女性主义英文介绍

Feminism___RitaQuestionsforyou!Howwouldyoudefineitasanideology意识形态?Whatcomestomindwhenyouthinkoftheword“feminism”?contents1DefinationandTheory3TypesofFeminisms2TheFeministMovement

WhatisFeminism?

Feminism

Feminism

isacollectionof

movementsaimedatdefining,establishing,anddefendingequalpolitical,economic,andsocialrightsforwomen.Inaddition,feminismseekstoestablishequalopportunitiesforwomenineducationandemployment.Anideology

意思形态that“opposesthepolitical,economic,andculturalrelegation贬低ofwomentopositionsof

inferiority自卑.”Simplyput,feminismaffirmswomen’sequalitywithmen,andrejectspatriarchy父权制

.Feminists

Feministsarepersonsofeithersex,orfemalesonly(inwhichcasemalesmaybepro-feminists),whobelieveinfeminism.Afeministis"anadvocateorsupporteroftherightsandequalityofwomen".MenfeministHenrikJohanIbsen亨利克·约翰·易卜生

胡适

KarlMarx

卡尔·亨利希·马克思

HistoryTheterms"feminism"or"feminist"firstappearedinFranceandTheNetherlandsin1872(aslesféministes),GreatBritaininthe1890s,andtheUnitedStatesin1910.TheOxfordEnglishDictionarylists1894forthefirstappearanceof"feminist"and1895for"feminism".TheUKDailyNewsfirstintroduced"feminist"totheEnglishlanguage,importingitfromFranceandbrandingitasdangerous."WhatourParisCorrespondentdescribesasa'Feminist'group...intheFrenchChamberofDeputies".Priortothattime,"Woman'sRights"wasprobablythetermusedmostcommonly,henceQueenVictoria'sdescriptionofthis"mad,wickedfollyof'Woman'sRights'".FeministtheoryFeministtheory

emergedfromthesefeministmovements

andincludesgeneraltheoriesandtheoriesabouttheoriginsofinequality,and,insomecases,aboutthesocialconstructionofsexandgender,inavarietyofdisciplines.Feministactivistshavecampaignedforwomen'srights—suchasincontract,property,andvoting—whilealsopromotingwomen'srightstobodilyintegrityandautonomy自治权andreproductiverights生育权.Theyhaveopposeddomesticviolence,sexualharassment性骚扰,andsexualassault性侵犯.Ineconomics,theyhaveadvocatedforworkplacerights,includingequalpay

andopportunitiesforcareersandtostartbusinesses.TheFeministMovement(alsoknownastheWomen'sMovement,Women'sLiberation,orWomen'sLib)referstoaseriesofcampaignsforreformsonissuessuchasreproductiverights,domesticviolence,maternityleave,equalpay,votingrights,sexualharassment,andsexualviolence.Thegoalsofthemovementvaryfromcountrytocountry,e.g.oppositiontofemalegenitalcutting女性生殖器切割

inSudan,ortothe

glassceiling玻璃天花板

inWesterncountries.Themovement'shistoryhasgonethroughthreewaves,beginninginthe18thcentury.First-wave

wasorientedaroundthestationofmiddleorupper-classwhitewomen,andinvolvedsuffrageandpoliticalequality.Second-wave

feminismattemptedtofurthercombatsocialandculturalinequalities.Third-wavefeminismstartingin1980toearlyincludesrenewedcampaigningforwomen’sgreaterinfluenceinpolitics.

TheFirstWaveFeminismThefirstwavereferstothemovementofthe19ththroughearly20thcenturies(1900s–1920s),whichdealtmainlywithsuffrage（投票权选举权）,workingconditionsandeducationalrightsforwomenandgirls.Leader：ElizabethCadyStanton（伊丽莎白·凯迪·斯坦顿）Purpose

：equalpolitical,intellectualandeconomicrightstowomenAchievement：InternationalWomen'sDayhasbeenobserved(创始于1910年）WriterssuchasVirginiaWoolfareassociatedwiththeideasoftheFirstWaveoffeminism.InherbookARoomofOne'sOwn,Woolf"describeshowmensociallyandpsychicallydominatewomen".Theargumentofthebookisthat"womenaresimultaneouslyvictimsofthemselvesaswellasvictimsofmenandareupholdersofsocietybyactingasmirrorstomen".Sherecognizesthesocialconstructsthatrestrictwomeninsocietyandusesliteraturetocontextualizeitforotherwomen.TheinfluencesofthefirstwaveFeminismThesecondWaveFeminism

(alsocalledModernFeminism)

Thesecondwave(1960s-1980s)dealtwiththeinequalityoflawsaswellasculturalinequalities.Thekeyeventthatmarkedthereemergence（再度出现

）ofthismovementinthepostwar战后的erawasthesurprisepopularityofBettyFriedan's1963bookTheFeminineMystique

Thekeyevent:《TheFeminineMystique》

Womenshouldspeakoutherfeelings:Inadditiontoherhusband,childrenandfamilies,Iwouldliketogetmore.“女性应该大胆地说出自己的心声:除了丈夫、孩子和家庭，我还想得到更多。”SocialImpact“Itignited（点燃）thecontemporary（同时代的

）women'smovementin1963andasaresultpermanentlytransformedthesocialfabric组织oftheUnitedStatesandcountriesaroundtheworld.”----NewYorkTimesTheinfluencesofthesecondwomen’smovementThemovementencouragedwomentounderstandaspectsoftheirpersonallivesasdeeplypoliticized,andreflectiveofasexist性别歧视者structureofpower.Iffirst-waversfocusedonabsoluterightssuchassuffrage,second-waverswerelargelyconcernedwithotherissuesofequality,suchastheendtodiscrimination.Theinfluencesofthesecondwomen’smovementReligion·Education·Language·SocialchangesForexample:Feministsareoftenproponents支持者ofusingnon-sexistlanguage,using“Ms.”torefertobothMarriedandunmarriedwomen.TheThirdWaveFeminism

(PostModernFeminism)Thethirdwaveoffeminism(late1980s-early2000s),isseenasbothacontinuation继续andaresponsetotheperceived感知的failuresofthesecondwave.Nowadays：Somenowbelieveasof2010,weareinafourthwaveoffeminism.TheinfluencesofThirdwaveofFeminismThemovementaroseasaresponsetotheperceivedfailuresofandbacklashagainstinitiativesandmovementscreatedbySecond-wavefeminismduringthe1960sto1980s,andtherealizationthatwomenareof"manycolors,ethnicities,nationalities,religionsandculturalbackgrounds".Thethirdwaveembraces信奉diversityandchange.Inthiswave,asinpreviousones,thereisnoall-encompassingsinglefeministidea.

FeminisminChinaFeminisminChinabeguninthelateQingperiod,asChinesesocietyre-evaluatedtraditionalandConfucianvaluessuchasfootbindingandgendersegregation,andbegantorejecttraditionalgenderideasashinderingprogresstowardsmodernization.Duringthe1898HundredDays'Reform,reformerscalledforwomen'seducationandequality,andtheendoffootbinding.FemalereformersformedthefirstChinesewomen's