翻译深探主讲

1998天体物理学（典型理科类Theywerebyfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientisthadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration‟sCosmicBackgroundExplorersalite-Cobehaddiscoveredlandmarkevid attheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasdiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredforheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominantexnationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies,stars,ntsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomersworldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofglaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.73)Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindings74)Ifthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanarilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisasientificallyusibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvedforthterpartofadecadethatitis150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。那大约就是宇宙形成的时候。研究人员所发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶，又在人们的意料之国国家局的obe号（宇宙背景探测器）已经发现了划时代的，表明宇宙确实于最早的一次，人们称之为"大"（此理论认为宇宙于一大块能量的。巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是0年代首创的大论得以保持其宇宙论的主导地位不可缺少的。团亚微观的、密度相当大的纯能量团，它在向四面八方发散的过程中放出辐射线，浓缩成粒子，然后形成气体原子。数十亿年来，这种气体在引力类设计Cobe就是要观察这些最大的物体结构但宇航员还想看到更小的热点，即，像星系中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子。看2000年与经济（文理科搭配ernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyontheeconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhhehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeasthaternmentsarereasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,ludingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertonexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmasscommnications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whileernmentsareoftenfoedtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworlditakingceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelonationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.Allthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsfortheernments75)Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements---themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors,ernmentsarebecomingreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsfornningtheappropriateprogrmsndputtingthemintoeffect.而效率的提高则又有赖于各种科技人员的努力。这也就意味着越来越多地干预这些门，以便提高生产率，确保产品的消费发挥最佳效益。例如，可能利用各种方法鼓励研究工作，包括建立自己的；可以改变教育结构，或进行干预，以便减少自然资源的浪费，开发尚未利用的资源；或者在日益增多的科学、经济和工业项目中直接进行合作。无论如何，一切干预都离不开科学家的建议和各种科种深刻的社会结构，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个国家在十年左右就可能完成这个过程。这一切带来的就是，在社会内2001年（文理科搭配）（评分细则解释Inlessthan30years‟timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain‟snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall71）Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72）Childrenwillywithdollsequippedwith alitychips,computerswithin-built aliieswilleregardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmellevision,anddigitalagewillhavearrivedAccordingtoBT‟sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmensscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenew（aperiodof1,000years）,whensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprgresinallareasof73）Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearcersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakhroghsanddiscoveriestotakece.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,ludinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughomputer-humaninks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatcnstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimayleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforeofthenextcentury.”Throughhisresearch,Pearsonsabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblemsin2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75）Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.日期。一些最大的进展将在医学领城，包括人预期的延长和数十种人造，这些将在现在到2024年之间陆续实现。希望，它可以模仿感觉，这样，就能够发展全方位感知环境，就像《全部回忆》中的虚拟假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面。”（74）但皮通过研究，皮尔逊能够大多数突破的发生时间。然而，对于何时能够进行超光速旅行，何时人类克隆技术能够得以完善，何时可以进行时间旅行，却依然没有预见。但他的确预见技术进步引起的社会问题。比如，到2010年，住宅区附近监视器数量的剧增将问题；仿真机器人2003年人类学（典型文科类Humanbeingsinalltimesandcesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirceinit.Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylivethussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstomoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisnetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisttbrnchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddipassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanhropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhiaketensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinysis.(63)Theemphaisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalbroughttotheysisofculturespastandpresentmakesthisstudyauniqueanddisttlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor‟sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatinlectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor‟sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isnabstrctcnceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.多样性进行研究，是至关重要的。希望通过这些研究获得的知识可以促进人与人之间、以及人类与地球上的所有其他生命形态更加和谐地共人类学属于社会科学。(62) Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitetionsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)rporedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyingthisyear.Addinescalatingcropprices,theFAOwarned,andadirectconsequencecouldsoonbeanreaseinglobalhunger—and,asaconsequence,inreasedsocialunrest.What„smore,worldwidefoodreservesareattheirlowestin35years,sopricesarelikelytostayhighfortheforeseeablefuture.Onthedemandside,oneofthekeyissuesisbiofuels.Biofuels,madefromfoodcropssuchascorn,sugarcane,andpalmoil,areseenaseasingtheworld„sdependenceongasolineordiesel.Butwhencrudeoilipensiveaitisnow,thesealternativeenergysourcescsobesoldatmarket-competitiveprices,risingsteeplyinrelationtopetroleumWithone-quarteroftheU.S.cornharvestin2007divertedtowardsbiofuelproduction,theattendantriseerealpriceshasalreadyhadanimpactonthecostandavailabilityoffood.Criticsworrythathegoldrushtowardbiofuelsistakingawayfoodfromthehungry.Leadersinthebiofuelindustryrespondthatenergycostsaremoretoblameforhighfoodpricesthanbiofuels."Energyisthebloodoftheworld,soifoilgoesupthenothercommoditiesfollow,"ClausSauter,COofGermanbioenergyfirmVerbiosaid.Othersarguethatcleaner-burnngbiofuelscouldhelpstemtheeffectsofclimatechange,anotherfactoridentifiedbytheFAOascausingfoodshortages.ystsnotethatscientistsbelieveclimatechangecouldbebehindrecentextremeweatherpatterns,ludingcatastrophicfloods,heatwavesanddrought.Allcandiminishfoodharvestsandstockpiles.Butsocanmarkets.Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitetionsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)rporedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyingthisyear.Addinescalatingcropprices,theFAOwarned,andadirectconsequencecouldsoonbeanreaseinglobalhunger—and,a