读外刊学英语How does a pandemic end

Howdoesapandemicend?The1918fluoffersahint

大流行如何结束？1918年的流感提供了一个线索

ByOliviaB.Waxmanpandemic[p氏n'demik]记忆技巧：pan广泛的+dem人民，人们+ic某种药f在人民中广泛〔存在〕的f广泛流行的noun（全国或全球性）流行病；大流行病adiseasethatspreadsoverawholecountryorthewholeworld【派生词】pandemicadj.apandemicdisease大范围流行的疾病MorethansixMonthsaftertheWorldHealthOrganizationdeclaredCOVID-19apandemic,onequestionremainsdecidedlyunanswered:Howwillitcometoanend?在世界卫生组织宣布COVID-19大流行6个多月之后，一个仍然没有答案的问题：它如何结束？Itseemssafetosaythatsomeday,somehow,itwillend.Afterall,otherviralpandemicshave.Take,forexample,theflupandemicof1918-19.Thatearlierpandemicwasthedeadliestinthe20thcentury;itinfectedabout500millionpeopleandkilledatleast50million,including675,000intheU.S.Andwhilesciencehasadvancedsignificantlysincethen,theuncertaintyfeltaroundtheworldtodaywouldhavebeenfamiliaracenturyago.Infact,evenafterthatvirusdiedout,itwouldbeyearsbeforescientistsbetterunderstoodwhathadhappened,andsomemysterystillremains.似乎可以肯定地说，有一天，不知何故，它会结束。毕竟，其他病毒大流行就是这样。以1918年的流感为例。那场早期大流行是20世纪最致命的一次；它感染了大约5亿人，造成至少5000万人死亡，其中包括美国的67.5万人。尽管自那以后科学有了长足的进步，但当今世界所感受到的不确定性在一个世纪前就已经很熟悉了。事实上，即使在这种病毒消失之后，科学家们也需要数年时间才能更好地了解发生了什么，一些谜团仍然存在。viral[vairsl]adj.病毒的；病毒性的；病毒引起的likeorcausedbyavirusaviralinfection病毒性感染aviralemail（=thatissentonfromonepersontoothers,whothensenditonagain）传播病毒邮件infect[in'fekt]记忆技巧：in使…；加以…；饰以…+fect做f使…做f影响verb[VN]~sb/sth（withsth）1传染；使感染tomakeadiseaseoranillnessspreadtoaperson,ananimaloraplantItisnotpossibletoinfectanotherpersonthroughkissing.接吻不可能把这种病传染给他人。peopleinfectedwithHIV染上乂滋病病毒的人[usuallypassive]使携带病菌tomakeasubstancecontainharmfulbacteriathatcanspreaddisease同义词：contaminateeggsinfectedwithsalmonella带沙门氏菌的鸡蛋传染，使感染（计算机病毒）tomakeacomputervirusspreadtoanothercomputerorprogram使感染（某种感情）；影响tomakesbshareaparticularfeelingSheinfectedthechildrenwithherenthusiasmformusic.她对音乐的热爱感染了孩子们。dieout逐渐消亡;灭绝;绝种；（火）逐渐熄灭；（风等）逐渐停止

句型"It+willbe+时间段+before・・・”句型中，表示“要过多久才…"其否定形式"Itwill/wouldnotbe+时间段+before…”表示“不久就，过不了多久就”。Itwasfivedaysbeforehecameback.五天后他才回来。Itwassixdaybeforewegottothebeach.八天后我们才至U达海滩。Here'swhatwedoknow:inorderforapandemictoend,thediseaseinquestionhastoreachapointatwhichitisunabletosuccessfullyfindenoughhoststocatchitandthenspreadit.Inthecaseofthatpandemic,thoughit'sfamousforsweepingtheworldin1918and1919,casesspikedagaininearly1920.Aswithotherflustrains,itmayhavebecomemoreactiveinthewinterbecausepeoplewerespendingmoretimeindoorsincloserproximitytooneanotherandbecausevirusescanentercracksinskindriedoutbyartificialheatandfires,accordingtoHowardMarkel,physiciananddirectoroftheCenterfortheHistoryofMedicineattheUniversityofMichigan.我们所知道的是:为了结束一场大流行，这种疾病必须达到一个临界点，即它不能成功地找到足够的宿主来感染它，然后传播它。以那次大流行为例，尽管它在1918年和1919年席卷了全世界，但病例在1920年初再次激增。根据密西根大学医学史中心主任霍华德•马克尔(HowardMarkel)的说法，与其他流感病毒一样，这种病毒在冬季可能变得更加活跃，因为人们在室内的时间变长，彼此接触更密切，而且皮肤因暖气和灶火而变得干燥，病毒就可以进入皮肤裂缝中，。inquestion被提及的;讨论中的湘关的host[hsust]noun1[C]主人apersonwhoinvitesgueststoameal,aparty,etc.orwhohaspeoplestayingattheirhouse——hostess女主人[C]东道主；主办国（或城市、机构）acountry,acityoranorganizationthatholdsandarrangesaspecialeventThecollegeisplayinghosttoagroupofvisitingRussianscientists.学院正在接待一批来访的俄罗斯科学家。[C]（电视或广播的）节目主持人apersonwhointroducesatelevisionorradioshow,andtalkstoguests同义词：compereseealsoannouncer（1）,presenter（1）aTVgameshowhost电视游戏节目主持人[C]（technical术语）（寄生动植物的）寄主，宿主ananimaloraplantonwhichanotheranimalorplantlivesandfeeds[C]~ofsb/sth许多；大量alargenumberofpeopleorthingsahostofpossibilities多种可能性[C]（计算机网络的）主机，服务机themaincomputerinanetworkthatcontrolsorsuppliesinformationtoothercomputersthatareconnectedtoittransferringfilesfromthehosttoyourlocalcomputer从主机向你的本地机传送文件theHost[sing.]（成圣体的面饼）祭品，祭饼thebreadthatisusedintheChristianserviceofCommunion,afterithasbeenblessedverb[VN]1主办，主持（活动）toorganizeaneventtowhichothersareinvitedandmakeallthearrangementsforthemGermanyhostedtheWorldCupfinals.德国主办了世界杯决赛。主持（电视或广播节目等）tointroduceatelevisionorradioprogramme,ashow,etc.同义词：compere作为主人组织（聚会）；做东toorganizeapartythatyouhaveinvitedgueststotohostadinner设宴招待客人4(通常收费在与互联网连接的计算机上)存储网站tostoreawebsiteonacomputerconnectedtotheInternet,usuallyinreturnforpaymentacompanythatbuildsandhostse-commercesites在互联网上建立并存储电子商务网站的公司spike[spaik][C]尖状物；尖头；尖刺athinobjectwithasharppoint,especiallyapointedpieceofmetal,wood,etc.Herhairstoodupinspikes.她的头发一缕一缕地翘着。[C,usuallypl.](防滑)鞋钉ametalpointattachedtothesoleofasportsshoetopreventyoufromslippingwhilerunningspikes[pl.](赛跑用的)钉鞋shoesfittedwiththesemetalspikes,usedforrunningapairofspikes一双钉鞋[C]穗；穗状花序alongpointedgroupofflowersthatgrowtogetheronasinglestem[C,usuallysing.](informal,especiallyNAmE)猛增；急升asuddenlargeincreaseinsthaspikeinoilprices油价的急剧上涨verb1[VN]用尖物刺入(或扎破)topushasharppieceofmetal,wood,osb/sth;toinjuresthonasharppoint同义词：stab~sth(withsth)在…中偷偷掺入(烈酒、毒药或毒品)toaddalcohol,poisonoradrugtosb'sdrinkorfoodwithoutthemknowingHegaveheradrinkspikedwithtranquillizers.他给了她一杯偷偷放了镇静剂的饮料。(figurative)Herwordswerespikedwithmalice.她的话暗含恶意。[VN]拒绝发表；阻止…传播；阻挠torejectsththatapersonhaswrittenorsaid;topreventsthfromhappeningorbeingmadepublicThearticlewasspikedforfearoflegalactionagainstthenewspaper.因担心被提起诉讼，报社未发表那篇文章。[V](especiallyNAmE)迅速升值；急剧增值torisequicklyandreachahighvalueTheUSdollarspikedtoathree-monthhigh.美元猛然升值到三个月来的最高价。习语spikesb'sguns(BrE)打乱对手的计划tospoiltheplansofanopponentproximity[pra:k'simsti]noun[U]~(ofsb/sth)(tosb/sth)(formal)(时间或空间)接近，邻近，靠近thestateofbeingnearsb/sthindistanceortimeahouseintheproximityof(=near)themotorway靠近高速公路的一座房子TheproximityofthecollegetoLondonmakesitverypopular.这所学院因靠近伦敦而备受欢迎。Theareahasanumberofschoolsincloseproximitytoeachother.这个地区有许多学校比邻而立。thedeathoftwomembersofherfamilyincloseproximity她的两个亲人在短时间内的相继去世strain[strein]noun1[U,C]压力；重负；重压之下出现的问题(或担忧等)pressureonsb/sthbecausetheyhavetoomuchtodoormanage,orsthverydifficulttodealwith;theproblems,worryoranxietythatthisproducesTheirmarriageisundergreatstrainatthemoment.眼下他们的婚姻关系非常紧张。Theserepaymentsareputtingastrainonourfinances.偿还这些债务对我们的财务状况形成了压力。Relax,andletustakethestrain(=dothingsforyou).你歇一下，我们来顶一会儿。[U,C]压力；拉力；张力；应力thepressurethatisputonsthwhenaphysicalforcestretches,pushes,orpullsitTheropebrokeunderthestrain.绳子给拉断了。Thegroundherecannottakethestrainofalargebuilding.这块地承受不住大型建筑的压力。Thecablehasa140kgbreakingstrain(=itwillbreakwhenitisstretchedorpulledbyaforcegreaterthanthis).这种缆索的断裂应变力为140公斤。[C,U]劳损；拉伤；扭伤aninjurytoapartofyourbody,suchasamuscle,thatiscausedbyusingittoomuchorbytwistingitacalf/groin/legstrain腿肚子/腹股沟/腿部拉伤musclestrain肌肉劳损[C](动、植物的)系，品系，品种；(疾病的)类型aparticulartypeofplantoranimal,orofadiseasecausedbybacteria,etc.anewstrainofmosquitoesresistanttothepoison对这种毒药有抗药性的新品种蚊子Thisisonlyoneofthemanystrainsofthedisease.这种病有许多类型，这只是其中之一。[C,usuallysing.]个性特点；性格倾向；禀性aparticulartendencyinthecharacterofapersonorgroup,oraqualityintheirmanner同义词：streakHehadadefinitestrainofsnobberyinhim.他这个人明显有一股势利小人的气味。[C,usuallypl.](formal)乐曲；曲调；旋律thesoundofmusicbeingplayedorsungShecouldhearthestrainsofMozartthroughthewindow.她能听见窗户里飘出的莫扎特的旋律。[VN]损伤；拉伤；扭伤toinjureyourselforpartofyourbodybymakingitworktoohard~(sth)(forsth)|~(sth)(todosth)尽力；竭力；使劲tomakeanefforttodosth,usingallyourmentalorphysicalstrength[VNtoinf]Istrainedmyears(=listenedveryhard)tocatchwhattheyweresaying.我竖起耳朵去听他们在说些什么。[VN]Neckswerestrainedforaglimpseofthestranger.大家伸长了脖子想看一看这个陌生人。[Vtoinf]Peoplewerestrainingtoseewhatwasgoingon.人们翘首企足看发生了什么事。[V]Hebursttothesurface,strainingforair.他冲出水面，使劲吸气。Bendgentlytotheleftwithoutstraining.轻轻向左弯，不要用力。[VN]过度使用；使不堪承受totrytomakesthdomorethanitisabletodoThesuddeninfluxofvisitorsisstraininghotelsinthetowntothelimit.游客突然涌入，城里的旅馆全都爆满。Hisconstantcomplaintswerestrainingourpatience.他没完没了的抱怨让我们忍无可忍。[V+adv./prep.]用力推(或拉)；拉紧topushhardagainststh;topullhardonsthShestrainedagainsttheropesthatheldher.她使劲挣了挣拴着她的绳子。Thedogswerestrainingattheleash,eagertogettothepark.几条狗用力拽着皮带，急于要去公园。[VN]~sth(off)滤；过滤topourfood,etc.throughsthwithverysmallholesinit,forexampleasieve,inordertoseparatethesolidpartfromtheliquidpartUseacolandertostrainthevegetables.把蔬菜放在漏筐里控控水。Strainoffanyexcessliquid.滤掉多余的液体。

习语strainattheleash(informal)急于；迫不及待towanttodosthverymuchLikeallyoungsters,he'sstrainingattheleashtoleavehome.跟所有年轻人一样，他也急于从家里出去。straineverynerve/sinew(todosth)(formal)竭尽全力(做某事)totryashardasyoucantodosthcreakunderthestrain因负担过重而效率低下；由于压力过大而运转不灵ifasystemorservicecreaksunderthestrain,itcannotdealeffectivelywithallthethingsitisexpectedtodoorprovideItwasn'tuntilthemiddleof1920thatthepandemicwasfinallyoverinmanyplaces,thoughtherewasnoofficialdeclarationthatthecoastwasclear.“Theendofthepandemicoccurredbecausetheviruscirculatedaroundtheglobe,infectingenoughpeoplethattheworldpopulationnolongerhadenoughsusceptiblepeopleinorderforthestraintobecomeapandemiconceagain,”saysmedicalhistorianJ.AlexanderNavarro,Markel'scolleagueandassistantdirectoroftheCenterfortheHistoryofMedicine.直到1920年中期，大流行才在许多地方最终结束，尽管当时没有官方声明没有危险。"大流行的结束是因为病毒在全球传播，感染了足够多的人，这样就不再有足够的易感人群而使病毒株再次成为大流行.”医学历史学家J.亚历山大•纳瓦罗，马克尔的同事和医学史中心的助理主任这样说。circulate['s3：kjeleit]记忆技巧:circ圆，环+ul+ate使…-*绕圈走-*循环verb1(液体或气体)环流，循环whenaliquid,gas,oraircirculatesoriscirculated,itmovescontinuouslyaroundaplaceorsystem[V]Theconditionpreventsthebloodfromcirculatingfreely.这种病阻碍了血液的循环畅通。2传播；流传；散布ifastory,anidea,information,etc.circulatesorifyoucirculateit,itspreadsoritispassedfromonepersontoanother[V]Rumoursbegantocirculateabouthisfinancialproblems.有关他财务困难的谣言开始流传开来。[alsoVN]3[VN]~sth(tosb)传送；传递；传阅tosendgoodsorinformationtoallthepeopleinagroupThedocumentwillbecirculatedtoallmembers.这份文件将在所有成员中传阅。4[V](尤指在聚会上)往来应酬，周旋tomovearoundagroup,especiallyataparty,talkingtodifferentpeopleinfect[in'fekt]记忆技巧：in使…；加以…；饰以…+fect做f使…做f影响verb[VN]~sb/sth(withsth)1传染；使感染tomakeadiseaseoranillnessspreadtoaperson,ananimaloraplantpeopleinfectedwithHIV染上乂滋病病毒的人[usuallypassive]使携带病菌tomakeasubstancecontainharmfulbacteriathatcanspreaddisease同义词：contaminateeggsinfectedwithsalmonella带沙门氏菌的鸡蛋传染，使感染(计算机病毒)tomakeacomputervirusspreadtoanothercomputerorprogram使感染(某种感情)；影响tomakesbshareaparticularfeelingSheinfectedthechildrenwithherenthusiasmformusic.她对音乐的热爱感染了孩子们。susceptible[ss'septsbl]记忆技巧:sus下+cept抓+ible…的f容易被〔病〕抓住的f易患病的

adj.1[notusuallybeforenoun]~(tosb/sth)易受影响(或伤害等)；敏感；过敏verylikelytobeinfluenced,harmedoraffectedbysb/sthHe'shighlysusceptibletoflattery.他爱听恭维话。Someoftheseplantsaremoresusceptibletofrostdamagethanothers.这些植物中有一些较其他的易受霜冻危害。Saltintakemayleadtoraisedbloodpressureinsusceptibleadults.盐的摄入可能导致易病的成年人血压升高。2好动感情的；感情丰富的；善感的easilyinfluencedbyfeelingsandemotions同义词：impressionableShewasbothcharmingandsusceptible.她迷人而多情。3~(ofsth)(formal)容许…的；可能…的；可以…的allowingsth;capableofsthIsthissituationnotsusceptibleofimprovementbylegislation?这种状况有无可能通过立法加以改善？Eventually,with"fewersusceptiblepeopleoutandaboutandmingling,”Navarrosays,therewasnowhereforthevirustogo—the"herdimmunity"talkedabouttoday.Alltold,awhoppingthirdoftheworld'spopulationhadcaughtthevirus.Today,abouthalfapercentoftheglobalpopulationisknowntohavebeeninfectedwiththenovelcoronavirus.纳瓦罗说，最终，随着易感人群的减少，病毒无处可去---也就是现在所说的“群体免疫”。总的来说，全球三分之一的人口感染了这种病毒。今天，已知全球约有一半的人口感染了这种新型冠状病毒。outandabout（尤指一段时间无法自由行动后）四处走动，外出活动；（常因工作）奔波mingle['miggl]记忆技巧：ming混淆+le使…f（使）混合；相交往verb1~(A)(withB)|~(AandB)(together)(使)与…结合；使混合；使联结tocombineormakeonethingcombinewithanother[V]Thesoundsoflaughterandsingingmingledintheeveningair.笑声和歌声父织在夜空中。Theflowersmingletogethertoformablazeofcolour.鲜花锦簇，色彩绚烂。[VN]Hefeltakindofhappinessmingledwithregret.他感到既高兴又遗憾。2[V](尤指在社交场所)相交往，混杂其中tomoveamongpeopleandtalktothem,especiallyatasocialevent同义词：circulateTheprincesswasnotrecognizedandmingledfreelywiththecrowds.公主没有人认出，随意混杂在人群之中。Ifyou'llexcuseme,Imustgoandmingle(=talktootherguests).对不起，我得去和其他客人聊聊。whopping['wopig]alsowhoppinggreatadj.[onlybeforenoun](informal)巨大的；很大的verybigThecompanymadeawhopping75milliondollarloss.公司遭受了7500万元的巨额损失。Theendofthe1918pandemicwasn't,however,justtheresultofsomanypeoplecatchingit.Socialdistancingwasalsokeytoreducingitsimpact.Public-healthadvicebackthenwasstrikinglysimilartothatoftoday—urgingmaskwearing,frequenthandwashing,quarantiningandisolatingofpatients,andtheclosureofschoolsandpublicspaces.然而，1918年大流行的结束并不仅仅是因为有那么多人感染了它。社交距离也是减少其影响的关键。当时的公共卫生建议与今天的建议惊人地相似，敦促戴口罩、频繁洗手、隔离和隔离病人，以及关闭学校和公共场所。

quarantine「kworentim]记忆技巧：quarant四十+ine抽象名词f被隔离数〔四十〕天f隔离检查noun[U](为防传染的)隔离期；检疫aperiodoftimewhenananimalorapersonthathasormayhaveadiseaseiskeptawayfromothersinordertopreventthediseasefromspreadingThedogwaskeptinquarantineforsixmonths.这条狗被检疫隔离了六个月。quarantineregulations检疫的规定verb[VN](对动物或人)进行检疫，隔离toputananimalorapersonintoquarantineimpact['imp芒kt,im'p^kt]noun[C,usuallysing.,U]1~(ofsth)(onsb/sth)巨大影响；强大作用thepowerfuleffectthatsthhasonsb/sthHerspeechmadeaprofoundimpactoneveryone.她的讲话对每个人都有深远的影响。Businessesarebeginningtofeelthefullimpactoftherecession.工商企业开始感受到了经济衰退的全面冲击。2撞击；冲撞；冲击力theactofoneobjecthittinganother;theforcewithwhichthishappenscratersmadebymeteoriteimpacts陨石撞击而成的陨石坑TheimpactoftheblowknockedJackoffbalance.这一记猛击把杰克打了个趔趄。Thebombexplodesonimpact(=whenithitssomething).炸弹受至U撞击就爆炸。Thecarisfittedwithsideimpactbars(=toprotectitfromablowfromtheside).这辆车的两侧都安装了保险杠。verb1~(on/upon)sth(对某事物)有影响，有作用tohaveaneffectonsth同义词：affect[V]Herfather'sdeathimpactedgreatlyonherchildhoodyears.父亲去世对她的童年造成巨大影响。[VN](business商)Thecompany'sperformancewasimpactedbythehighvalueofthepound.公司的业绩受到了英镑高值的冲击。事实上，2007年发表在《美国医学会杂志》(JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation)上的一项研究发现，较早实施以上控制措施并持续时间较长的美国城市，其死亡率要低于较晚实施这些措施的城市。公共卫生官员采取了这些措施，尽管不确定他们是在处理病毒还是细菌感染;直到事实上，2007年发表在《美国医学会杂志》(JournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociation)上的一项研究发现，较早实施以上控制措施并持续时间较长的美国城市，其死亡率要低于较晚实施这些措施的城市。公共卫生官员采取了这些措施，尽管不确定他们是在处理病毒还是细菌感染;直到20世纪30年代，证明流感源自病毒而非细菌的研究才出现。直到2005年，《科学》和《自然》杂志上的文章才结束了对1918年流感菌株基因组图谱的绘制。Infact,astudypublishedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationin2007foundthatU.S.citiesthatimplementedmorethanoneofthesecontrolmeasuresearlierandkepttheminplacelongerhadbetter,lessdeadlyoutcomesthancitiesthatimplementedfewerlater.Public-healthofficialstookthesemeasuresdespitenotknowingforsurewhethertheyweredealingwithavirusorabacterialinfection;theresearchthatprovedinfluenzacomesfromavirusandnotabacteriumdidn'tcomeoutuntilthe1930s,anditwasn'tuntil2005thatarticlesinScienceandNaturecappedofftheprocessofmappingthe1918strain'sgenome.inplace在正确的位置;在通常的位置;身在…的处境;处于…的位置；(法律、政策、行政体系等)正在运作，就位implement美['impliment,'impliment]记忆技巧：im使…+ple满的；填满+ment结果f使圆满f实现verb[VN]使生效；贯彻；执行；实施tomakesththathasbeenofficiallydecidedstarttohappenorbeused同义词：carryouttoimplementchanges/decisions/policies/reforms实行变革；执行决议/政策；实施改革【派生词】implementationnoun[U]theimplementationofthenewsystem新体制的实施noun工具；器具；（常扌旨）简单的户外用具atooloraninstrument,oftenonethatisquitesimpleandthatisusedoutdoorsagriculturalimplements农具influenza[.influ'enzs]n.同flu;流行性感冒;流感记忆技巧：in进入+flu流动+enza病f流行病f流行感冒bacterium[b芒k'tirism]n.纟田菌;bacteria的单数cap[k^p]noun帽子hat1（尤指男用有帽舌的）便帽，制服帽atypeofsoftflathatwithapeak（=ahardcurvedpartstickingoutinfront）.Capsarewornespeciallybymenandboys,oftenaspartofauniform.aschoolcap学生帽seealsobaseballcap,clothcap,mobcap（usuallyincompounds通常构成复合词）软帽asofthatthatfitscloselyandiswornforaparticularpurposeashowercap浴帽（大学师生在特别场合戴的）方帽asofthatwithasquareflattopwornbysomeuniversityteachersandstudentsatspecialceremoniescomparemortarboard（BrE）（校队、国家队等的）队员帽；（被选入国家队等的）运动员acapgiventosbwhoischosentoplayforaschool,country,etc.;aplayerchosentoplayfortheircountry,etc.Hewonhisfirstcap（=wasfirstchosentoplay）forEnglandagainstFrance.他首次被选为英格兰队的队员与法国队比赛。Therearethreenewcapsintheside.这一方有三名新队员。（钢笔、瓶子等的）帽，盖acoverortopforapen,bottle,etc.alenscap镜头盖（可用或可借资金的）最高限额anupperlimitonanamountofmoneythatcanbespentorborrowedbyaparticularinstitutionorinaparticularsituationThegovernmenthasplacedacaponlocalcouncilspending.政府给地方议会的经费支出规定了最高限额。（玩具枪的）火药帽，火药纸asmallpapercontainerwithexplosivepowderinsideit,usedespeciallyintoyguns习语gocapinhand（tosb）USgohatinhand谦卑地要，恭敬地讨（尤指钱）toasksbforsth,especiallymoney,inaverypolitewaythatmakesyouseemlessimportantifthecapfits（,wearit）NAmEiftheshoefits（,wearit）（informal）有贝V改之ifyoufeelthataremarkappliestoyou,youshouldacceptitandtakeitasawarningorcriticismIdidn'tactuallysaythatyouwerelazy,butifthecapfits-我并没有真的说你懒，但有则改之。afeatherinyourcap可弓I以自豪的行为anactionthatyoucanbeproudof【词源】ThisidiomcomesfromtheNativeAmericancustomofgivingafeathertosbwhohadbeenverybraveinbattle.此习语源自美国土著的风俗，把一根羽毛奖赏给在战斗中表现英勇的人。verb（-pp-）[VN]覆盖顶部1[usuallypassive]~sth（withsth）用…覆盖顶部（或端部）tocoverthetoporendofsthwithsthmountainscappedwithsnow积雪皑皑的山峰snow-cappedmountains

[oftenpassive](especiallyBrE)限额收取(或支出)tolimittheamountofmoneythatcanbechargedforsthorspentonsthacappedmortgage限额按揭超越(especiallyBrE)胜过；超过；比…更…tosayordosththatisfunnier,moreimpressive,etc.thansththathasbeensaidordonebeforeWhatanamazingstory.Cananyonecapthat?这真是个精彩的故事！还有人能讲得更精彩吗？4[usuallypassive]包(牙)toputanartificialcoveringonatoothtomakeitlook