GMAT考试SC语法大全

知识点漏洞：«havingdonehavingdone和havingbeendone都不是动名词结构，因此不能充当名词成分！ 在SC中，如果这两个结构做主语、宾语。必错！havingdone和havingbeendone 做后置定语，必错！havingdone做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的定语从句havingbeendone做后置定语，一般都要改成相应的done做过去分词，或者改成定语从句havingdone和havingbeendone 用于“with独立主格”中必错！指with+sb./sth+havingdone/havingbeendone 这种情况When/Afterhavingdone必错！主语，havingdone, 谓语”(correct)——非限制性定语倒装：---全部：1.介词开头；2.形容词开头；3.分词开头(doing/done)TOC\o"1-5"\h\z---部分：1.Nosooner …than…,Hardly …wher和-Notuntil .；Onlywhen …If虚拟；So/Such….that….;时间频率的词开头(often,manyatime );形容词/名词/动词+as(though)'引导的让步状语从句；否定副词开头(never,not…,seldom,hardly,neither,nor,scarcely,rarely,noIonger,barely,little)(三)介i^I+doing/n.介词+doing*放在句尾n逻辑主语等于主句主语，也可以等丁所修饰的动词的逻辑主语(言下之意.逻榊主语和主句主语可能不同)放在句首，逻辑主语=主句主语(和状语从句、分词一样)despite+n+长修饰语或despite+doing都口『以Oneof…./theonlyoneofHoratioisoneofthosepeoplewhoarelateforeverything.Horatioistheonlyoneofthosepeoplewhoislateforeverything.confidence后面加that同位语从句n+more+adj(correct)morethantimesasmany/much+n.as•••(correct)timesas+adj+as--/(correct)timesadj-er+than/(correct)times+the+n(correct)需要关注逻辑主诳的几种短语：prep+doingfSVO prep=in/by/fcr/after/inadditiontoadj.+prep+nvSVO•分词的使用：当done在句末时，不管有无逗号，都是就近修饰名词 ；当doing在句末时，无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语；当doing在句尾且前有逗号时，修饰邻近句子的主语，做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词⑷当doing/done 在句中且前无逗号，修饰前面紧邻名词；(5)当doing/done 在句中且前后都有逗号，有歧义：这种结构在GMAT必错！(夹心修饰) 修饰前面紧邻的名词 向后修饰后面句子的主语intheyear现在完成时，earlyintheyear过去完成时WhatCistoD,thatAistoB=AistoBwhatCistoDrather是副词，后面不能加不定式：rathertodo(X)make/feel/believe/findit+adjtodo/that从句(it只能指代todo/that..)*虚拟语气：that一定不能省，should一定不要加当sth.作主语时注意sthtakessbsometimetodo后面不加宾语：RivalingthepyramidsofEgyptoreventheancientcitiesoftheMayaasanachievement,thearmyofterra-cottawarriorscreatedtoprotectQinShiHuang,China 'sfirstemperor,inhisafterlifeismorethan2,000yearsoldandtook700,000artisansmorethan36yearstocomplete.*【句尾同位语】和【…,V-ing】或【with独立主格】结构不可随意互换,同位语是句尾名词的定语，后二者是主句的伴随状语，意味着与主句同时发生的另一件事suchthat(X)being+adj.(X)atatimewhen?inanerawhen?aperiodwhen?anageinwhich?theyearthat?Aphenomenoninwhich?•ameanstodo=methodfor/ofdoing*appearas=showupas揭露，露出appeartodo/appeartohavebeen 看起来像•总结：有三种结构在句首时，需要考虑逻辑主语是否合适：【V-ing,SVO】 【介词+V-ing,SVO】 【Todo,SVO】 【-ed,SVO】agroupofpl.(n)+ 单数谓语pronounceAB,declareAB,considerAB只有出现no/not才是否定句，(nor/neither/never)都不是Eg：I'veneverbeentoUSAandAustralia.Itsnumbersarenowfivetimesgreaterthan….(numbers不用more,fewer,less修饰)•逗号不能连接完整的主谓结构，要用分号；句1；句2；and句3Bedescendedfrom assist…..indoingBy+doing(byimitatingandpracticing) 和by+noun(byimitationandpractice)的区别还是在于doing和noun之间：doing为动名词形式描述的是动作的发生，noun则是对动作的单纯描述VeryreluctanttocarryanyextraweightonhisplanewhenheattemptedhissolotransatlanticflightwasthereasonthatCharlesLindberghrefusedtocarryevenapoundofmail,despitebeingoffered$1,000todoso.?dateat…追溯到多少年(old)Justas句子,so句子Justasyousow,soyouwillreap 主从句要尽量形式对称Justas句子,as句子Justasyousow,asyouwillreap 主从句要尽量形式对称Justas句子,sotoo句子---主句部分倒装(sotoo后是主句) Justasyousow,sotoowillyoureapExplain与because语义重复•前一分句用todo,后一分句也尽量用todoEg:Thebestwaytobuildahouse ,butthemostpopularmethodnowistodo •不用that,doing)Eg:Theonlywaytoknowistotaketheplunge.状语从句的省略：状语从句的主语一定要是主句的主语，即状语从句动作的逻辑主语是主句主语。状语从句中的workingverb一定是be动词，但不要求主句的workingverb也是be动词。所以，状从省略可看为状从中省略了主语和 be动词，且同省同留。形式：正确形式：表示时间/条件/转折/让步的连词(when/while/if/uniess/although/eventhough/evenif)+ 形容词短语/-ing短语/-ed短语(逻辑主语等于句子主语)(所以whenachild/whenchildren是错的；if+n.也是错的)⑵错误形式：表示时间/条件/转折的连词+介词短语/名词短语(althoughjustinsidetheorbitofJupiter是错的)(OG10-69)(3)特殊情况：once可以加介词短语/名词短语；whatever可以加名词短语*当对一个人使用名号的时候，直接用名号 加人名”JazzpianistandcomposerTheloniousMonk”，不用定从whois，和同位语,因为啰嗦用法：当职位、称号前是定冠词时，不用逗号Eg:TheauthorErnestHemingwaywasknownforhisdrunkenandviolentescapades.如果前面有不定冠词，用逗号Eg:Ajazzpianistandcomposer,TheloniousMonk如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个形容词，用逗号Eg:Creativeandoriginal,TheloniousMonk如果前面无任何冠词，只有称号，不用逗号Eg:JazzpianistandcomposerTheloniousMonkDirtroadscosttwiceasmuchtomaintainaspavedroadsdo.*对主谓宾全的句型主语比较：AdosththanBdo.(AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比)介宾比较：AdosthofC1byD1thanofC2byD2. (C1C2,D1D2对等名词)宾语比较： AdoC1thanC2.(C1C2为对等名词)状语比较： Adosththanusual/ever/before/peopleexpected( 直接加状语)Itisexpectedthat 不简洁Itistheexpectationthat 不简洁Contraryto+ 抽象名词(ideas,opinions,actions )在句首，不需要平行ComparedwithA，B/lncontrast(with/to)+n 需要平行97, i工启eth日tdomingtEdth股musicofthepostwarperiod,Bartdkfoundednoschooland]eftbehindonlyahandfulofdisciples,Schoenberg^12tonesystemthatdominatedSchoenbergandhis112-tonesystemwhichdominatedSchoenberg』whose12-tonesystemdominatedthe12-tonesystemofSchoenbergthathasdominatedSchoenbergandthei2-tonesystem,dominatingE:dominating是夹心修饰，修饰对象不明，既可以向前修饰 Schoenbergandthetwelve-tonesystem，也可以向后修饰Bartok*主从句对位指代：如果主从句主语相同，那么当主句在前时，主句主语要用名词，从句主语要用代词；当从句在前时，从句主语可以用名词也可以用代词：当从句主语用代词时，主句要用名词当从句主语用名词时，主句主语用代词(指代从句主语)If引导的条件句， 主将从现”现实条件不能和虚拟条件混用！(og12)123.ShewaslesssuccessfulaftershehademigratedtoNewYorkcomparedtohernativeGermany,photographerLotteJacobineverthelessearnedasmallgroupofdiscerningadmirers,andherphotographswereeventuallyexhibitedinprestigiousgalleriesacrosstheUnitedStates.ShewaslesssuccessfulaftershehademigratedtoNewYorkcomparedtoBeinglesssuccessfulaftershehademigratedtoNewYorkascomparedtoLesssuccessfulaftersheemigratedtoNewYorkthanshehadbeeninAlthoughshewaslesssuccessfulafteremigratingtoNewYorkwhencomparedtoShehadbeenlesssuccessfulafteremigratingtoNewYorkthanin（Being+adj,句子）结构错误！应去掉beingso…that可以用作多个主语时，so前面的主语和that后面的主语可以不一样so…astodo一般用于单一主语，但是不能相隔太远，否则可以视为错误（用于主系表结构）enoughtodo,so/such…that…,so/such…do三者都表示结果,区别在于：enoughtodo表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用；so/such...that不用考虑逻辑主语问题；so/such...astodo逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行asto后面动词所表达的作用suchthat…错！;enough+fhat/soasto/soto/sothat全错！3倍数表达法1、 twice的用法：twiceasmany…as;twiceasmuch …as;twice+n.（可以是代词，比如that）;twice+what从句；2、 用动词表达倍数：double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple---- 》这些动词可以做形容词（double还能做adv,predeterminer）sth.doublesth.;sth.isdoubled;sth.double（adj.）;*:这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和 as搭配；（差不多记住这句话就可以）3、…times（或数字）as+形容词或副词+as;4、sb.be+百分数+morelikely（todosth.）thantodosth.（前面的todo能省，后面的不能省）如:atleastfiftypercentlesslikelythanthosewhoaresedentarytodieofaheartattack5、表达倍数用••-times+adj.er+than,…timeas+adj.+as ”都正确二、章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：xtimes（twice）+the+n.（twice还能做determiner）xtimesadj.（比较形式）thanxtimesasadj.as注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配Adoxtimesasadj.…xasBdoxtimes+what分句（名词性从句相当于名词）x-folddouble,triple,quadruple,quintuple,sextuple•announce（that） …可省略;announcetodo错！-it不能指代介词短语，it只可以指代主语从句”和不定式结构”：Itisdifficulttodothisresearch.Itisimportantthatwefinishontime.在这两个例子中it分别指代todothisresearch和that从句*Notonly .butalso:notonly位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要 部分倒装Eg:Notonlydoesthesungiveuslightbutalso（it）givesusheat.（如果主语为同一人，可以省略）不能用于否定句中notonly不能分开使用，但butalso却可以分开使用（表转折）Eg:Theareawasnotonlyhitbyanunexpectedheavyrain,butsomebridgeswerealsowashedaway.谓语动词的数应与butalso后主语的数保持一致Notonly变体：notjust,notmerely,notsimply,notsolely*N+that…N,which10.CarnivorousmammalscanendurewhatwouldotherwisebelethalleveIsofbodyheatbecausetheyhaveaheatexchangenetworkwhichk即tthebrainfromgettingtoohot.whichkeptthatkeepswhichhaskeptthathasbeenkeepinghavingkept•Although引导的从句，后面必须加完整的主谓”14.Sunspots,vorticesofgasassociatedwithstrongelectromagneticactivity,0「亡甘isibl巳日sdarkspotsonthE£uri白cmofttiESunbuthaveneverbeensightedontheSunpspolesorequatorarevisibleasdarkspotsonthesurfaceoftheSunbuthaveneverbeensightedonarevisibleasdarkspotsthatneverhavebeensightedonthesurfaceoftheSunappearonthesurfaceoftheSunasdarkspotsalthoughneversightedatappearasdarkspotsonthesurfaceoftheSun,althoughneverhavingbeensightedatappearasdarkspotsontheSunTssurface,whichhaveneverbeensightedonDueto….与withtheresult•.连用=》wordyThefactthat 》.=wordy1)comparedwith直接跟在逗号后面可以修怖逗号前面名词短语的核心词：Example：IntheUnitedStatesfwhilethenumberofforeign-bornresidentsandtheirchildrenishigherthanever;thepercentageofthepopulationtheyrepresentisnot;in1910thisgroupmadeup35percentofthepopulotimfcomparedwith20percentin2000.2)Comparedwith也I'Afi--i卜诃iTii鹤卜分辽hcomparedwithJniinfl勺£词仃上诰比较：Example:Today,morethan43percentofCaliforniansundertheageofeighteenareHispanic,comparedwithabout35percentadecadeago.IntheUnitedStates^Fifty~tWOperc&ntofhighschoolgraduatesgoontocollege^comparedwithtfiirty-ffvepercentinCanadaandfifteenpercentinGreatBritain,Japan,andWestGermany.Oneb&byinfourisnowborntoamotheragedthirtyoro!derfcomparedwithjustoneinsixin1975,3)ascomparedto/withdras指代前而整句的核心含Z：Arecentreviewofpayscalesindicatesthatfonaverage,CEO'snowearn419timesthepayofblue-callarworkers,ascomparedto42timestheirpay,theratioin1980.These单独指代关Tthese的单•独描代prepl-34正确答案:Besidesaddingcomplementaryflavorstoman*foods,hot貉ut筋就imubgth亡「el已日s皂ofencio「phin§inth^b「airrju^t自sexE「匚is皂doms,日ndthe^mh日业e日uairr「巳liewinqeffectlikemo「phin亡E.其中thesejH代enda中hinsOG11-115错误答案(原句)：GeorgeSand(AuroreLucileDupin)wasoneofthefirstEuropeanwriterstoconsidertheruralpoortobmlegitimatesubiectsfo「literatureandoort「m¥thEsewithsympathyandrespectinhernovels.错汉原PTA7obeisurinecessary;thesemustbereplacedbythem"相关解释：theseT能作directobject(直接宾if)34中tthese上氓不绘直接宾讯th钾指代前而出现的对these指代离它获逬的对象，指代都要满足逻辑符介主谓一致的要求综上，prepl-34中用fthese是町以的而本题中these是做wnonj|的直接宾语，所以不妥’wh貳后耐什么时候用单数r什么时候用复数年艮据动词后面的名词的单复数来定.2.what^JI导的名词性从句做主语时，主句谓ifi幼词的单复数情况：What在从句屮做主语，上句谓i^ihwhat从句的谓语决定WhatisdifficulttcunderstandisA,：WhataredifficulttounderstandareA日ndwhat在从句中做宾语,主句谓语由主句表语f宾语决定whattheywantarexx.xx&xx.nnNMVHJHWIWhathisfatherlefthimareannNMVHJHWI例:Whyshedidthisisnotknown.butinstead=but（windmaple:butJnfffi接名词定不能fjinstead的，因为but是介词：{□最如果but后而接动词就变成了连词#中间加副词instead没问题例老prepSCI73：Evolutionarypsychologyholdsthatthmhumanmindisnota"blankslateMbutinstEadcomprisesspecializedmentalmechanismsthatweredevelopedtosolvespecifi匚problemshuman日n匚estorsfacedmillionsofyearsago.）上从句对位指代；如杲主从句土第相同，那么当主句在询时，王句土语耍用名词，从句主语要用代词丁当从句在前是,从句主语可以用名词也可以用代词，当从句主语用代词时.生句要用名词•当从句主语用名词时,主句主语用代词指代从句主语孑advocate/advise/move/recomm已ndthat...dosb.suggestproposethat...do・・・（如杲是物作主语就不需要虚拟.动词暹■暗示澤的虑思）衣刃;3卩今:order/de匚「eE/mandmtE/匚ominmnd/d已mand/dire匚tthatdo■一表示耍求:request/require/insistthatdo…dateto…后面有agodateat…后面有olddate to叫辿溯sth到••・几年'强调发生的吋间川Pl-129TheteethandjawbonesfoundInTanzaniabyDr.MaryLeakeyandelatingto3JSmilllionyearsagoaretheoldestreliablydatedhumanfossils.G21-34吕匚ientistshavedatedsharp-edgedflakesofstonefoundinthefine-grainedsedimentsofadryriverbedintheAfarregionofEthiopiatobetween2.52and2.60millionyearsago^pushingbackbymorethanISOjOOOyearstheearliestdateatwhichhumansareknowntohavemadestonetools.date.».at年代判定、鉴别/年份有■.年之久*强调发生到现在经过的时间有■G31-2SRocksamplestakenfromtheremainsofanasteroidabouttwiceth亡sizeofthe6-nul<e-wideasteroidthateradicatedthedinosaurshavebeendatedat3.47billionyearsold已ndthusareevidenceoftheearliestknownmsteroidimpactonEarth.G13-28Fossilsofth己armofaslothsfoundinPuertoRicom1991；havebeendated日t34millionyearsold,makingthesloththeearliestknownmammalontheGreaterAntillesislands・*through和by的区别：表示通过做B达成了A（A已经做到）”时倾向于through，表示通过做B做A（A还在被做）”时倾向用by1-独立主格，表示伴随，所以必须修饰主谓宾结构，而非主系表结构°独立上格三种形式：1） 一般形式〔独立部分与主句部分无太多关联）n.+n.,n,+V-ed/v-ing・介词短语/形容词頰语2） with形式（与上句上语tr紧密的逻辑关系）；wfth+宾语十宾补，如；with+n*+v-ed/v-ing/介词短语/形容词短诰3） each形式（必须前面有复数名词〉：each+v-ed/v-ingieach<■介词短语/形容词短语,eadi+n.+：介词短语*：with型独立主格在GMAT中常常被判累赘。（2） 内容具体化同位结构:抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle+that从句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of结构的区别人that从句部分才是同位语°（that是小品词,连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样〉（3） 概括性同位诰：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短谱/句子，n«+that/doing/done.»（4） 名词重复性同位结构：nzn（重复所修饰的名词）+that定语从句（5） 代词代替性同位结构書nene/ones+that定语从句\i 八("’一\i 八("’一..11.:'..T.r.run-on；1)2)3)AB.C.D.E.S+V1+O1,andV2+O2.^很常见的结构.andZ后的丄语是3町是被省了.S+V1+O1,andpronoun(指代S)+V2+O2,也是很常见的结构.一般在and之后用pranoun指代S作主语是因为and跟S的距离太远.S+V1+O1andpronoun(4ii代SJ+V2+O2•枕OG10列为run*onsentenceWereittodoso放在句尾，表虚拟ThesuccessoftheprogramtoeradicatesmallpoxhasstimulatedexpertstopursuewhatthwhadnotD「eyiou5l¥copsjder^dDogsjbb-bettEigjntnjLifnoteradiation,ofthfothmiinjgctiori吕such日5measlesandyaws.A*whattheyhadnotpreviouslyconsideredpossible-bettercontrol,ifnoteradication,oftheotherinfectionssuchasB・whattheyhadnotpreviouslyconsideredapossibility-bettercontrol,ifnoteradication,ofsuchinfectionslike(Z・somethingtheyhadnotpreviouslyconsideredpossfble-bettercontrol,ifnoteradication,ofsuchinfectionsasD・somethingnotconsideredapreviouspossibility-bettercontrolandperhapseradication,ofotherinfectionssuchasF・thepossibilityofwhattheyhadnotpreviouslyconsidered--bettercontrolandpossiblyeradicationofinfectionslike简洁有效，谓语动词后直接加形容词作补语；如果能用名词替代一个名词性从句，优先选名词(比如something,probability,likelihood 等)Possibility与perhaps重复！(123)GWDd2-Q13:AlthoughenergypriceshavetripledintheUnitedStatesoverthelasttwoyearshresearchindicates

fewpeople1。巒e引口口甘工理卫叶「educedthe吕mouptofdiwojEbydo一nor吕「e帕号¥ fuelefficiencyaprioritywtienshoppingforcars.fewpeoplelto 呂ignific日MN「educedthe日mountofd「Mingtheydo,no「etrthe*makingfewpeoplehaving,signrficantlyreducedtheamountofdrivingtheydoormade thattherearefewpeoplewhohavesignificantlyreducedtheamountofdrivingtheydo,norhavingma thatfewpeoplehavesignificantlyreducedtheamountofdrivingtheydoandarenotmaking]^thatfewpeoplehavesignificantlyreducedtheamountofdrivingtheydoormadeFew是否定含义，用or不用andBesidesaddingcomplementaryflavorstomanyfoods,hot帀u血stimulstethe「胡旳至ofEndonihinsintheb「日irtjustmmmxmrxzig启doe弓”Endth亡§启hsv启ad日in-rEliEvEn©Effectlik启morrhin出.A・hotsaucesstimulatethereleaseofendorphinsinthebrain,justasexercisedoes,andthesehaveapain-relievingeffectlikemorphine's目.hotsaucesstimulatethereleaseofendorphinsinthebrain,likeexercise,andtheyhaveapain-relievingeffectthatislikemorphine匚・hotsaucesandexercisebothstimulatethereleaseofendorphinsinthebrain,andtheyhaveapain-relievingeffectlikemorphineD・thereleaseofendorphinsinthebrainisstimulatedbothbyhotsaucesandexercise,sndtheyhaveapain-relievingeffectlikemorphine'sE・thereleaseofendorphinsmthebrainisstimulatedbyhotsauces,justaswithexercise,andthesehaveapain-relievingeffectlikethatofmorphine(A3正确Tth酊碉代endorphins,,注意:一个代词可H指代套个名词的时蜒优先指代离它近的那个名词{B}Li炬比较结构置于句中「比较对象有歧文;也町指代对魚不M;effectlikemorphinettSE对氯不对等。(QthE潭代对象不清這•电ffwttlikemorphinet®对魚不对等口{D}被动语态表达没有i&Wfirelease不能做日dding的遷辑主语;they指代对氯不清楚_(E)release不能做adding的逻辑主语;ju乳aswith搭配错误°Inacertainfurniturestore,eachweekNancyearnsasalaryof$240plus5percentoftheamountofhertotalsalesthatexceeds$800fortheweek.IfNancyearnedatotalof$450oneweek,whatwerehertotalsalesthatweek?扎$2,200B.$3,450U$4,200D-$4(250匕$5,000240+0.05(x-800)=450Dianaboughtastereofor$530,whichwasttieretailpriceplusa6percentsalestax.Howmuchmoneycouldshehavesavedifshehadboughtthestereoatthesameretailpriceinaneighboringstatewhereshewouldhavepaidasalestaxof5percent?R+0.06R=530R=500500+(0.05)500=525Shesaved5dollarsTheelectronicscompanyhasunveiledwhatitclaimstob烂th^world呂wm石I皑stnetworkTinted匚日nrKO「der\出己叵nqthofwhich店th日tof3 匚ompute仃anditw^iqh占lessthan11ounces,tobetheworld'ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorder,thelengthofwhichisthatofahandheldcomputer,anditweighstobethesmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorderintheworldswhichisaslongasah?ndheldcomputer,weighingisthesmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorderintheworld,whichkaslongasah白ndheldcomputeranditweighsistheworld'ssmallestnetworkdigitalcam匚order』whichisaslongasahandheldcomputerandweighsistheworld'ssmallestnetworkdigitalcamcorderjthelengthofwhichisthatofahandheldcomputer,weighingKey:Dwhatitclaims作主语103. (29869-!-item-!-188;#058&00牛H6)TheparachutelikemembranesofAfrica'sscaly-tailedflyingsquirrelsdiffeirfromthoseoftheflyingsquirrelsinthefamilySciuridaebEcausEthe1/日「巳attachedtoac:日rtibqE「叩attheelbowin妝右dofthewrist.becausetheyareattachedtoa匚artilagerodattheelbowinsteadofbecauseofbeingattachedtoacartilagerodattheelbowratherthanatintheirattachmentto日cartilagerodattheelbowinsteadofbeingattachedatinthattheyare白tt白chedtoacartilagerod白tth巳elbowratherthanatintheirbeingatta匚hmdtoacartilagerodattheelbowinsteadofKey:Dat….ratherthanat平行。..A不平行，wrist前面少介词120. (30893-bitem-M88;*0588i005903)厨Althoughtheturtlehasbeentoothlessformorethan150millionyears,insomecontemporaryturtlespeciesthemoderatelysharpandjaggededgesofth^i「ho「rr/i启训sfunctionfort^eth.theirhornyjawsfunctionforteethitshornyjawsfunctionforteethitshomyjawsfunctionasdoteeththehomyjawsfunctionasteethdothehornyjawsfunctionasteethKey:Efunctionas127. (31359-*-item-!-188;#058&006263)ThearmycutwornnmothisacriticalsourceoffatforasmanyasathirdofYellowstoneNationalParksgrizzlybem「w;thm#ovErtum「□匚kstofindthErrumsmmnyms40^000perbearinasingleday.bears;theyoverturnrockstofndthemfasmanyasbears;overturningrockstofindtheinsects,uptobears^overtu「ningrockstofindthemfasmanya$bears^andtheyoverturnrockstofindthem^uptobears,whichoverturnrockstofindtheinsects,asmanyasKey:EwhichKey:Ewhich修饰bears150. 02705■卜item■卜188;當058&007266)Hydrocarbons,withwhichfruitfliesperfumethemselvesinspecies-specificblends^areknowntobeimportantincourtship,agd曲口「£圈丫_出总assistsfli辟th就ta或总th巳Iwdro匚白「bonsond「gsd已ctiw已mat亡$todistin口uishthmirown弓口它from出白tofothers.andapparentlythisassistsfliesthattastethehydrocarbonsonprospectivematestodistinguishtheirownspeciesfromthatofandapparentlythisassistsflieswhentheytastethehydrocarbonsonprospectivematesindistinguishingtheirownspeciesfromthoseofwhichapparentlyassistsfliesthattastethehydrocarbonsonprospectivematesinbeingabletodistinguishtheirownspeciesfrornapparentlyassistingflestotastethehydrocarbonsonprospectivematestodistinguishtheirownspeciesfromthoseofapparentlyassistingfliesthattastethehydrocarbonsonprospectivematesindistinguishingtheirownspeciesfromKey:E assist…indoing247. (3M22d-item-!-188;^058&005站2) (GWD-3-Q39)Minivans匚已「rv也弓msrw已三弓亡\/aipassenci亡「sandajnriDsredwithmo或suortutility牛亡hides*costlesagetbettergasmileage,allowpassengerstogetinandoutmoreeasily,andhaveasmootherride.Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengersand,comparedwithmostsportutilityvehicles,costless,Minivans,whichcanyasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwithmostsportutilityvehicles,theycostless,Minivanscarryasmanyassevenpassengers,incomparisonwithmostsportutilityvehicles,andhave日lowercost,theyMinivans^匚arryingasmanyassevenpasseng亡「耳comparedwithmostsiportutilityvehicles,costless,Minivans,whichcarryasmanyassevenpassengers,comparedwithmostsportutilityvehiclesthecostislower,andtheyKey:A两层平行关系Key:A两层平行关系CR:我吃饭=》我长高削弱：1）吃饭不能长高；2）我可能是通过别的途径长高的支持：1）我不吃饭=》我长不高；2）饭里的营养物质能够促使我长高RC:观点1［考点：作者对观点1持什么态度］••…观点1的逻辑［考点：我们可以推测这句话说明什么？］••…转折（观点2）［考点：这句话在文中的作用是？］••…例子［考点：作者举这个例子的作用是？］••…观点3［考点：我们可以推测作者认为……?］知识点疑惑:notas..…as (correct)GWD-7-Q32GWD-10-Q29Inastateofpurecommercialcompetition,therewouldbealargenumberofproducingfirms,allunfetteredbygovernmentalregulations,訓Eeekin口tomeet匚orisurnEr估mndwantsmo「亡訓Eeekin口tomeet匚orisurnEr的chothxallseekingtomeetconsumerneedsandwantsmoresuccessfullythaneachotherallseekingmoresuccessfulytomeetconsumerneedsandwantsthantheothersXeachseekingtomeetconsumerneedsandwantsmoresuccessfullythanoneanother"eachseekingtonneetconsumerneedsandwantsmoresuccessftilythantheotherseachseekingmoresuccessfulytomeetconsumerneedsandwantsthananotherfarbetterknownforsth.TheregioriofNorden&comprisedoffivesovereignstatesreachofwhich「ecogniz亡日strong亡『cliIIiimIbondtoth亡iirNordicn亡ighborsthwntoanyotherculturalgrouping.whichrecognizeastrongerculturalbondtotheirNordicneighborschancowhichrecognizeaistrongerculturalbondwiththeirNordicneighborsChanbwhichrecognizesastrongercuHuralbondwithitsNordicneighborsChariwiththemrecognizing日strangerculturalbondwithitsNordicneighborsthantheyhavewiththemrecognizingastrongercufturalbondtotheirNordicnelghbcrsthantheyhavetowith…..thanwithEventhoughinterestratesroselastyear,the#w已「亡not门已石「ly石5high日5th已已n「ly198D5"whintheeconomytumbledintoarecessionandmarketsw已「已depressed.theyw已「已notnearlyashighastheearly19805,v^hentheyw已「已notnearlyashighasinterestratesintheearly1980sfv^hentheywerenotnearlyatthelevelstheyv^ereintheearly1980s,atthetimewhentheyhadnotapproachedthehighlevelsoftheearly1980s,duringthetimeinwhichthehighlevelsoftheearly19805werenotbeingapproached,whenNarwhalscanbecakedwhalesoftheice:inicy匚hanneis,ponds,andice-shfeldedbaystheyseeksanctuaryfromkillerwhiles,theirchiefpredator,andth已i「日门numIntig「ation5follovyingtheseasonalrhythmofadvan匚ingandrecreatingice.Xtheirannualmigrationsfbllo^vingtheirannualmigrationswhichfolloiiVtheirannualmigrationsfollowwhoseannualmigrationsfblowingwhoseannualmigrationsfolowAltTiougtibeaverscanstillbefoundthroughoutthewesternunitedStsteSrth前numberh日sdednedcomparedwithtiheeighteenthcentury,whentheabundanceofbeaversluredarmiesofEuropeantrappersIntotheRockyMountainregiontoslaughterthemfortheirpelts.theirnumberhasdednedcomparedwiththeirnumbershavedecfciedcomparedwith7theirnumbershavedeckiedsincetheirnumbershavedednedincomparisontothoseofXthenumberofthemdednedsince（since-现在完成时）Withoutadequateamountsofsleep,people'snewlyacquiredskillsandalsonewfactualinformationmaynotgetproperlyencodedintothermemorycircuits・Withoutadequateamountsofsleep,people'snewlyacquireeskillsandalsoWithouttheadequateamountofsleeptheyneed,people'snewlyacquiredskillsandevenIftheydonothaveadequateamountsofsleep,people'snewlyacquiredskillsandeven“Ifpeopledonotgetadequateamountsofsleep,newlyacquiredskillsandevenXIfpeopledonotgettheadequateamountofsleeptheyneed,newlyacquiredskillsandalsoInhospitableplacesonourplanet,fromsteaminghotspringstothethickceofthepolarregions,tendtobepopulatedbyspeciallyadaptedmicrobesflourishing，itseemsintheseextremeconditionsandaethereforecaled''extremophiles."flourishing,itseems,intheseextremeconditionsandarethatseemtoflourishwiththeseextremeconditionsand/thatseemtoflourishintheseextremeconditionsandthatareseemingtoflourishintheseextremeconditionsandareseemingtoflourishwiththeseextremeconditbnsandthatareBemuseofthE5urL训hkzhis4<iCitim已5largerths门th已Moon”butalso400timesfsrth曰刪血f「onnEarth,sobothth^弓unandth亡Moonha#ethesamemDDarent 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