四级考试翻译题专练

..四级考试翻译题专练〔中国古文化〕一、"论语""论语"(TheAnalectsofConfucius)是儒家的经典著作之一，它是对孔子及其弟子(disciple)的言行和对话的记录。众所周知，孔子是一位伟大的思想家和哲学家，他的思想被开展成了儒家哲学体系。"论语"是儒家思想的代表作，数个世纪以来，"论语"一直极影响着中国人的哲学观和道德观，它也影响着其他亚洲国家人民的哲学观和道德观。参考翻译:TheAnalectsofConfuciusTheAnalectsofConfuciusisoneoftheConfuciusclassicsandisarecordofthewordsandactsofConfuciusandhisdisciples,aswellastheconversationstheyheld.It'swell-knownthatConfuciusisagreatideologistandphilosopher,andhisthoughtshavebeendevelopedintoasystemofphilosophyknownasConfucianism.TheAnalectsofConfuciusisarepresentativeworkofConfucianism.Forcenturies,ithasbeenheavilyinfluencingthephilosophyandmoraloutlookofChinesepeopleandthatofthepeopleofotherAsiancountriesaswell.二、"子兵法""子兵法"(TheArtofWar)是中国古代最重要的军事著作之一，是我国优秀文化传统的重要组成局部。子(SunTzu)，即该书作者，在书中提醒的一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律，不仅受到军事家们的推崇，还在经济领域、领导艺术、人生追求甚至家庭关系等方面，具有广泛的指导作用。"子兵法"中的许多名言警句，富有哲理、意义深远，在国外广为流传。参考翻译:TheArtofWarAsoneofthemostimportantancientChineseclassicalmilitaryworks,TheArtofWarservesasanimportantpartofoutstandingtraditionalcultureinChina.SunTzu,theauthorofthebook,revealedaseriesofuniversalmilitarylawswhichisnotonlyvaluedbymilitaristsbutalsoplaysextensiveguidingrolesineconomy,leadership,thepursuitoflifeandevenfamilyrelationship.TherearealotoffamousquotesfromTheArtofWarthatarerichinwisdomandhaveprofoundmeanings,andarethuswidelycirculatedbothathomeandabroad.三、孟子孟子(Mencius)是战国时期(theWarringStatesPeriod)伟大的思想家、教育家。孔子去世100年后，孟子传授并开展了孔子的学说，他的哲学思想与孔子是一脉相承的。孟子认为人性本善，是社会的影响引发了道德的堕落，因此十分重视道德教育。孟子的母亲在他的生命中扮演了重要的角色，她曾三度迁居，只为了帮助她的孩子找到一个适宜的成长环境。参考翻译:MenciusMenciusisagreatideologistandeducatorintheWarringStatesPeriod.AhundredyearsafterConfuciusdied,MenciustaughtandexpandedConfuciandoctrine.HisphilosophicalthinkinghasitsorigininConfucius'thoughts.Menciusbelievesthathumannatureisessentiallygood,anditissociety'sinfluencethatcausesthedegradationofmorality.Forthatreason,heattachesgreatimportancetomoraleducation.Mencius'motherplaysanimportantroleinhislife.Shemovedhomethreetimesonlytofindanenviron四、始皇赢政(前259年〜前210年)，庄襄王之子，朝的开国皇帝。他13岁继承王王位，21岁亲理国事。在公元前221年，始皇统一了全国，建立了中国历史上第一个中央集权的(centralized)封建国家。始皇在位期间统一了文字、货币和度量衡等;他所开创的皇权制度，在中国历史上一直延续了两千多年。然而，始皇为了控制人民和加强专制统治(autocraticrule),采取了许多残忍的手段，其中最著名的就是"焚书坑儒〞。参考翻译:QinShiHuangYingZheng(259B.C.-210B.C.),thesonofKingZhuangxiang,isthefirstemperoroftheQinDynasty.Heascendedthethroneat13,andtookoverwithstateaffairshimselfat21.In221B.C.,QinShiHuangunifiedthecountryandestablishedthefirstcentralizedfeudalstateinChinesehistory.QinShiHuangunifiedtheChinesecharactersinwriting,currency,andmeasuresforlength,capacityandweight.Theimperialpowersystemsetupbyhimlastedformorethan2,000yearsinChinesehistory.However,inordertocontrolpeopleandstrengthentheautocraticrule,QinShiHuangtookmanybrutalmeans.Themostfamousoneis"FenShuKengRu〞，thatistoburnbooksandburyConfucianscholarsalive.五、指南针中国是举世公认的创造指南针(pass)的国家。最初的指南针叫做司南(Sinan,asouth-pointingladle)，出现在战国时期。一般在指南针上标有东南西北四个方位，并且还有刻度。北对应零度，刻度随顺时针方向而增加。作为中国古代的四大创造之一，指南针对人们的生活，尤其是航海业的开展，起到了重要的作用。指南针对西方世界也产生了显著的影响，这些国家由此开场了大规模的海外冒险活动。参考翻译:ThepassChinaisuniversallyacknowledgedasthecountrywherethepasswasinvented.Thepass,originallycalledSinan,asouth-pointingladle,appearedduringtheWarringStatesPeriod.Generally,thedirectionsofnorth,east,westandsouthareshownonthepass,andsoaretheanglemarkingsindegrees.Northcorrespondstozerodegree,andthedegreesincreaseclockwise.AsoneofthefourgreatinventionsofancientChina,thepassplayedanimportantroleinpeople’slife,especiallyinmaritimeundertakings.Italsohadasignificantinfluenceonthewesternworld,asthereafterthosecountriesbeganlarge-scaleoverseasadventures.六、茶文化中国是一个文化历史悠久的(time-honored)国度，也是一个礼仪(ceremonyanddecorum)之邦。每当客人来访，都需要泡茶给客人喝。在给客人奉茶之前，你应该问问他们都喜欢喝什么类型的茶，并采用最适宜的茶具奉上。奉茶期间，主人需要仔细留意客人的茶杯里的茶量。通常，假设是用茶杯泡的茶，在茶喝完一半之后就应该加开水，这样，茶杯就一直都是满的，茶的芳香(bouquet)也得以保存。参考翻译:ChineseTeaCultureChinaisacountrywithatime-honoredcivilizationandalsoalandofceremonyanddecorum.Wheneverguestsvisit,itisnecessarytomakeandserveteatothem.Beforeservingtea,youmayaskthemfortheirpreferencesastowhatkindofteatheyfancy,andservethemtheteainthemostappropriateteacups.Inthecourseofservingtea,thehostshouldtakecarefulnoteofhowmuchwaterremainsintheguests'cups.Usually,iftheteaismadeinateacup,boilingwatershouldbeaddedintothecupwhenhalfoftheteainithasbeenconsumed;andthusthecupiskeptfilledandthetearetainsthesamebouquet.七、七夕每年农历七月初七是中国的情人节(Valentine'sDay)。关于这个节日有一个美丽的传说：王母娘娘(theQueenofHeaven)最年幼的女儿"织女〞爱上了人间的男子"牛郎〞，王母反对仙女与凡人相爱，就用银河(MilkyWay)将他们隔开。但牛郎和织女的爱情感动了人间的喜鹊(magpie)，每年七月初七这一天，喜鹊会搭起一座鹊桥让这对情侣相见。而如今在这一天，年轻的女子常在月下向织女祈祷，期望得到美满的姻缘。参考翻译:ChineseValentine'sDayTheseventhdayoftheseventhmonthinthelunarcalendarisChineseValentine'sDay.Thereisabeautifullegendaboutthisfestival:ZhiNu,theyoungestdaughteroftheQueenofHeaven,fellinlovewithNiuLang,acowherdonearth.ZhiNu'smotherwasopposedtothelovebetweenafairyandahuman,sosheseparatedthetwoloverswiththeMilkyWay.However,theirlovestorymovedthemagpiesonearth.Thosemagpiesgathertogetherannuallyontheseventhdayoftheseventhlunarmonthtoforma"magpiebridge〞，sothatthecouplecanmeeteachotheronceinayear.Today,onthisday,younggirlsoftenpraytoZhiNuinthemoonlight,wishingforahappymarriage.八、书法书法(calligraphy)在中国的传统艺术领域占有非常重要的位置。书法已经历时2000多年了。它有五种主要的书写方式，每种都有不同的书写技法。练习书法需要文房四宝(FourTreasuresoftheStudy)。书法被认为是一种需要心平静的艺术形式。今天，尽管出现了各种各样的现代书写方式，但人们仍然经常将书法作为一种业余爱好进展练习。如今，书法在西方也越来越受欢送。参考翻译:InChina,calligraphyoccupiesaveryimportantpositioninthefieldoftraditionalart.Calligraphyhasahistorylastingformorethan2,000years.Therearefivemainwaysofwritingandeachneedsdifferenttechniques.TopracticecalligraphyrequirestheFourTreasuresoftheStudy.Calligraphyisconsideredtobeanartformrequiringinnerpeace.Today,althoughvariousmodernwaysofwritinghaveeup,calligraphyisstillpracticedoftenasahobby.Nowadays,ithasalsobeemoreandmorepopularamongwesterners.九、中国结中国结(Chineseknotting)是中国典型的外乡艺术。它的特点是每一个结都是由—根绳索编成的，并由其特定的外形和意义来命名。中国结的传统源远流长。在古代，由于没有现在的配件，如纽扣或拉链，人们不得不把服装带打结，来绑住他们的衣服。多年来，中国结从原来拥有实际用途演变成一种优雅的、丰富多彩的工艺品。今天，人们喜欢中国结，是因为其形式特别、色彩多变并且意义深厚。参考翻译:ChineseknottingisatypicallocalartofChina.Itscharacteristicisthateveryknotismadewithasingleropeandnamedbyitsspecificformandmeaning.ThetraditionofChineseknottingenjoysalonghistory.Withoutpresent-dayaccessoriessuchasbuttonsorzips,ancientpeoplehadtoknottheclothingbeltsoastotietheirdresses.Overtheyears,Chineseknothasnowevolvedtoakindofelegantandcolorfulartwarefromowningpracticaluse.Today,peoplearefondofChineseknotforitscharacteristicform,colorfulnessandprofoundmeaning.十、中医中医(TraditionalChineseMedicine)有五千多年的历史，是中国古代劳动人民几千年来对抗疾病的经历总结。中医将人体看成是气、形、神的统一体，以"望、闻(auscultationandolfaction)、问、切〞为其独特的诊断过程。中医使用中药、针灸(acupuncture)以及许多其他治疗手段，使人体到达阴阳调和。阴阳和五行是中医的理论根底。五行是自然界中的五种根本物质，即金、木、水、火、土。参考翻译:TraditionalChineseMedicineTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM)hasalonghistoryofmorethan5,000years.Itisasummaryoftheexperienceoftheworkingpeopleovermanycenturiesofstruggleagainstdiseases.TCMconsidershumanbodyasaunityofQI,XINGandSHEN.ThediagnosticprocessofTCMdistinguishesitselfby"observation，auscultationandolfaction,inquiryandpulsediagnosis〞.TCMusestraditionalChinesemedicine,acupunctureandmanyothertreatmentmeanstomakehumanbodybeharmonybetweenYINandYANG.TheconceptsofYIN-YANGandWUXINGlaidatheoreticalfoundationforTCM.WUXINGreferstofivebasicsubstancesinthenature,thatis,metal,wood,water,fire,andearth.十一、儒家思想儒家思想(Confucianism)是中国影响最大的思想流派，也是中国古代的主流意识。自汉代以来，儒家思想就是封建统治阶级(feudalrulingclass)的指导思想之一。儒家思想的核心其实是一种人道主义(humanism)。它提倡自我修养，认为人是可教化的、可完善的。儒家思想的一个宏大的目标就是实现"社会〞，在这样的一个社会中，每个人都能扮演好自己的角色，并与他人维持良好的关系。参考翻译:ConfucianismConfucianismisthelargestChineseschoolofthoughts,andthemainstreamconsciousnessoftheancientChina.ConfucianismhadbeenoneoftherulingdoctrinesofthefeudalrulingclasssincetheHanDynasty.ThecoreofConfucianismisactuallyakindofhumanism.Itadvocatesself-cultivation,andbelievesthathumanbeingsareteachableandimprovable.AgrandgoalofConfucianismistoachieveaharmonious