子分析Itisimportanttorememberthataworkermayperceivesomethingasahazard,wheninfactitmaynotbeatruehazard;theriskmaynotmatchtherankingthattheworkerplacedonit.

Identificationandcontrolofhazardsshouldincludeperiodicsitesafetyinspectionprogramsthatinvolvesupervisorsand,ifyouhavethem,jointlabormanagementcommittees.

重要的是要记住，工人可能会将某些东西视为危险，而事实上它可能不是真正的危险;风险可能与工人对其的排名不符。危险的识别和控制应包括涉及主管的定期现场安全检查计划，如果有的话，还应包括联合劳动管理委员会。Topreventindustrialaccidents,thepeople,machines,andotherfactorswhichcancauseaccidents,includingtheenergiesassociatedwiththem,mustbecontrolled.

Topreventindustrialaccidents,thepeople,machines,andotherfactorswhichcancauseaccidents,includingtheenergiesassociatedwiththem,mustbecontrolled.

为了防止工业事故，必须控制可能导致事故的人员，机器和其他因素，包括与之相关的能量。为了防止工业事故，必须控制可能导致事故的人员，机器和其他因素，包括与之相关的能量。Studytheworkenvironmentforwhatismovinginthevicinityoftheworker,whatisabouttomove,orwhatwillmoveasaresultofwhattheworkerdoes.

Anytypeofworkthatinvolvesmaterialsorequipmentthatmaybeharmfulwithoutforcefulcontactisasourceofcontact-withaccidents.

研究工作环境就是为分析由于工人的行为在工人附近移动的东西，将要移动的东西，或者将会移动。任何涉及在没有强力接触的情况下可能有害的材料或设备的工作是与事故接触的根源。Managementisnotasclosetotheactualworkbeingperformedasarethoseperformingthework.

Thishazardidentificationtechniqueworkswellwheremanagementisopenandgenuinelyconcernedaboutthesafetyandhealthofitsworkforce.

安全术语工伤保险人因失误风险评估人机系统工业事故事故类型翻译技巧（三）词性的转换

转译成汉语动词Achangeof

statefromasolidtoaliquidformrequireshaetenergy.

Thetermlaserstandsforamplificationby

stimulatedemissionofradiation.Bothofthesubstancesarenotsoluble

inwater.Inthiscasethetemperatureinfurnaceis

up.转译成汉语名词Suchmaterialsarecharacterized

bygoodinsulationandhighresistancetowear.Theresultofthisexperimentismuchbetterthanthose

ofpreviousones.Allstructuralmaterialsbehave

plastically

abovetheirelasticrange.Thecuttingtoolmustbestrong,tough,hard,andwearresistant.

转移成汉语形容词Thisman-machinesystemischieflycharacterized

byitssimplicityofoperationandtheeasewithwhichitcanbemaintained.

Itisdemonstatedthatdustisextremelyhazardous.

Theequationsbelowarederivedfromthose

above.Thisexperimentwasasuccess

转换成汉语副词Themechanicalautomatizationmakesfora

tremendous

riseinlaborproductivity.Ahelicopteris

free

togoalmostanywhere.Rapidevaporationattheheatingsurface

tends

tomakethesteamwet.UNIT

FIVE

WHATISANOHSMS

句子分析Findingagreementuponcriteriaforeffectiveness,ormethodsofmeasurementandevaluationisespeciallyhardwherebasicdisagreementexistsuponwhatanOHSMSis.

SystemstheorysuggeststhatthereshouldbefourgeneralrequirementsforanOHSMS,althoughhowtheserequirementsaremetinpracticeallowsforconsiderablediversity.

如果职业安全健康管理体系存在基本分歧，那么就有效性标准或衡量和评估方法达成一致意见尤其困难。系统理论认为OHSMS应该有四个一般要求，尽管在实践中如何满足这些要求可以实现相当大的多样性。Incontrast,mandatorysystemshaveevolvedinanumberofEuropeancountrieswherelegislationrequiresadoptionofariskassessmentsystem.

相比之下，强制性制度已在许多欧洲国家发展，其中立法要求采用风险评估系统。ThisapproachstemsfrommethodsofregulationfoundinEuropeaswellasAustralia,wherebusinesses,includingsmallerones,areencouragedorrequiredtocomplywithalessdemandingframeworkthan“managementsystems”.

First,itisgroundedintheliteraturethatdiscussesalternativeapproachestomanagingOHSanddifferentcontrolstrategies,anditreflectstheprincipaldebatesinthatliterature.

这种方法源于欧洲和澳大利亚的监管方法，鼓励或要求企业（包括较小的企业）遵守比“管理系统”要求更低的框架。首先，它以讨论管理OHS和不同控制策略的替代方法的文献为基础，并反映了该文献中的主要争论。TheideathattheremaybedifferentlevelsofOHSMhasbeeninterpretedanotherwayinAustraliawhereperformancelevelsinsomeprogramsareexplicitlydevelopmental(thebusinessgraduatingupanascendingladderasitdemonstratescompliancewiththerequirementsofeachsuccessivelevel).

可能存在不同级别的OHSM的想法在澳大利亚被另一种方式解释，其中一些计划的绩效水平明确地发展（业务逐步上升，因为它表明符合每个连续水平的要求）。安全术语职业安全健康职业安全健康管理体系危险源分析事故分析风险管理职业伤害

翻译技巧（四）句子成分转换

谓语、表语、宾语、状语转译成主语Gases

differfromliquidsinthattheformer

havegreatercompressibilitythanthelatter.Rubberisabetterdielectric

butapoorerinsulatorthanair.Waterhasadensityof62.4poundspercubicfoot

Aluminumisverylightin

wight,beingonlyonethirdasheavyasiron.Thesamesignsandsymbolsofmathematicsareusedthroughouttheworl

Sodiumisveryactive

chemically.主语、宾语、表语、状语转译成谓语Theprevention

ofmanytypesof

occupationaldiseasesisdistinctlywithintherealmofpossibility.

Alsopresent

insolidsarenumbersoffreeelectrons.Asemiconductorhasapoor

conductivityatroomtemperature,butitmaybecomeagoodconductorathightemperature.

状语转译成谓语Thewideapplicationsofcomputersaffecttremendouslythedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.

主语、状语、宾语转译成定语CMOSchipsinthecomputerworkathousandtimesmorerapidlythannervecellsinthehumanbrain

InBritain

thefirststand-bygas-turbineelectricitygeneratorwasinoperationinManchesterin1952.定语、谓语、主语、宾语转译成状语Itwasanamazingpieceofscientific

clairvoyance,comparableperhapstoCharlesBabbage’santicipationoftheprincipleofthecomputer.

Aftermoreexperiments,Galileosucceededinmakingamuchbettertelescope.

Theresultofhisrevolutionarydesign

isthattheengineismuchsmaller,worksmoresmoothly,andhasfewermovingparts.主语、状语、谓语转译成宾语Themechanicalenergy

canbechangedbackintoelectricalenergybymeansofagenerator.Televisionhasbeensuccessfullysentbylaser.Thesunaffects

tremendouslyboththemindandbodyofaman.主语、宾语转译成表语AgreatcontributionofEdison

wasthecarbonmicrophone.Theproductionhadconsiderabledifficulty

gettingpatentprotectionifithadnopatentright

UNIT

SIX

INDUSTRIALHYGIENE

句子分析

Industrialhygienehasbeendefinedas"thatscienceorartdevotedtotheanticipation,recognition,evaluation,andcontrolofthoseenvironmentalfactorsorstresses,arisinginorfromtheworkplace,whichmaycausesickness,impairedhealthandwell-being,orsignificantdiscomfortandinefficiencyamongworkersoramongthecitizensofthecommunity."工业卫生被定义为“致力于预期，识别，评估和控制工作场所内外产生的环境因素或压力的科学或艺术，可能导致疾病，健康和福祉受损，或显着工人或社区公民之间的不适和低效。

Theindustrialhygienist,althoughbasicallytrainedinengineering,physics,chemistry,orbiology,hasacquiredbyundergraduateand/orpostgraduatestudyandexperience,aknowledgeoftheeffectsuponhealthofchemicalandphysicalagentsundervariouslevelsofexposure.

工业卫生师虽然基本上接受过工程，物理，化学或生物学方面的培训，但已通过本科和/或研究生学习和经验获得了各种暴露水平下化学和物理因素对健康影响的知识。

Noiseisaserioushazardwhenitresultsintemporaryorpermanenthearingloss,physicalormentaldisturbance,anyinterferencewithvoicecommunications,orthedisruptionofajob,rest,relaxation,orsleep.

Thechanceofdevelopingheatstressincreaseswithincreasedhumidity,hotenvironments,andtheuseofpersonalprotectiveequipment.

当噪音导致暂时性或永久性听力损失，身体或精神障碍，对语音通信的任何干扰，或工作中断，休息，放松或睡眠时，噪音是一种严重危险。随着湿度增加，炎热环境以及个人防护设备的使用，产生热应激的可能性增加。

Ionizingradiationhastheabilitytochangeordestroytheatomic(chemical)structureofcells,non-ionizingradiationdoesnot.

Althoughnon-ionizingradiationisnotashazardousasionizing,thereareexposuresthatcancausesevereinjuries.

Itemssuchassanitationandhousekeepingitemsregardingpotablewater,removalofindustrialwasteandsewage,foodhandling,andpersonalcleanlinesshavethepotentialtoexacerbatethepotentialriskofbiologicalhazards.

电离辐射具有改变或破坏细胞原子（化学）结构的能力，而非电离辐射则没有。虽然非电离辐射不像电离那样危险，但是存在可能导致严重伤害的暴露。关于饮用水，工业废水和污水的清除，食品处理和个人清洁等卫生和家政用品等项目有可能加剧生物危害的潜在风险。

Themajorityoftheoccupationalhealthhazardsarisefrominhalingchemicalagentsintheformofvapors,gases,dusts,fumesandmists,orbyskincontactwiththesematerials.

Torecognizeoccupationalfactorsorstresses,ahealthandsafetyprofessionalmustfirstknowaboutthechemicalsusedasrawmaterialsandthenatureoftheproductsandbyproductsmanufactured.

大多数职业健康危害源于吸入蒸气，气体，灰尘，烟雾和雾气形式的化学试剂，或通过皮肤接触这些材料。为了识别职业因素或压力，健康和安全专业人员必须首先了解用作原材料的化学品以及所生产的产品和副产品的性质。安全术语工业卫生物理危害化学危害非电离辐射生物危害职业病

翻译技巧（五）

常见多功能词的译法（I）

一、as的译法

作为介词的译法

Fireprotectionengineersdefinethetermexplosion

as

an"effect"producedbyasuddenviolentexpansionofgases.Wetakesteelastheleadingengineeringmaterial.

作为关系代语的译法As

knowntous,inertiaisanabsolutequalitypossessedbyallbodies.Firedealswith

such

ideasas

substance,temperature,explosionandcombustion.Theweightofanobjectonthemoonisnotthesameas

itsweightontheearth.

作为关系副词的译法Avectormultipliedbyascalarquantityisavectorinthesamedirectionastheoriginalvector.Theforceofgravitationalattractionbetweentwobodiesdecreaseas

thedistancebetweenthemincreases作为连词的译法

Asliquidsandgasesflow,theyarecalledfluids.

Thewheelturns

as

fast

as

stable.

Thedevelopmentstagelastsaslong

as

itneedsto.

Complicatedastheproblemis,itcanbeworkedoutinafewminutesbyacomputer.

Friction,

as

thetermisunderstoodinmechanics,istheresistancetorelativemotionbetweentwobodiesin.作无人称主语

二、it的译法

Wefound

it

necessarytousemoderncompositematerialsfortallbuildings.It

istoreduceaccidentsthatsafetyvalvesaredesigned.作人称代词的译法Anewscience,safetybehavior,has

emerged,anditisverycloselyalliedtomanagementandpsychology.Thelightissloweddownas

it

goesthroughthelens.Isastructuresafewhenloaded?It

isaproblemtobestudied.UNIT

SEVEN

SAFETY

CULTURE

句子分析Inresponsetotherecognitionthatitsstructurehaslimitationsinprovidingthe`glue'thatholdsorganisationstogether,muchmanagementthinkingoverthelasttwodecadeshasfocusedontheconceptofcorporateculture.

为了反映人们认识到其结构在提供组织在一起的“粘合剂”方面存在局限性，过去二十年来的许多管理思想都集中在企业文化的概念上。Itisgenerallythoughtthatawell-developedandbusiness-specifccultureintowhichmanagersandemployeesarethoroughlysocialisedwillleadtostrongerorganisationalcommitment,moreefficientperformanceandgenerallyhigherproductivity.

Gaininginternationalcurrencyoverthelastdecade,itislooselyusedtodescribethecorporateatmosphereorcultureinwhichsafetyisunderstoodtobe,andisacceptedas,thenumberonepriority.人们通常认为，管理者和员工完全社会化的良好发展和商业特定文化将导致更强的组织承诺，更高效的绩效和更高的生产力。在过去十年中获得国际货币，它被广泛用于描述企业的氛围或文化，在这种氛围或文化中，安全被理解为并且被认为是首要的优先事项。Allthesedefinitionsarerelativelysimilarinthattheycanbecategorisedintoanormativebeliefsperspectiveinsofaraseachisfocusedtovaryingdegreesonthewaypeoplethinkand/orbehaveinrelationtosafety.

所有这些定义都相对相似，因为它们可以被归类为规范性信念，因为每个定义都在不同程度上集中于人们在安全方面的思考和/或行为方式。

Giventhatthemaintenanceoforganisationalculturesaresupportedbyongoinganalysesoforganisationalsystems,goal-directedbehaviour,attitudesandperformanceoutcomes,thedefinitiongivenforthesafetyculture“product”'providesadependentvariablewithwhichtoassesssafetycultureimprovementinitiatives.

鉴于组织系统，目标导向行为，态度和绩效结果的持续分析支持组织文化的维护，安全文化“产品”的定义提供了一个因变量，用于评估安全文化改进计划。Despitenotionsthatculturecannoteasilybecreatedorengineered,inpractise,thecreationorenhancementofasafetycultureisdependentuponthedeliberatemanipulationofvariousorganisationalcharacteristicsthoughttoimpactuponsafetymanagementpractices.

尽管不能轻易地创造或设计文化，但在实践中，安全文化的创建或增强取决于对被认为影响安全管理实践的各种组织特征的故意操纵。安全术语安全文化企业文化高危行业事故率应急预案安全评审改进措施翻译技巧（六）

常见多功能词的译法（II）

作为限定词三、that的译法Upto

thattimewoodandstonewerestillthemainbuildingmaterials.作为指示代词Plasticsarelightandstronganddonotrustatall.Thatiswhytheyfindsuchwideusesinindustry.Mildsteelhasahightensilestrength,thisbeing200timesthat

ofconcrete.作为关系代词Poweristheratethat

mechanicalmoveisperformedat

Masteriscomposedofmoleculesthat

arecomposedofatoms.

Anelementisasimplesubstancethat

cannotbebrokenupintoanythingsimpler.作为连词引出同位语从句Energytakesmanyforms,butalltheseformscanbereducedtothestatementthat

energyisthecapacitytodowork.Theideathat

energyisconservedisthefirstlawofthermodynamics.In1905Einsteinworkedoutatheorythat

matterandenergywerenotcompletelydifferentthings.引出表语从句

Oneoftheadvantagesofconcreteisthat

itcanbeeasilyshapedintoanydesiredform.Thelawofelectriccurrentisthat

anelectriccurrentvariesdirectlyasthevoltageandinverselyproportionaltotheresistance.

引出主语从句、宾语从句Itisgenerallybelievedthat

oilisderivedfrommarineplantandanimallife.引出主语从句、宾语从句Theclimateisveryhotanddry

that

muchevaporationtakesplace.Thepartsareofenoughstrengththat

theymaynotbreakinuse.作为连接代词四、what的译法

Whatislargeandwhat

issmallisonlyrelative.

Hydrogenandoxygenarewhat

makeupwater.作为关系代词What

isworryingtheworldgreatlynowisapossibleshortageofcoal,oil,naturalgas,orothersourcesoffuelinthenottoodistantfuture.作为限定词Oneoftheimportantproblemstobesolvediswhat

materialismostsuitab