15上课标高考复习语法归纳虚拟语气

类别用

法例

句if引导的条件从句与现在事实相反从句谓语动词:一般过去时(be用were)主句谓语动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形If

they

wereattacked,

these

carswould

be

strongenough

to

protectthem.1.

虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用类

别用

法例

句if引导的与过去事实相反从句谓语动词:

had+过去分词主句谓语动词:should/would/could/might

+have+

过去分词If

he

had

notbeen

in

anopen

car,he

wouldn’thave

been

shot.条件从句与将来事实相反从句谓语动词:

一般过去时/were+不定式/should+动词原形主句谓语动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形If

it

rained/were

to

rain/should

raintomorrow,

wewould

not

gocamping.类别用

法例

句if引导如果在表示虚拟语气的条Had

we

made

agreat

effort,

wemight

havesucceeded.(=If

we

had

made

agreat

effort.

.

.

)的条件从句的件句中含有were,

had或should,

可将if省略,然后将were,

had或should移至主倒装语之前注意:在此结构中，had为助动词。若为谓语动词，则不能省略、倒装。试比较：If

you

had

come

earlier，you

would

catch

the

bus.Had

you

come

earlier，you

would

catch

the

bus.(正)如果你能来得早一点，你就能赶上公共汽车。If

I

had

time，I

would

go

with

you.HadItime，Iwouldgowithyou.(误)如果我有时间，我就跟你一起去。补充：1.

在错综时间条件句中的运用当if虚拟条件句中表示的动作和主句表示的动作所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整(从句表示过去时间用haddone，主句谓语用woulddo；从句表示现在时间用were，主句谓语用would

have

done)。e.g.

If

you

had

followed

the

doctor’s

advice,

youwould

be

quite

all

right

now.如果你听从了医生的建议，你现在早就好了。

(从句叙述与过去事实相反，主句叙述与现在事实相反)Hewouldpassthetestifhehadtakenmyadvice.如果他听了我的劝告，他现在就会通过考试了。

If

I

were

you,

I

would

have

taken

his

advice.如果我是你的话,我早接纳他的建议了。(从句叙述与现在事实相反，主句叙述与过去事实相反)2.

在含蓄虚拟条件句中的运用有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而通过其他手段来代替条件句，其主要用法及表现形式如下：(1)将条件隐含在分词短语中Born

in

better

times,

he

would

have

been

a

scholar.(＝Ifhehadbeenborninbettertimes,hewould...)如果出生在好时代，他早就成为学者了。Failing

this

time,

what

would

you

do?(＝Ifyoufailedthistime,whatwould...)假若这次失败，那你怎么办？将条件隐含在名词短语中A

few

hours

earlier,

and

you

would

have

seen

thefamous

writer.(＝If

you

had

come

a

few

hours

earlier,

you...)要是你早来几个小时，你就能见到这位著名的作家了。将条件隐含在定语从句中Anyone

who

had

seen

that

painting

might

have

takenit

for

a

photo.(＝If

anyone

had

seen

that

painting,

he...)凡是看过那幅画的人，都可能把它看成是照片。(4)将条件隐含在形容词及其比较级中A

more

careful

person

would

not

have

made

somany

mistakes.(＝If

a

person

had

been

more

careful,

he...)一个仔细一点的人不会犯这么多的错误。3.

用with,

without,

but

for,under,or,otherwise，if

only等代替条件状语从句But

for

the

storm

(＝If

it

had

not

been

for

thestorm),

I

would

have

arrived

much

earlier.要不是那场暴雨，我早就到达了。Under

different

circumstances,

I

would

have

saidyes.(＝If

circumstances

had

been

different,

I

would...)在不同的情况下，我就会同意了。虚拟语气在其他从句中的运用在asif，asthough引导的方式状语从句或表语从句 中用虚拟语气，形式为：动词过去式（与现在事实相反）过去进行时（与现在正在进行时相反）had+done

（与过去事实相反）could/might/would+动词原形（与将来事实相反）在evenif，eventhough引导的让步状语从句中，表示与所发生的事实相反时，应采用虚拟语气，其让步状语从句中的虚拟语气的构成形式与条件句中虚拟语气的形式相同。在表示建议、要求、命令、意志等的动词后，可 用“(should＋)动词原形”的形式。这类动词有

suggest,

request,

demand,

order,propose,

advise, insist,

require等。其中should常常省略。e.g.

They

demanded

that

the

black

people

(should)be

treated

as

well

as

white

people.他们要求黑人应该受到和白人一样的对待。The

doctor

ordered

that

the

patient

(should)

besent

to

hospital

without

delay.医生命令病人应一刻也不能耽误地送往医院。注意①suggest作“暗示，表明”讲时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当suggest作“建议”讲时，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。e.g.

His

smile

suggested

that

he

was

satisfied

with

ourwork.他的微笑表明他对我们的工作满意。He

suggested

that

we

(should)

start

off

at

once.他建议我们马上出发。②insist作“坚持(说)，强调”讲时，宾语从句不用虚拟语气。只有当insist作“坚持要求”讲时，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。e.g.

Mike

insisted

that

he

had

never

stolen

anything.迈克强调他从来没有偷过任何东西。I

insisted

that

you

give

me

my

money

back.我坚持要求你把钱还给我。③对于此类动词可以这样记忆：一坚持(insist)二命令(order,demand)三建议(advice,

suggest,

propose)含有advice,

idea,

order,suggestion,

proposal, demand,requirement,request等词的同位语从句和 表语从句中，谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”。e.g.

His

suggestion

that

we

(should)

go

to

London

is

nice.他建议我们去伦敦，真是好极了。(suggestion后同位语从句用虚拟语气)Hissuggestionisthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.他的建议是会议延后。(suggestion后表语从句用虚拟语气)My

idea

is

that

we

should

think

it

over

beforeaccepting

it.我想我们应该仔细考虑后才能接受。(idea后表语从句用虚拟语气)虚拟语气用于主语从句①Itis＋形容词＋that＋(should＋)动词原形用于本句型的形容词有strange,

natural,necessary,important,

essential,

urgent,impossible等；还有与表示提议、要求、命令等的动词有关的形容词，如desirable

(desire),urgent

(urge),

advisable

(advise),

preferable(prefer)等。②Itis＋名词＋that＋(should＋)动词原形，用于本句型的名词有a

pity,a

shame,

no

wonder等。③It

is＋过去分词＋that＋(should＋)动词原形，用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示提议、要求、命令等的动词的过去分词，如:suggested,required,requested,demanded,urged,proposed,ordered,desired,advised等。动词wish后面宾语从句一般用虚拟语气：若宾语从句表示与现在事实相反，则从句谓 语动词用一般过去时，be一律用were。How

I

wish

I

were

a

bird!我多希望自己是只鸟！(事实上不是)若宾语从句表示与过去事实相反，则从句谓 语动词用“had＋过去分词”。I

wish

we

had

arrived

there

two

hours

earlier.我希望我们早两个小时到了那儿。(与过去事实相反)(3)若宾语从句表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，则从句谓语动词用

“should/could/would/might＋动词原形”。

I

wish

we

could

go

to

the

seaside

someday.

我希望我们有一天能去海边。(对将来虚拟)

wouldrather/prefer后的宾语从句中，从句谓语动词用一般过去时(be用were)来表示对现在或将来的虚拟，用过去完成时来表示对过去的虚拟。

Don’t

always

make

noise.I’d

rather/prefer

youkept

silent.不要老是吵闹，我宁愿你保持沉默。(叙述与现在事实相反)I

would

rather/prefer

I

had

not

told

him

thebadnews.我宁愿没告诉他那个坏消息。(叙述与过去事实相反)

在句型“Itis(high/about)time...”后面也可以跟虚拟语气，从句中常用过去式。有时也用“should＋动词原形”，意为“该是……的时候了”。

It

is

high

time

(that)the

weather

improved.天气真该好起来了。

在incase,inorder

that,sothat等引导的状语从句中，谓语动词用“could/can/may/might＋动词原形”，表示虚拟。She

called

him

lest

he

should

goout.她给他打电话以防他出去。Theyleftearly

for

fear

that

theywouldmeethim.他们动身很早以免和他碰面。1.

—Do

you

think

George

has

passed

thedriving

test?—No.Ifso,he

his

car

to

our

collegeyesterday.

(福建2013)A.

would

driveC.

would

have

drivenB.droveD.

had

driven【解析】C。由No及Ifso可知，主句中应用虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反，故谓语用

“would

have+过去分词”。2.IshouldnothavelaughedifI

youwere

serious.(江苏2013)A.

thoughtC.

had

thoughtB.

would

thinkD.

have

thought【解析】C。由题意可知，题干用了虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反，故从句谓语用“had+过去分词”。3.

Eye

doctors mend

that

a

child’s

firsteyeexam

at

the

age

of

six

months

old.(浙江2013)A.

was B.

be C.

were D.

is【解析】B。mend后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，谓语用“（should+）动词原形”。4.

If

he

had

spent

more

time

practising

speakingEnglishbefore,he

able

to

speak

it

muchbetter

now.A.

will

beC.

hasbeen(天津2013)B.

would

beD.

would

havebeen【解析】B。根据从句谓语，before和now可知，题干中是错综时间条件句。条件句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反，所以主句谓语应用would

be。5.Ifwe

a

table

earlier,we

wouldn’t

bestanding

here

in

a

queue. (北京2013)A.

havebookedC.

bookB.bookedD.

had

booked【解析】D。由earlier与wouldn’t

bestanding可知，题干中用了虚拟语气，主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反，故设空处用“had+过去分词”。6.I

tomycousin'sbirthdaypartylast

night,but

I

was

not

available.(2011安徽)A.

wentC.

wouldgoB.

had

goneD.

would

havegone【解析】选D。考查虚拟语气。句意:昨晚我应该去堂兄的生日晚会,但是我没有空。根据句中last

night及but可知本题表示的是与过去事实相反的假设,故选D。A.

has

beenC.

isB.

had

beenD.

were1.

David

has

never

been

to

Rome,

but

hetalksabout

it

as

if

he

B

therehimself.Tom

was

absent

from

the

party.

Otherwise,

he

D

wonderfulprograms.must

perform B.

would

performC.

must

have

performed

D.

would

have

performedA.

sawC.

could

seeB.

have

seenD.

had

seenA.

must

have

missedC.

would

have

missedB.

must

missD.

would

miss3.

The

new

film

directed

by

Steven

Spielberg

wasvery

interesting.

I

wish

I

D

it

when

it

was

firstshown

last

Sunday.4.

Luckily

I

got

to

the

job

interview

on

time,

or

I

C

such

a

good

chance

to

enter

the

bigbusiness.A.

couldC.

mightB.

shouldD.

wouldA.

mayC.

mustB.

mightD.

will5.

If

your

bicycle

B

be

out

of

order

within

oneweek,

we

would

exchange

it

for

a

new

one.6.

Now,

good

friends,

let’s

drink

to

our

health

and

A

weneverforgeteachother.A.

mustC.

couldB.

canD.

should7.

All

the

evidence

suggested

Jim

B

themoney,butMrs.Smithsuggestedwe

hisparents

about

it.A.

had

stolen;

hadn’t

told

B.

had

stolen;

not

tellC.

steal;

hadn’t

told D.

steal;

nottell8.

They

ordered

that

for

every

tree

cut

down

twomore

D

bep