汽车专业英语 1 automotive basics

汽车专业英语

SpecialtyEnglishforAutomobile刘永刚E-mail:andyliuyg@TelodyBrakingEngineSuspensionSteeringPowertrainElectricalsystemChassisChapter1AutomotiveBasicsWhat’sthemainpartsofanautomobile?Today’saveragecarcontainsmorethan15,000separate,individualpartsthatmustworktogether.Thesepartscanbegroupedintofourmajorcategories:body,engine,chassisandelectricalsystem。现在的车辆一般都由15000多个分散、独立且相互配合的零部件组成。这些零部件主要分为四类：车身、发动机、底盘和电气系统。Chassis：thebaseframeofamotorvehicle,carriage,orotherwheeledconveyanceEngine：amachinewithmovingpartsthatconvertspowerintomotion1.1BodyAnautomobilebodyisasheetmetalshellwithwindows,doors,ahoodandatrunkdeckbuiltintoit.Itprovidesaprotectivecoveringfortheengine,passengersandcargo.汽车车身是一个包含窗子、车门、一个发动机罩、一个行李箱盖的金属薄壳。汽车车身为发动机、乘员和货物提供了保护。Hood：发动机罩bonnet软帽Trunkdeck：行李箱盖

Trunk/boot：行李箱靴子Baggage：行李luggageCargo：货物goodsThebodyisdesignedtokeeppassengerssafeandcomfortable.Thebodystylingprovidesanattractive,colorful,modernsappearanceforthevehicle.汽车车身的设计还应该保证乘员的安全舒适。车身的造型（款式）使得汽车看起来漂亮迷人、色彩斑斓、时尚前卫。ThreepointsseatbeltinacarFivepointsharnessinaracingcar铠甲甲胄AirbagAsedanhasanenclosedbodywithamaximumof4doorstoallowaccesstothepassengercompartment.Thedesignalsoallowsforstorageofluggageorothergoods.Asedancanalsobereferredtoasasaloonandtraditionallyhasafixedroof.Therearesoft-topversionsofthesamebodydesignexceptforhaving2doors,andthesearecommonlyreferredtoasconvertibles.轿车车身为封闭式，轿车最多有4个车门，乘员通过车门进出。另外车身的设计还应考虑行李和货物的存放。传统的轿车都是硬顶车身。活顶乘用车（敞篷车）的车顶是软顶，车身设计与普通轿车类似，但只有两个车门。行李箱行李==？发动机//发动机罩Trunk/bootLuggage/baggageEngine//hook/bonnetTheutilityorpick-upcarriesgoods.Usuallyithasstrongerchassiscomponentsandsuspensionthanasedantosupportgreatergrossvehiclemass.皮卡一般用来运载货物。为能承载更大的总质量，皮卡的底盘部件和悬架比轿车更结实。utility/pick-up:

皮卡Grossvehiclemass：车辆总质量Curbweight汽车整备重量Lightvehiclevanscanbebasedoncommonsedandesignsorredesignssothatmaximumcargospaceisavailable.轻型货车一般是基于普通轿车设计的，或是重新设计使可用载货空间最大化。Avanisakindofvehicleusedfortransportinggoodsorgroupsofpeople.Itisusuallyabox-shapedvehicleonfourwheels,aboutthesamewidthandlengthasalargeautomobile,buttallerandusuallyhigherofftheground,alsoreferredtoasalightcommercialvehicleorLCV.However,inNorthAmerica,thetermmaybeusedtorefertoanytruckwitharigidcargobodyfixedtothecab,evenuptolargesizes.Thebodyofcommercialvehiclesthattransportgoodsaredesignedforthatspecificpurpose.Tankerstransportfluids,tipperscarryearthorbulkgrains,flatbedsandvansareusedforgeneralgoodstransport.用于运输货物的商用车车身必须满足具体要求，例如运输液体的油罐车、运输泥土或散装谷物的自卸车、运输一般货物的平板车或货车。nosidesorroofBusesandcoachesareusually4-wheelrigidvehicles,butalargenumberofwheelsandaxlescanbeused.Sometimesarticulatedbusesareusedtoincreasecapacity.Busesandcoachescanbesingle-deckordouble-deck.Busesarecommonlyusedincitiesascommutertransportswhilecoachesaremoreluxurioususedforlongdistances.客车和长途汽车一般是有4个车轮的整体式车辆，也能配备更多的车轮和车桥。为了增加客车的载客量往往使用由铰链连接的客车。公共汽车和长途汽车有单层和双层两种。公共汽车一般用城市内公共交通，而长途汽车一般用于长距离的旅行。single-deckbusdouble-deckerArticulatedbusCoach1.2EngineTheengineactsasthepowerunit.Theinternalcombustionengineismostcommon:thisobtainsitspowerbyburningaliquidfuelinsidetheenginecylinder.Therearetwotypesofengine:gasoline(alsocalledaspark-ignitionengine)anddiesel(alsocalledacompression-ignitionengine).Bothenginesarecalledheatengines;theburningfuelgeneratesheatwhichcausesthegasinsidethecylindertoincreaseitspressureandsupplypowertorotateashaftconnectedtothepowertrain.发动机//内燃机//汽油（点燃式）//柴油（压燃式）//热力发动机//动力传动系发动机作为动力设备，常见的类型是内燃机，其原理是通过发动机缸内的液体燃料燃烧而产生能量。发动机可分为两类：汽油机（点燃式）和柴油机（压燃式），都属于热力发动机。燃料燃烧产生热量使缸内气体气压上升，从而产生能量，驱动与动力传动系相连接的轴旋转。Thewayenginecylindersarearrangediscalledengineconfiguration.In-lineengineshavethecylindersinaline.Thedesigncreatesasimplycastengineblock.Invehiclesapplications,thenumberofcylindersisnormallyfrom2upto6.Usually,thecylindersarevertical.Asthenumberofthecylindersincrease,thelengthoftheblockandcrankshaftcanbecomeaproblem.OnewaytoavoidthisiswithaVconfiguration.Thedesignmakestheenginesblockandcrankshaftshorterandmorerigid.发动机的布置即发动机气缸的排列方式。发动机缸体按直线排列的即直列式，这种布置使得发动机缸体结构简单。汽车发动机一般为2~6缸，通常气缸是垂直放置的，但气缸数量的增加会导致缸体和曲轴的长度过大，解决问题的措施之一就是采用V型布置，这种布置方式可以使发动机缸体和曲轴长度尺寸更短，从而大大增加刚度。Thefourbasiccylinderarrangementsofadieselorgas-burningengineare:cylinder-in-line;V-arrangementandFlat.Anenginelocatedatthefrontcanbemountedlongitudinallyandcandriveeitherthefrontortherearwheels.Rearenginevehicleshavetheenginemountedbehindtherearwheels.Theenginecanbetransverseorlongitudinalandusuallydrivetherearwheelsonly.前置发动机可以纵向布置，能够驱动前轮或后轮。后置发动机布置在后轮后侧，发动机即可纵向布置又可横向布置，一般只能驱动后轮。aninternal-combustionengineinwhichheatproducedbythecompressionofairinthecylinderisusedtoignitethefuel.Internalcombustionengine:内燃机、外燃机Cylinder:汽缸圆柱体Gasoline//diesel：汽油柴油

Ignition：点燃igniteShaft//Crankshaft:轴曲轴TransmissionConfigurationLongitudinal：纵向Transverse：横向车身轿车车厢发动机罩铰接式客车皮卡内燃机行李箱盖造型、外形货物发动机bodySedan//salooncompartmentHood//bonnetArticulatedbusPick-up//utilityInternalcombustionengineTrunkdeck/lidstylingcargoengine1.3ChassisPowertrainsystem:conveysthedrivetothewheelsSteeringsystem:controlsthedirectionofmovementSuspensionsystem(runninggear):absorbstheroadshocksBrakingsystem:slowsdownthevehicle底盘总成是由作为汽车主要运行部分的各系统组成，包括动力传动系、转向系统、悬架和制动系统。1.3.1Powertrainsystem:Clutch(torqueconverter/fluidcoupling)离合器（液力变矩器）Transmission变速箱Manual//automaticDriveshaft传动轴finaldrive主减速器

differentialgear差速器齿轮drivingaxle驱动桥Transaxle:anintegraldrivingaxleanddifferentialgearinmotorvehicle变速器驱动桥Topandsideviewofatypicalmanualtransmission,inthiscaseaFord"Toploader",usedincarswithtypicalexternalgearshifter.

driveshaftFinaldrive//DifferentialDrivingaxles

传动系把发动机输出的扭矩传递给驱动轮。传动系包括离合器（对应机械变速器）或液力变矩器（对应液力自动变速器）、变速器、驱动轴、主减速器、差速器和驱动桥。另外有些传动系采用由变速器、主减速器和差速器组成的一体式的变速驱动桥。（或者采用一个独立的变速驱动桥，即变速器……在同一个箱体内。）

对于采用机械变速器的汽车，其发动机扭矩由离合器传递给变速器或变速驱动桥，并通过离合器来控制发动机和传动系的啮合或分离。变速器包含了不同传动比的齿轮副，能够增加或减小扭矩。选择的齿轮速比越小，传递的扭矩最大。汽车起步时需要较大的扭矩，一旦起动后，仅需要较小的扭矩就可维持速度，此时应该换用较高的档位，以降低发动机转速。

传统的汽车采用前置发动机、后轮驱动，因此需要传动轴把动力从变速器传递给主减速器。主减速器的作用就是在把动力传递给驱动轮之前，降低转速并增加扭矩。对于前置后驱的汽车，主减速器还将驱动的旋转方向改变了90度。主减速器内的差速器齿轮副，把动力分给两个驱动轴，并允许两边车轮在转向时具有不同的转速。动力最终由驱动轴传递给车轮。后轮驱动汽车的驱动桥应能满足悬架的运动，可以是刚性的或包含运动副。为满足悬架和转向的要求，前轮驱动汽车驱动轴上需安装万向节。

自动变速器或自动变速驱动桥的功能和机械式基本类似，区别在于档位的选择是液力或电力控制的。液力自动变速器采用液力变矩（耦合）器作为连接器以传递动力。1.3.2Steeringsystem:转向系统Thedirectionmotionofvehicleiscontrolledbyasteeringsystem.Abasicsteeringsystemhas3mainparts:asteeringboxconnectedtothesteeringwheel,thelinkageconnectingthesteeringboxtothewheelassemblyatthefrontwheelsandfrontsuspensionpartstoletthewheelassembliespivot.Whenthedriverturnsthesteeringwheel,ashaftfromthesteeringcolumnturnsthesteeringgear.Thesteeringgearmovestie-rodsthatconnecttothefrontwheels.Thetie-rodsmovethefrontwheelstoturnthevehiclerightorleft.转向系控制汽车行驶方向，