2023年6月大学英语四级考试真题及答案解析(第三套)

梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人梦想不会辜负每一个努力的人120236月大学英语四级考试真题及答案解析〔第三套〕PartIWritingDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanadvertisementonyourcampuswebsitetosellacomputeryouusedatcollege.Youradvertisementmayincludeitsbrand,specificationsfeatures,conditionandprice,andyourcontactinformation.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.【参考范文】YourUltimateChoice---theUltimateComputerDoyouneedacomputerinthenewsemester?Stilldepressedfornotbeingabletoaffordanewcomputer?Goodnewsforyou!Mycomputermaybeanavailableoptionforyoutotakeintoconsideration.Tobeginwith,it’sanApplelaptopwhichwasboughttwoyearsagoatthepriceof10,000RMB.Itisnowingoodconditionandfullyfunctional.Besides,mylaptopisportablesothatyoucantakeittoanywhereyouwant.Thestoragespaceisbigenoughforyoutodoanyassignments,includingeditinganddrawing.Finally,withthedual-coreprocessorandhigh-performancevideocard,itcanbeunimpededwhenyouplayonlinegamesandwatchvideos.Soifyouareeagertohaveacomputerofyourown,pleasedonothesitatetocallmeat1234567.Iwillofferyoua50%discount!意思为“可获得的”；“takeintoconsideration”意思为“考虑”；“storagespace”意思为“存储空间”；“dual-coreprocessor”意思为“双核处理器”；“unimpeded”意思为“畅通无阻的”。PartIIListeningComprehension与第一套一样。PartIIIReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Themethodformakingbeerhaschangedovertime.Hops 〔啤酒花〕,forexample,whichgivemanyamodembeeritsbitterflavor,area 26 recentadditiontothebeverage.Thiswasfirstmentionedinreferencetobrewingintheninthcentury.Now,researchershavefounda 27 ingredientinresidue〔残留物〕from5000-year-oldbeerbrewingequipment.WhilediggingtwopitsatasiteinthecentralplainsofChina,scientistsdiscoveredfragmentsfrompotsandvessels.Thedifferentshapesofthecontainers 28 theywereusedtobrew,filter,andstorebeer.Theymaybeancient“beer-makingtools”，andtheearliest 29 evidenceofbeerbrewinginChina,theresearchersreportedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.To 30 thattheory,theteamexaminedtheyellowish,dried 31 insidethevessels.Themajorityofthegrains,about80%,werefromcerealcropslikebarley〔大麦〕andabout10%werebitsofroots 32 lily,whichwouldhavemadethebeersweeter,thescientistssay.Barleywasanunexpectedfind:thecropwasdomesticatedinWesternEurasiaanddidn’tbecomea 33 foodincentralChinauntilabout2,000yearsago,accordingtotheresearchers.Basedonthattiming,theyindicatebarleymayhave 34 intheregionnotasfood,butas 35 materialforbeerbrewing.A)arrivedB)consumingC)directD)exclusivelyE)includingF)informG)rawH)reachedI)relativelyJ)remainsK)resourcesL)stapleM)surprisingN)suggestO)test【答案】Ia和空格后的形容recent可知，空格处应填入一recentrelatively更为适宜。故此题选I。【答案】M【解析】由空格前的冠词aingredient可知，空格处应填入一个形容词来修ingredientsurprising最为适宜。故此题选M。【答案】Nsuggest最为适宜。故此题选N。【答案】Cearliest一同修饰名词evidence。再依据语意可知，填direct更为适宜。故此题选C。【答案】O【解析】空格处应填入一个动词原形。依据句意可知填入test最为适宜。故此题选0。【答案】Jdriedremains最为适宜。故此题选J。【答案】Eabout10%werebitsofrootslily，再依据句意可知，此处including最为适合。故此题选E。【答案】Lstaple—词，staplefood表示“主食”的意思。故此题应选L。【答案】A【解析】分析句子可知该从句为主谓构造，空格只可能和其前的mayhave组成谓语动词，arrived最为适宜。故此题选A。【答案】Gmaterialraw最为适宜，故此题选G。SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TeamspiritTeamshavebecomethebasicbuildingblocksoforganisations.Recruitmentadvertisementsroutinelycallfor“teamplayers”Businessschoolsgradetheirstudentsinpartontheirperformanceingroupprojects.Officemanagersknockdownwallstoencourageteambuilding.Teamsareasoldascivilisation,ofcourse:evenJesushad12co-workers.Butanewreportby,lnldnayfen0sn130countries,suggeststhatthefashionforteamworkhasreachedanewhigh.Almosthalfofthosesurveyedsaidtheircompanieswereeitherinthemiddleofrestructuringorabouttoembarkon〔开头〕it;andforthemostpart,restructuringmeantputtingmoreemphasisonteams.Companiesareabandoningconventionalfunctionaldepartmentsandorganisingemployeesintocross-disciplinaryteamsthatfocusonparticularproducts,problemsorcustomers.Theseteamsaregainingmorepowertoruntheirownaffairs.Theyarealsospendingmoretimeworkingwitheachotherratherthanreportingupwards.Deloittearguesthataneworganisationalformisontherise:anetworkofteamsisreplacingtheconventionalhierarchy〔等级体制〕.Thefashionforteamsisdrivenbyasensethattheoldwayoforganisingpeopleistoorigidforboththemodemmarketplaceandtheexpectationsofemployees.Technologicalinnovationplacesgreatervalueonagility〔敏捷性〕JohnChambers,chairmanofCiscoSystemsInc.,aworldwideleaderinelectronicsproducts,saysthat“wecompeteagainstmarkettransitions〔过渡t.tsdoeern;wyeetwo.”Digitaltechnologyalsomakesiteasierforpeopletoco-ordinatetheiractivitieswithoutresortingtohierarchy.The“millennials”〔千禧一代〕whowillsoonmakeuphalftheworkforceinrichcountrieswereraisedfromnurseryschoolonwardstoworkingroups.Thefashionforteamsisalsospreadingfromtheusualcorporatesuspects(suchasGEandIBM)tosomemoreunusualones.TheClevelandClinic,ahospitaloperator,hasreorganiseditsmedicalstaffintoteamstofocusonparticulartreatmentareas;consultants,nursesandotherscollaboratecloselyinsteadofbeingseparatedbyspeciality〔专业〕andrank.TheUSArmyhasgonethesameway.Inhisbook,TeamofTeams,GeneralStanleyMcChrystaldescribeshowthearmy’shierarchicalstructurehindereditsoperationsduringtheearlystagesoftheIraqwar.Hissolutionwastolearnsomethingfromtherebelsitwasfighting:decentralisingauthoritytoself-organisingteams.Agoodruleofthumbisthatassoonasgeneralsandhospitaladministratorsjumponatn〔追随一种治理潮流tseoask.hnKelloggSchoolofManagementinIllinoiswarnsthat,“Teamsarenotalwaystheanswer—teamsmayprovideinsight,creativityandknowledgeinawaythatapersonworkingindependentlycannot;butteamworkmayalsoleadtoconfusion,delayandpoordecision-making.”ThelateRichardHackmanofHarvardUniversityonceargued,“Ihavenoquestionthatwhenyouhaveateam，thepossibilityexiststhatitwillgeneratemagic,producingsomethingextraordinary...Butdon’tcountonit.”Hackman(whodiedin2023)notedthatteamsarehinderedbyproblemsofco-ordinationandmotivationthatchipawayatthebenefitsofcollaboration.High-flyers〔能干的人〕whoareforcedtoworkinteamsmaybeundervaluedandfree-ridersempowered.Group-thinkmaybeunavoidable.Inastudyof120teamsofseniorexecutives,hediscoveredthatlessthan10%oftheirsupposedmembersagreedonwhoexactlywasontheteam.Ifitishardenoughtodefineateam’smembership,agreeingonitspurposeisharderstill.Profoundchangesintheworkforcearemakingteamstrickiertomanage.Teamsworkbestiftheirmembershaveastrongcommonculture.Thisishardtoachievewhen,asisnowthecaseinmanybigfirms,alargeproportionofstaffaretemporarycontractors.Teamworkimproveswithtime:America’sNationalTransportationSafetyBoardfoundthat73%oftheincidentsinitscivil-aviationdatabaseoccurredonacrew’sfirstdayofflyingtogether.However,asAmyEdmondsonofHarvardpointsout,organisationsincreasinglyuse“team”asaverbratherthananoun:theyformteamsforspecificpurposesandthenquicklydisbandthem.Theleastthatcanbeconcludedfromthisresearchisthatcompaniesneedtothinkharderaboutg.ydodrsfm〔感情用事：esuccessfulteamshaveleaderswhoareabletosetanoveralldirectionandtakeimmediateaction.Theyneedtokeepteamssmallandfocused:givingintopressuretobemore“inclusive”isaguaranteeofdysfunction.JeffBezos,Amazon’sboss,saysthat“IfIseemorethantwopizzasforlunch,theteamistoobig”.Theyneedtoimmuniseteamsagainstgroup-think:Hackmanarguedthatthebestonescontain“deviants”〔离经叛道者〕whoarewillingtodosomethingthatmaybeupsettingtoothers.Anewstudyof12,000workersin17countriesbySteelcase,afurniture-makerwhichalsodoesconsulting,findsthatthebestwaytoensureemployeesare“engaged”istogivethemmorecontroloverwhereandhowtheydotheirwork-whichmaymeanliberatingthemfromhavingtodoeverythingincollaborationwithothers.However,organisationsneedtolearnsomethingbiggerthanhowtomanageteamsbetter:theyneedtobeinthehabitofaskingthemselveswhetherteamsarethebesttoolsforthejob.Team-buildingskillsareinshortsupply:Deloittereportsthatonly12%oftheexecutivestheycontactedfeeltheyunderstandthewaypeopleworktogetherinnetworksandonly21%feelconfidentintheirabilitytobuildcross-functionalteams.Looselymanagedteamscanbecomehotbedsofdistractionemployeesroutinelycomplainthattheycan’tgettheirworkdonebecausetheyareforcedtospendtoomuchtimeinmeetingsorcompelledtoworkinnoisyoffices.Evenintheageofopen-planofficesandsocialnetworkssomeworkisbestlefttotheindividual.Successfulteamleadersknowexactlywheretheteamshouldgoandareabletotakepromptaction.【答案】H【解析】由“Theyneedtoridtheirmindsofsentimentalism:themostsuccessfulteamshaveleaderswhoareabletosetanoveralldirectionandtakeimmediateaction.”可得出答案。Decentralisationofauthoritywasalsofoundtobemoreeffectiveinmilitaryoperations.【答案】D【解析】由“TheUSArmyhasgonethesameway.Inhisbook,TeamofTeams,GeneralStanleyMcChrystaldescribeshowthearmy’shierarchicalstructurehindereditsoperationsduringtheearlystagesoftheIraqwar.Hissolutionwastolearnsomethingfromtherebelsitwasfighting:decentralisingauthoritytoself-organisingteams.”可得出答案。Inmanycompanies,theconventionalformoforganisationisgivingwaytoanetworkofteams.【答案】B【解析】由“Deloittearguesthataneworganizationalformisontherise:anetworkofteamsisreplacingtheconventionalhierarchy.”B。Membersofpoorlymanagedteamsareeasilydistractedfromtheirwork.【答案】J【解析】由“Looselymanagedteamscanbecomehotbedsofdistraction---employeesroutinelycomplainthattheycan’tgettheirworkdonebecausetheyareforcedtospendtoomuchtimeinmeetingsorcompelledtoworkinnoisyoffices.”J。Teamworkismosteffectivewhenteammemberssharethesameculture.【答案】G【解析】由“Teamsworkbestiftheirmembershaveastrongcommonculture.”可知，答案为G。AccordingtoareportbyDeloitte,teamworkisbecomingincreasinglypopularamongcompanies.【答案】A【解析】由“ButanewreportbyDeloitte,“GlobalHumanCapitalTrends”,basedonasurveyofmorethan7,000executivesinover130countries,suggeststhatthefashionforteamworkhasreachedanewhigh.”A。Someteammembersfindithardtoagreeonquestionslikemembershipandtheteam’spurpose.【答案】F【解析】由“Ifitishardenoughtodefineateam’smembership,agreeingonitspurposeisharderstill.”F。Somescholarsthinkteamworkmaynotalwaysbereliable,despiteitspotentialtoworkwonders.【答案】E【解析】由“ThelateRichardHackmanofHarvardUniversityonceargued,“Ihavenoquestionthatwhenyouhaveateam,thepossibilityexiststhatitwillgeneratemagic,producingsomethingextraordinary...Butdon’tcountonit.””E。Toensureemployee’scommitment,itisadvisabletogivethemmoreflexibilityastowhereandhowtheywork.【答案】I【解析】由“Anewstudyof12,000workersin17countriesbySteelcase,afurniture-makerwhichalsodoesconsulting,findsthatthebestwaytoensureemployeesare“engaged”istogivethemmorecontroloverwhereandhowtheydotheirwork-whichmaymeanliberatingthemfromhavingtodoeverythingincollaborationwithothers.”I。Producttransitionstakemuchlesstimenowthaninthepast.【答案】Ctsdoeern;wyeer可知，答案为C。SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecenter.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Urbanization—migrationawayfromthesuburbstothecentralcity —willbethebiggestrealestatetrendin2023,accordingtoanewreport.ThereportsaysAmerica’surbanizationwillcontinuetobethemostsignificantissueaffectingtheindustry,ascitiesacrossthecountryimitatethewalkabilityandtransit-orienteddevelopmentmakingcitieslikeNewYorkandSanFranciscososuccessful.Assmallercitiescopythemodelofthese“24-hourcities”，moreaffordableversionsoftheseplaceswillbecreated.Thereportreferstothisasthecomingofthe“18-hourcity”，andusesthetermtorefertocitieslikeHouston,Austin,Charlotte,andNashville,whichare“positioningthemselvesashighlycompetitive,intermsoflivability,employmentofferings,andrecreationalandculturalamenities.”Anothertrendthatlookssignificantin2023isthatAmerica’slargestpopulationgroup,s〔千禧一代leotfga.slnappealforawhileforMillennials,hauntedbywhathappenedtohome-owningparents.Thistrendwillcontinueintothe2023s,thereportprojects.Afterthat,surveyrespondentsdisagreeoverwhetherthisgenerationwillfollowintheirparents’footsteps,movingtothesuburbstoraisefamilies,orwillchoosetoremainintheurbancore.Thesurveyprojectsthatthispopulationcohortwillevolveandsegmentovertime,andwarnsagainstpaintingthegenerationwithtoobroadabrush.AnotherissueaffectingrealestateinthecomingyearwillbeAmerica’sfailinginfrastructure.Mostroads,bridges,transit,watersystems,theelectricgrid,andcommunicationsnetworkswereinstalled50to100yearsago,andtheyarelargelytakenforgranteduntiltheyfail.Thereport’swritersstatethatAmerica’sfailuretoinvestininfrastructureimpactsnotonlythehealthofthereal-estatemarket,butalsoourabilitytoremaingloballycompetitive.Apartfromthespecifictrendshighlightedabove,whichcausesomeinvestorstoworry,thereportportraysanoveralloptimismbornebytherecenthealthyreal-estate“upcycle”andimprovingeconomy.Seventy-fourpercentoftherespondentssurveyedreporta“goodtoexcellent”expectationofreal-estateprofitabilityin2023.Whileexcessiveoptimismcanpromotebadinvestmentpatterns,resultinginareal-estate“bubble”，thereport’swritersdownplaythatpotentialoutcomeinthatithasnotyetoccurred.SomerespondentstotheEmergingMarketssurveycalltheurbanizationtrend“oversubscribed”，andthereportconcedesthattheredoexistsomeedgecitiesandsuburbswithpromise.Buttheseplacesarefewandfarbetween.Themostsuccessfulplacesarethosebuiltusingurban-designprinciples—withdensity,walkability,andgoodtransit.Real-estateinvestorsin2023needtopayattentiontothetwomainconclusionofthereport:ifapropertyresemblesorreliesuponsprawlinanyway,ordoesn’tappealtoMillennials,thinkbeforeyouinvest.Accordingtothenewreport,realestatedevelopmentin2023willwitnessanacceleratingspeedashifttocitycentersanewfocusonsmallcitiesanever-increasingdemand【答案】Brealestatedevelopmentin2023可定位至第一段。Whatcharacterizes“24-hourcities”likeNewYork?Peoplecanlivewithoutprivatecare.Peoplearegenerallymorecompetitive.Peoplecanemployservicesaroundtheclock.Peopleareinharmonywiththeenvironment.【答案】C24-hourcitiesNewYork可定位至第三段。WhyareMillennialsarereluctanttobuyahouse?Theycanonlyaffordsmallapartments.Thehousepricesarecurrentlytoohigh.Theirparents，badexperiencestillhauntsthem.Theyfeelattachedtothesuburbanenvironment.【答案】CMillennialsbuyahouse可定位第四段。WhatmighthinderrealestatedevelopmentintheU.S.?Thecontinuingeconomicrecessioninthecountry.Thelackofconfidenceonthepartofinvestors.Thefierceglobalcompetition.Theworseninginfrastructure.【答案】Dhinderrealestatedevelopment可定位至第六、七段。HowdomostoftherespondentsinthesurveyfeelabouttheU.S.real-estatemarketin2023?A)Pessimistic.B)Hopeful.C)Cautious.D)Uncertain.【答案】Brespondentsreal-estatemarketin2023可定位至第八段。PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thebrainistrulyamarvel.Aseeminglyendlesslibrary,whoseshelveshouseourmostpreciousmemoriesaswellasourlifetime’sknowledge.Butisthereapointwhereitreachescapacity?Inotherwords,canthebrainbe“full”？Theanswerisaresoundingno,because,well,brainsaremoresophisticatedthanthat.AstudypublishedinNatureNeuroscienceearlierthisyearshowsthatinsteadofjustcrowdingin,oldinformationissometimespushedoutofthebrainfornewmemoriestoform.Previousbehaviouralstudieshaveshownthatlearningnewinformationcanleadtoforgetting.Butinanewstudy,researchersdemonstratedforthefirsttimehowthiseffectoccursinthebrain.Indailylife,forgettingactuallyhasclearadvantages.Imagine,forinstance,thatyoulostyourbankcard.Thenewcardyoureceivewillcomewithanewpersonalidentificationnumber(PIN).EachtimeyourememberthenewPIN,yougraduallyforgettheoldone.Thisprocessimprovesaccesstorelevantinformation,withoutoldmemoriesinterfering.Andmostofuswillbeabletoidentifywiththefrustrationofhavingoldmemoriesinterferewithnew,relevantmemories.Considertryingtorememberwhereyouparkedyourcarinthesamecarparkyouwereataweekearlier.Thistypeofmemory(whereyouaretryingtoremembernew,butsimilarinformation)isparticularlysusceptibletointerference.Whenweacquirenewinformation,thebrainautomaticallytriestoincorporateitwithinexistinginformationbyformingassociations.Andwhenweretrieveinformation,boththedesiredandassociatedbutirrelevantinformationisrecalled.Themajorityofpreviousresearchhasfocusedonhowwelearnandremembernewinformation.Butcurrentstudiesarebeginningtoplacegreateremphasisontheconditionsunderwhichweforget,asitsimportancebeginstobemoreappreciated.Averysmallnumberofpeopleareabletorememberalmosteverydetailoftheirlife.Whileitmaysoundlikeanadvantagetomany,peoplewiththisrareconditionoftenfindtheirunusualabilityburdensome.Somereportaninabilitytothinkaboutthepresentorthefuture,becauseofthefeelingofconstantlylivinginthepast,caughtintheirmemories.Andthisiswhatweallmightexperienceifourbrainsdidn’thaveamechanismforsupersedinginformationthat’snolongerrelevantanddidindeedfillup.Attheotherendofthespectrumisaphenomenoncalled“acceleratedlong -termforgetting”，whichhasbeenobservedinepilepsyandstrokepatients.Asthenamesuggests,thesepeopleforgetnewlylearntinformationatamuchfasterrate,sometimeswithinafewhours,comparedtowhat’sconsiderednormal.It’sbelievedthisrepresentsafailureto“consolidate”or transfernewmemoriesintolong-termmemory.Buttheprocessesandimpactofthisformofforgettingarestilllargelyunexplored.Inasense，forgettingisourbrain’swayofsortingmemories,sothemostrelevantmemoriesarereadyforretrieval.Normalforgettingmayevenbeasafetymechanismtoensureourbraindoes