【英汉翻译中语境对词义的影响研究（英语版）（论文）】

英汉翻译中语境对词义的影响研究ContentsTOC\o"1-4"\h\u15641Abstract(inChinese) -2-LiteratureReviewIntheprocessofEnglish-Chinesetranslation,theselectionofwordmeaningsismostlyconcernedwiththerangeofmeanings,colourstylesandcollocationrelationships,whilenoarticleshavebeenfoundonthisaspectofselectingwordmeaningsincontext.Ingeneral,thereisagapinthefieldofwordchoiceinEnglish-Chinesetranslation,andnoonehasyetdoneacomprehensiveandsystematicstudyofit.Theauthorbelievesthatitisveryimportanttoconductsomeexperimentalexplorationinthisarea.Fromthispointofview,itisofsomesignificanceforustoexplorewordchoiceinEnglish-Chinesetranslationfromtheperspectivesofsemanticsandtranslationscience.A.DefinitionandClassificationofContext1.DefinitionofContext"Context"istheabbreviationoflinguisticenvironmentorspeechenvironment,animportantconceptinthedisciplinesofsociology,pragmatics,semantics,rhetoricandtranslation.Inrecentdecades,linguistshavepaidmuchattentiontothesignificanceofcontextformeaning.ContextualtheorywasfirstdevelopedbythePolishanthropolinguistMarinowskiin1923.Hearguedthat"discourseandenvironmentarecloselyentwinedwitheachotherandthatthelinguisticcontextisessentialforunderstandinglanguage".Firth,oftheLondonSchoolofFunctioning,continuedanddevelopedthisview.Hedividedthecontextintoalinguisticcontextconsistingoflinguisticelementsandasituationalcontextconsistingoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthesocialenvironment.Firthpointedoutthatspeechcanonlyhaverealmeaningifitreliesonlinguisticcontextandcontext.Hefocusedonboththeinternalandexternalcontextsoflanguage.In1964Firth'sprotégé,HanLiddell,arepresentativeofthe"systemic-functional"schooloflinguistics,introducedtheterm"domain".Theterm"domain"reflectsthecontext.Hearguedthatlanguagealwaysoccursinacertaincontextandisunderstoodandinterpretedinthatcontext.Hanleyalsosuggeststhatbehaviourislargelyconditionedbycontext,andthatthechoiceoflanguageformisalsolargelyconditionedbyculturalcontext.Themeaningofwords,andthemeaningofsentences,islargelycontextualized.Later,HanLiddellgoesontoproposescene,mannerandcommunicationasthethreecomponentsofthelinguisticenvironment.Hepointsoutthatscenereferstothepurposeofthespeakerorwriter,includingthesubjectmatterofthediscourse;mannerreferstothefunctionofthediscourseintheevent,includingthechannelemployedbythelanguage-speakingorwriting-andthestyleofthelanguage;andcommunicatorreferstothenatureoftheparticipantsandtheiridentitiesandroles.Inshort,contextreferstothesituationinwhichthespeechactivitytakesplaceinacertaintimeandspace,i.e.thetime,place,personandothersituationsinvolvedinthediscourse.2.ClassificationofContexta.ContextofUtteranceContextofUtterancereferstotheinterrelationshipoflinguisticunitswithinalanguagesystem,includingnotonlytherelationshipbetweentheupperandlowerparagraphsandbetweentheupperandlowersentencesinatextordiscourse,butalsotherelationshipbetweenwordsinasentence."ContextofUtterance"isalsoknownas"contextualcontext".b.ContextofSituationContextofSituationcanrefertothecontextinwhichadiscourseisproduced,thenatureofthetime,theoccasion,thetopic,theidentityofthespeakerandthelistener,therelationshipbetweenthecommunicators,thetime,theplace,themedium,theintention,thesocio-culturalcontextofthecommunication,etc.The"ContextofSituation"isalsoknownasthe"SocialContext".Inspokenlanguage,thesocialcontextalsoincludescertainparalinguisticelements.Forexample:eyecolour,facialexpressions,gestures,etc.c.ContextofCultureContextofCulturereferstothehistory,culture,customs,valuesandsocialandculturalexchangesofthespeaker'slinguisticcommunity,andisgenerallyunderstoodbypeoplewhobelongtothatlinguisticcommunity.B.AnIntroductionofWords'Meanings1.DefinitionofWords`MeaningsWhatis"wordmeaning"?Thisisamajorissueofdebate,andonethatisconstantlybeingexplored.Meaningsareformedgraduallyinthecourseofthehistoryoflanguage.Thedevelopmentofwordmeaningsiscumulative,andtheyarethemaintaskofcommunicatinginformationandideasinpeople'severydayactivities.Therefore,wordmeaningmustmaintainacertaindegreeofstability,conceptualisation,generalityandcontinuity.However,wordmeaningmustalsohaveacertaindegreeofcultureandflexibilityinordertosuitthedevelopmentofpeople'sideasandthinking.Therefore,themeaningofwordsinlanguageisanopensystem.AccordingtoGeBenyiinModernChineseLexicon,wordsareunitsoflinguisticsymbols,acombinationofsoundandmeaning,andtheirmainfunctionincommunicationistoformsentencestoexpressideas,sotheyarealternateunitsforformingsentences.Itshouldthereforebesaidthatwordsareacombinationofsoundandmeaning,andthateverywordinalanguagehasasoundandameaning,thesoundbeingtheformofthewordandthemeaningbeingthecontentoftheword.Itcanbesaidthatthemeaningcontentofawordiswhatwecallthemeaningoftheword.AccordingtoJohnLyons,thefamousBritishlinguist,the'lexicalmeaning'ofawordisthepositionitoccupiesinrelationtotheseriesofotherwordsinthevocabularyofthelanguage.Thisisapurelysemanticrelationshipbetweenwordswithinthelexicalsystemofthelanguage,withnodirectconnectiontothingsintheobjectiveworld.Forexample,'horse'and'cat'donotrefertoaspecifichorseoraspecificcatintheobjectiveworld.The'definition'or'description'includedinthedictionaryandintheexamplesentencesisthe'meaning'oftheword.Theaboveshowsthatthemeaningofwordsisverycomplex,butnevertheless,accordingtothedifferentgeneralsummariesofthemeaningofwordsbyvariousexpertsandscholars,combinedwiththeirownunderstandingofwords,thecommonunderstandingofthemeaningofwordsis:themeaningofwordsisthegeneralreflectionofpeopletoobjectivethings,themeaningofwordsisthecontentofthemeaningofwords.Themeaningofwordsisaverygeneralconcept,whichisgeneralratherthanspecific.2.ClassificationofWords’Meaningsa.MeaningTheoriginalmeaningofawordisknownasthefunctionalorstructuralmeaning,andisacombinationofhighlyabstractmeaningsthatneedtobeexpressedingrammaticalform,acombinationoffunctions.Itisdifficulttofindoutthegrammaticalmeaningofasingleword,butbyincorporatingthewordintoaconcretecombination,thegrammaticalmeaningofthewordcanbeeasilyproducedaccordingtothestructureofthecombination.Forexample,theverbs"toeat,tofight,towalk,tosit"haveaspecificmeaningandcanbeuseddirectlyasapredicativecentreinasentence,whereasdummywordssuchas"the","had","yah",etc.havenoactualmeaningandcanonlyservetohelpthesentenceflowsmoothlyandcompletely,ortoTheycanonlyhelptocompletethesentenceortoexpressacertaintone.Therefore,realwordshavebothlexicalandgrammaticalmeanings,andcanactassyntacticcomponents;imaginarywordsmostlyhavenolexicalmeaning,butonlygrammaticalmeaning,andcannotactassyntacticcomponentsalone.b.MetaphoricalmeaningAmetaphorisageneralreflectionthatislinkedtoaconceptandreflectstheessenceofanobjectivethingorphenomenon.Forexample,theword"hot"in"Itishot"and"hot"in"Sheishot"areadjectives.Thegrammaticalmeaningisthesame,buttheconceptualmeaningisdifferent.Inthefirstsentence,"hot"means"theweatherisveryhot";inthesecondsentence,"hot"means"peoplearewearingverylittleThelatteris"peoplearewearingverylittle".c.DerivationDerivationisacomplementtothemeaningofaconcept,whichisopenandunbounded,andisinfluencedbysociety,classbackgroundandculture.3.Thenatureofwordmeaningsa.ObjectivityWordsareasystemoflinguisticsymbolsthatrepresentobjectiveexistence,andthemainpartofthelexicalmeaningrepresentsthings,phenomenaandrelationshipsintheobjectiveworld.Infact,allobjectiveexistenceandpeople'sknowledgeofitistheobjectivebasisforthemeaningofwords.Forexample,theword'sun'wascreatedbecausethereisanobjectivethinglikethe'sun'intheobjectiveworld,sothatpeopleknowitandtheword'sun'canbecreated.Themeaningoftheword"sun".b.GeneralityThemeaningofawordisanobjectiveobject,sothemeaningofawordisageneralisationofthesameobjectiveobject.Themeaningofawordsummarisesthecharacteristicscommontoacertainclassofobjectiveobjects,whilediscardingthespecificcharacteristicsofindividualobjects.Thelexicalmeaningoftheword'tree',forexample,isageneralisationoftheobjectiveobject'tree'.Ratherthanreferringtoaspecifictree,theword"tree"hasbecomeagenerictermfortheobjectivecategoryof"trees".c.SocialityThefirstmeaningisthatthecontentoftheworddependsontheexistenceordisappearanceofsociety.Thecontent,levelandscaleofsocialproductionandlifeareclearlyreflectedinthelexicalmeaning,i.e.intheillusorythingsthatdonotexistinreality,butarealsoprovidedbythelevelofunderstandingreachedbythesocietyatthetime.Thesecondlevelofmeaningisthattheuseofwordmeaningsisdependentonthecommonconventionsofsociety.Wordsareacombinationofsoundandmeaning,anditisonlywhenmembersofsocietyhaveacommonunderstandingofthelexical,grammaticalandcolourfulmeaningsofawordthatcommunicationbetweenpeopleispossible.Thesocialcharacterofwordmeaningisdeterminedbythesocialnatureoflanguage.TheProblemsinTranslationofWordsWithoutConsideringtheContextInrecentyears,withfurtherresearchinthefieldoflinguistics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,thebasicunitoflanguage,hasbecomeincreasinglyprevalentwithinthestudyoflinguistics.Inforeigncountries,theBritishlinguistGeofryLeach.(InhisbookSemantics,GeofryLeechdiscussestheclassificationofwordmeaningsinsomedetail.InChina,thelinguistGeBenyieditedModernChineseLexicographyandIntroductiontoLinguistics,whichprovideamorecomprehensiveaccountofwordmeaningandsemantics.TherelationshipbetweensemanticsandcontextisdescribedindetailinbookssuchasWuQianguang'sIntroductiontoSemantics,ShiAnshi'sStudiesinSemanticsandGeneralLinguistics,editedbyMaXueliangandQuXietang.Theadaptationofwordmeaningsinmicro-contextsistalkedaboutinFengGuangyi'sTheoryofContextualAdaptation.Onthechoiceofwordmeaningsintranslation,TanZaixi'sNewNaidaonTranslationreflectstheimportanceofwordsenseselection.Theimportanceofwordchoice.InhisLanguageandTranslation,theRussianlinguistProfessorBalkhudarovintroducestheissueofhow'wordmeaningshouldconveyinformationinthetranslationprocess.TheAmericanlinguistandtranslationtheoristEugeneA.ANida,inhisbookLanguageCultureandTranslation,putsforwardthetheoryof"functionalequivalence"ofwordmeanings,whichbringstranslationintoanewstage.Inaddition,articlesonthistopiccanbefoundinacademicjournalssuchasChineseTranslationandLanguageandTranslation.However,thereisstillnoworkonwordchoice.IntheprocessofChinese-Vietnamesetranslation,theselectionofwordmeaningsismostlyconcernedwiththerangeofmeanings,colourstylesandcollocationrelations,butnorelevantarticlesontheselectionofwordmeaningsincontexthavebeenfound.

TheInfluenceofContextonWords'MeaningsinEnglish-ChineseTranslationTheinterrelationshipbetweensemanticsandcontextisreflectedbothinthesingularisationandconcretizationofthemeaningoflanguagebycontextandinthewayinwhichcontextcancomplementomittedmeaningsandgivetemporarymeaningtowordsandsentences.-Inaddition,contexthasaconstrainingeffectonthechoiceanduseoflanguage.A.TheInfluenceofLinguisticContextonWords'MeaningsinEnglish-ChineseTranslation1.TheInfluenceofLinguisticContextonEnglishVocabularyTranslationTherearealwaysmanywordsinalanguagethathavemultiplemeanings,butwhatisexpressedinacertaincontextisusuallyonlyoneofthem.Forexample,"Sheisverybeautiful"and"Shedidthejobverybeautifully".Inthefirstsentence,"pretty"referstolooks,whileinthesecondsentence,"pretty"referstoajobwelldone.2.TheinfluenceofsyntacticcontextonthetranslationofEnglishwordsSomesentencesnotonlyhaveaclearmeaningforeachword,butalsohaveonlyonepossibleunderstanding,forexample,"Ihavebeenwaitingforyouhereforalongtime".However,whensaidindifferentcommunicativecontextsandtodifferentaudiences,forexample,fromaloverorfromapublicsecurityofficerarrestingafugitive,themeaningisverydifferent.Infact,asentencemustnotonlyhaveameaning,butalsobeinseparablefromthecommunicativecontextandthecommunicativeaddressee.Onceasentenceislinkedtoacommunicativecontext,acommunicativeobject,arole,apurpose,aheart,anemotionandothersituationalcontexts,itproducesitsspecificexpression.Ifthespecificcontextisleft,themeaningofthesentencemaybeambiguous.3.TheinfluenceofcontextonthetranslationofEnglishwordsTheAmericanOverseasChineseTimesoncepublishedashortstoryaboutanAmericanwhohadlearnedChinesewellandlovedtolistentosongssunginChinese.OncehewasenjoyingaHongKongsongwithaChinesefriend.Thesongdepictedawomansendingherhusbandawayonatrip.Thereweretwolinesinthesong:"Althoughahundredflowersareinbloom,don'tpickthewildflowersbytheroadside".TheAmericancouldn'tfigureoutwhatherhusbandhadtodowiththeblossomingofflowers.ItwasonlyafteraChinesefriendexplainedthatitdawnedonhim.Originally,theEnglishword"flower"wasalsousedtorefertoawoman,buttheChineseword"flower"canbefurtherusedtorefertoa"thirdparty"ora"prostitute"aftercertaincombinations,forexample"TheInfluenceofFlowerB.TheInfluenceofSituationalContextonWords'MeaningsinEnglish-ChineseTranslation1.TheInfluenceofSituationalContextThemeaningofawordisgeneral,buttheobjectreflectedinaparticularcontextisspecific.Forexample,"pen"isawordwithahighdegreeofgenerality.Ifsomeoneasksyoutosignabannerandyousay'I'msorry,Idon'thaveapen',theword'pen'hereisgeneralandcanbeavarietyofdifferentpens.IfyouaskaChinesecalligraphertowriteabannerandhesays"Idon'thaveapenwithme,canyoudoitanothertime?".Thereisonlyonepossibilityforapenhere,namelyabrush,andthisexcludesthelowercasebrushes.Ifthepaperisalreadylaidoutandtheinkisready,andhesays,"Pleasebringthepen,"itispossiblethatthepenheisaskingforisaspecificpenhehasalreadychosen.Anotherexampleisthatindifferentcontextsorcommunicativesituations,theliteralmeaningofChinesepersonalpronounsoftendoesnotcoincidewiththeobjectreferredto,forexample,inthesentence"Wethinkthisiscorrect","we"mayrefertoboth"IInthephrase"wethinkit'sright","we"mayrefereithertosomepeoplewiththesameviewas"I",whichmeansplural,orto"I"myself,whichmeanssingular.Inthephrase"peoplearegoing","people"mayrefertoeitherthethirdorthefirstperson.Ifthecontextorthecommunicativesituationisspecific,theobjectstowhich'we'and'people'referareclearandconcrete.Ascanbeseen,contextcanmakemeaningconcrete.2.TheinfluenceofspeechPhoneticscancomplementthemeaningofanomission,helpingthespeakertoexpressameaningthatisnotspoken,andthushelpingthelistenertoaccuratelyunderstandthetruemeaningofwhatthespeakeristryingtosay.Forexample,theChineseword'water'canmeandifferentthingsindifferentcontexts.Apersontrekkinginthedesertseeswaterandsays"water!"meansthereiswaterhere,expressingsurprise;whenwalkingatnight,suddenlysomeoneinfrontofyoushouts"water!"meansthatthereiswaterinfrontofyou;ifabedriddenpatientsays"Water!meanstodrinkwater.3.TheinfluenceoflanguagestyleTakeJRRTolkien'sworkasanexample.Asatos'panicked"Gwen,putitaway!"Thisisasimpleeverydayphrase,butinaparticularlinguisticcontextithasapowerfuleffect.Ashertwohusbandsdieinquicksuccessionandhersoniseatenbywolves,sheisseenbythelandlordasanunluckyandimpureperson.InthissocietyoftheMiddleKingdom,thelandowningclasswillstopatnothingtopreservetradition.Onlyafterhearingthislineinthislinguisticcontext,whichTolkienreproduceswithgreatartistry,canthereaderunderstanditstruemeaning.TheInfluenceofCulturalContextonWords’MeaningsinEnglish-ChineseTranslationTheinfluenceofcustomsandtraditionsChineseandWesterncountrieshavedifferentculturaltraditions,nationalcustoms,lifestyles,valuesandmorality.People'sdifferentattitudestowardsthesameorsimilarthingsarealsoduetothesedifferences.Inthetwolanguages,theconnotationsanddenotationsofmanywordsarenotequal.“Killtwobirdswithoneshot”inEnglishand“killtwobirdswithonestone”inChinese;InChinese,thereis“notigerinthemountain,themonkeyistheking”.InEnglish,thereis“inthelandoftheblind,theone-eyemanistheking”.InChinese,dragonenjoysthestatusof“auspiciousness",“power”and“nobility",soithasidiomssuchas“expectingasontobecomeadragon",“dragonleapingandTigerLeaping",“dragonflyingandPhoenixdancing”.InChineseculture,“dragon”hasaveryhighposition,butinancientGreekandRomanmythology,theimagemeaningofdragoniscompletelydifferent.InChina,therearemanyderogatorywordsrelatedtodog,suchas“wolfheart",“dogleg”andsoon.Butinwesternculture,dogsaretherepresentativesofloyaltyandkindness,anddogsarethebestcompanionsofhumanbeings.Forinstance,intheidiomthatis“Everydoghasitsday.",“Heaven”doesnotmean“ascendedtheseventhheaven”or“returnedtothewest",butmeansecstasy,becauseGodandangelsliveinheavenandbelongto“paradise”.TheinfluenceofhistoricalfactorsTherearemanyimportanteventsinChinesehistory,fromwhichmanyidiomshavebeenspread.Forexample,“besiegedonallsides”and“secretlycrossingChenCang”andsoon.Inlife,wheneverweencountersomedifficultthings,suchasthesehistoricalevents,wewillusetheseidiomstodescribethecurrentsituation.However,WesternreadersdonotunderstandthehistoryandcultureofChina.Therefore,intheprocessoftranslation,wemustconsidertheculturaldifferences,otherwisereaderswillnotbeabletounderstandthemetaphorofidioms.InEnglishculture,itisnotdifficulttofindthattherearemanyculturalphenomenarelatedtoancientRomanculture.Forexample,“doastheRomansdo",“allroadsleadtoRome",“Romewasnotbuiltinaday”andotheridiomsareinheritedfromRomanculture.ThisisbecausetheRomansoccupiedBritainforalongtimeinhistory.Theinfluenceofmyths,legendsandreligiousbeliefsChinesepeoplebelieveinConfucianismandBuddhism,andChineseidiomshavealottodowiththem.Forexample,“laydownthebutcher'sknifeandbecomeaBuddhaonthespot”and“lookattheBuddha'sfacewithoutlookingatthemonk'sface”.WesterncountriesmainlybelieveinChristianity.Therefore,“God",“devil",“Hell",“church”andotherwordsbecomethehighfrequencywordsinEnglishidioms.Forinstance,“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves”.

Translation

Strategiesof

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ContextAftertheaboveanalysis,thepaperwillconcludebyshowingtranslationstrategiesforvocabularyincontext,whichwillbedemonstratedinthreeareasbelow.LiteralTranslationSinceMarsistoofarawayfromEarth,real-timecontrolcannotbeachieved.Theautonomousoperationof“ZhuRong"roverworksisoneofitsdesignhighlights.Long-distanceautonomousmovementisplannedbasedonMartiandayswithrelaycommunicationasthemainmeanstomaintaincommunicationwiththecontrolsystemonEarth.由于火星距离地球太远，不能实时测控,因此“祝融号”火星车最突出的设计特点就是以自主工作为主，按照火星日进行工作规划,可进行长距离的自主移动,并以中继通信与地球控制系统保持联系。Intheecologicalenvironmentoftourguideinterpretation,ontheonehand,theinterpreterisinputtingmoreinformation,andontheotherhand,touristsareexpectingtheinterpretertodeliverinformationinatimelymanner.Accordingly,theinterpretershouldpayattentiontothefollowingintheprocessoftranslation:vocabularyshouldbeascommonlyusedandreadilyavailableaspossible,avoidingrigidtranslationsofobscurewordsintheoriginaltext;syntaxshouldbeasshortandsimpleaspossible,avoidinglongsentenceswithcomplexstructures.Thereisalsoalotofoverlydetailedinformationinthetextoftheinterpretation.Intheecologicalcontextofguidedtourinterpretation,visitorsareoftennotinterestedinlearningaboutit,soappropriatecutsorintegrationscanbemade.Thetranslationoftheabovetextisdifficultandcumbersomeinitsphrasing.Intranslation,“因此“祝融号”火星车最突出的设计特点就是以自主工作为主，按照火星日进行工作规划，可进行长距离的自主移动，并以中继通信与地球控制系统保持联系。”,whatthephrasedescribesisextremelydetailedanddoesnotrelatetoitscoreculture.LiberalTranslationLiberalTranslationreferstothetranslationaccordingtothemainideaoftheoriginaltextinsteadofwordforwordtranslation.Generallyspeaking,itismainlyappliedwhenthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageembodygreatculturaldifferences.Itisakindoftranslationmethodthatcancorrectlyexpressthethoughtandcontentoftheoriginaltextwithoutstickingtotheformoftheoriginaltext.Ifliteraltranslationisforced,itwillbedifficultforpeopletounderstandandevenproduceambiguity.Atthesametime,thesameidiomsinthetargetlanguagecannotbefoundintheprocessoftranslation.WhentheSuncaststhestick'sshadowonthesurfaceoftheruler,astronomerscantellthetimeoftheseasonbymeasuringtheshadowlength.Theycanalsotellthe24solartermsandcalculatethelengthofatropicalyear.阳光照射于“表”上，表影投在“圭”上，根据表影长短的变化，可测定节气，也可测定回归年长。Thecommentarycontainsalargenumberoforientationexpressionslike“根据表影长短的变化，可测定节气，也可测定回归年长。”.IftranslatedintoEnglishasoriginallywritten,thiswouldtendtocreateaproblemofverbosity.Inthetranslationecologyofthetime,thevisitorisstandinginfrontofthesandtable,andthevisitorisabletogetaclearideaoftheorientationdescribedinhislanguagethroughtheinstructions.Therefore,thetranslatordoesnotneedtomaketheextraefforttotranslatetheorientationexpressionsintheoriginalsentence.SupplementaryTranslationSomeidiomsareverydifficulttotranslate.Ontheonehand,ifliteraltranslationisadopted,itisdifficultforreaderstounderstandidiomsbecausetheyaredeeplyinfluencedbycultureandhistory.Iffreetranslationisadopted,itiseasytolosethespiritoftheoriginal.Annotationisverydesirableinthetranslationofsomeidioms,whichcanachievegoodresults.MarshasathinatmospherewithmanyLargedustparticles.ThesunlightisscatteredaccordingtoMietheoryoflightscattering.Theredlightwithsimilarsizeofthedustisscattered,andthebluelightisretainedinthedirectionoflookingbackattheSun.Therefore,onMars,thesunsetisnotred,butblue!火星大气稀薄，尘埃颗粒较多，当太阳光照射时主要会发生米氏散射，与沙尘粒径相近的红光被散射，逆光回望太阳的方向保留了蓝光，因此在火星上，不是夕阳红，而是夕阳蓝！*米氏散射：当大气中粒子的直径与辐射的波长相当时发生的散射。这种散射主要由大气中的微粒，如烟、尘埃、小水滴及气溶胶等引起。米氏散射的散射强度与频率的二次方成正比，并且散射在光线向前方向比向后方向更强,方向性比较明显Apartfromsupplementary,asmentionedabove,althoughthedirecttranslationmethodcanrepresentthemeaningofthetextvisually,sometimesthetranslatormustomitsomewordstoensurethecoherenceofthetext.Forexample,attheendofthissentence,theEnglishtranslationdoesnotretainthewords"夕阳红"and"夕阳蓝",buttranslatesthemas"thesunsetisnotred,butblue"

ConclusionThesuccessorfailureofatranslationdependstoalargeextentonthechoiceofthemeaningofwords,andthechoiceofthemeaningofwordscannotbemadewithoutadictionary.Therefore,translationisinseparablefromthedictionary,butthedictionaryisnotinfallible,andmanymistakesintranslationareoftentheresultofthechoiceofdictionaryinterpretation.Thecorrectchoiceofwordmeaningsnotonlydirectlyaffectsthecontentoftheoriginal,butalsothestyleoftheoriginal,andthechoiceofwordmeaningsintranslationisnotarbitrary,butdependstoalargeextentonthecontext.Firstly,thereisthewiderangeofcontextsinvolvedintranslation.Allcorporaareencounteredbytranslatorsinthecourseoftheirwork.Fordifferentcorporadifferentmeansoftranslationhavetobeused,differentmeasurestakenanddifferentaestheticsreflected,whichallrequirethetranslatortohaveprofoundlinguisticskills,ahighsenseofresponsibilityandthoroughunderstanding.Secondly,thereisthewordasafundamentalpartofthelanguage.Therearevariousmeaningsofwords,andthosethatcanbefoundinthedictionarybelongtotheconceptualmeaning,atwhichlevelthemeaningofthetranslatedandoriginallanguagesareequivalent.Inadditiontothis,themeaningofwordshasaspecialculturalmeaningthatisimpliedbehind,orattachedto,theconceptualmeaning.Thismeaningbelongstoaspecialrangeofemotions.Differentnationalitieshavedifferentlifestyles,habitsofthought,geographicallocationsandmoralbeliefs,andthesam