高考英语 【备课精讲精研】 状语从句的运用与翻译研究课件

ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentencesContentsTypesofSentencesintermsof

Structure1ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentences2Adverbialclause3Conclusion4DefinitionsofsentenceEnglishDefinitionsAgrammaticalunitthatcanstandaloneandexpressacompleteidea.Thebasiclinguisticunitofconnecteddiscoursethatcanstandbyitselfandperformacommunicativefunction汉语中分句的定义语法上指复合句里划分出来的相当于单句的部分，是语言运用的基本单位，能表达一个完整的意思。英文定义选自秦裕祥教授语法课对分句的定义汉语定义选自百度百科EnglishTypesofSentenceintermsofStructure

TypesCompound

SentenceComplexSentenceSerialcoordination（顺序并列）ParallelCoordination（平行并列）SimpleSentenceCompound-ComplexSentenceRelativeClauseAdverbialClauseNominal

ClausefocusFigureoutthetypeofeachsentence.1.Thestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks.2.Whathesaidisnottrue.3.

Icouldhearyouwhispering;but

Iknowyouweretalkingaboutme.4.Theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely,butwecouldn’tseetheprogrambecauseourtelevisionwasbroke.SimpleSentenceComplexSentenceCompoundSentenceCompound-ComplexSentenceAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)Compound

Sentence

1.Histelescopeandhisexperimentswerealwaysbringinghimnewsurprises,andhemadenotesofhisworkeveryday.2.Mostof

us

were

in

the

hall,thedoorhasbeenclosed,andthelatecomershadtowaitoutside.3.Hehasmanygoodfriends,forheisanhonestman.4.Nowyoucanhavearestoryoucangotothecinema.英文中的并列句我们常采用四种方式来连接：1.并列连词and,notonly…butalso…,neither…nor…,aswellas等；2.选择连词or,otherwise,either…or…；3.转折连词but,yet,however,while；4.表原因的连词for，so等Alicelikestea,

andher

brotherlikescoffee.(from)我喜欢咖啡，爱丽丝喜欢茶。Someofyouranswerswerecorrect,butIdon’trememberwhich.(from)

你的答案有些是对的，但我记不得是哪些了。Thathatdoesnotfit;youmaytryanother.(fromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)

那顶帽子不合适，你可以换另一顶。平行并列句（ParallelCoordination）：通常表示同时发生的动作或同时存在的情况,前后分句在结构和含义上都很对称,可以彼此互换位置而不影响整句的意义或结构平衡。用于这类并列句中的连接词主要是and,有时用逗号或分号,表示反向意义则用but或neither,nor等，翻译时，一般无需译出逻辑词，可用语序表明两句间的逻辑关系，但如果有but表转折时，需根据具体情况加减连词。ParallelCoordination1.Serialactionsandconditions.Thepupilsfinishedtheirlessonsandtheywentouttoplay.学生们上完课出去玩去了。Bynow,arocketwillhavesetoffonits35millionmiletriptoMarsandscientistsmustbewaitinganxiouslyfortheresult.

到现在，火箭将完成围绕火星运行3500万英里的旅程，科学家们都焦急

的等待着。SerialCoordination以上各例皆选自黄任于1980年发表于《外国语》（第5期）的《英语并列句的两种基本类型》P32-P342.FurtherexplanationTheseal

provided

meats

formanymeals,anditwillprovideskinandoilaswell.

这头海豹的肉够我们吃很多顿了，还能从中获取海豹皮和海豹油。Onthewaytothepasturetherewasabridge,itcrossedasmallstream.

去往牧场的路上有座桥，桥跨过了一条小溪。SerialCoordination3.Commentsor

RemarksHewasmyfirstteacher—andIamproudofit.他是我的启蒙老师，让我引以为傲。Heisworkinghard,oratleastheappearstobeworkinghard.

他工作努力，至少看起来很努力。4.Cause-ResultrelationshipWemuststartearly,forwehavealongwaytogo.我们有很长一段路要赶，必须得早点开始。

Theoldgardenerwateredtheseedregularly,andtheygrewfasterthanexpected.

老园丁按时给种子浇水，种子比预想的长得快些。SerialCoordination以上各例皆选自黄任于1980年发表于《外国语》（第5期）的《英语并列句的两种基本类型》P32-P34顺序并列句逻辑词翻译总结顺序并列句（ParallelCoordination）：这类并列句中分句的前后次序比较固定,一般不能象平行并列中的分句那样可以互换位置。当翻译顺序并列句的逻辑词时，一般无需译出逻辑词，可适当调整语序，用语序表明两句间的逻辑关系。若不能调整语序，则可恰当添加逻辑词。ComplexSentence:Acomplexsentencehasanindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause.Nominalclause:nominalclauseisa

linguistic

termthatreferstoanonverbalsentence.(需要修改)Relativeclause:A

relativeclause

isadependentclausethatmodifiesa

noun

ornounphraseintheindependentclause.Inotherwords,therelativeclausefunctionssimilartoanadjective.Adverbialclause:An

adverbialclause

is

adependentclausethatfunctionsasan

adverb;thatis,theentireclausemodifiesaverb,anadjective,oranotheradverb.

ImplicitandExplicitofLogicalRelationshipamongSentencesConjunctionsImplicitAdverbialclauseExplicitTheDefinitionofAdverbialClauseAdverbialclausesaredividedintoseveralgroupsaccordingtotheactionsorsensesoftheirconjunctions.状语从句是指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。英文中的状语从句与汉语的主从复句功能相似，但翻译时要注意语序问题和连词的省译问题。状语从句的语序问题英语重形合，连接手段和形态手段丰富，所以状语从句的位置灵活。汉语重意合，连接手段缺乏或使用不多，一般严格按时间或逻辑顺序组句。英文中状语从句的翻译，一般采用前置手段，按汉语行文习惯恰当调整语序。表原因和条件的连词常常省译。Becauseher

job

had

been

the

pivot,retirementwasverydifficult.

工作向来是她生命的支柱，所以退休后她感觉生活很不自在。Weareallverybusybecauseit’stheharvesttime.现在是收获的时节，我们都很忙。状语从句的语序问题英文欧化的影响，部分汉语复句有时也可后置，对前文内容进行解释、补充、说明。英译汉时，若从句语气较弱，或者根据上下文表意需要，可以按英文原文语序构句。Themeetingmaybeprolongedintotheeveningbecausesomanyproblemshavetobesolved.

会议可能要延长到晚上，要解决的问题还有一大堆。Wemadeastrategicwithdraw,sothatwecouldbuildupourforcesforrenewedattack.

我们实施了战略撤退，以便重整旗鼓，发起新的攻击。Itwasn’ttheloansthatsavedus,althoughweneededthembadly.

救活我们的并不是贷款，虽然我们急需贷款。时间顺序0102AdverbialClauseofTimeAdverbialclause03060504AdverbialClauseofCause

AdverbialClauseofConcessionAdverbialClauseofPlaceAdverbialClauseofPurposeAdverbialClauseofCondition07Adverbial

ClauseofResult1.AdverbialClauseofTimeiscommonlyfrontedbyas,when,while,before,after,since,et.Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefun.(fromtextbook)

几个世纪过去了，人们才学会取火。Whentheboardwasspinningslowly,youcanseeallthedifferentcolor.(fromtextbook)纸板慢慢旋转，你就能看到各种不同的色彩。Theykept

on

working

until

it

became

completely

dark.

他们不停地工作，直到天完全黑了下来。AdverbialClauseofTimeThe

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“before”I’ddiebeforeI’dgiveup.(fromtextbook)

我死也不会放弃他的。Manypeoplewillcomedownwiththedisease,andtheywilldiebeforevaccinecanbedistributed.(fromtextbook)

很多人都染上了这种病，还没等疫苗发下来，他们可能就先病死了。Manycenturieshadpassedbeforemanlearnedtomakefire.(fromtextbook)

几个世纪过去了，人们才学会取火。before一般被译成“在···之前”但大多数情况下，这样表达会显得单调、别扭，我们可以换成“···后···、···才···、刚···就···、还没···就/先···、以免、先···再/后···、宁愿···绝不···。”等，有时还可根据情况省译。The

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“when”Whenyoustarttheengine,besurethecarisinneutral.(fromtextbook)

发动引擎时，务必让汽车处于空档。Severalofourplansgottheaxewhenthenewgovernmentcamein.(fromtextbook)

新政府一上台，我们就有好几个计划被砍掉了。IthrewthelifebuoytohimwhenIsawhimstruggling.(fromtextbook)

看到他在挣扎，我就把一个救生圈扔给了他。

“when”一般译成“当···时候”，但两者间不完全对等。When既可以表示时间段，也可表示时间点，即可表示时间关系还可表示因果关系或其他逻辑关系。因而when可以译为“···时···、···这时···、一···就···、···后···、···因为···”，或者可以根据具体情况隐去。The

AdverbialClauseofTimearefrontedby“until”Theykept

on

working

until

it

became

completely

dark.(fromtextbook)

他们不停地工作，直到天完全黑了下来。Don’tfireuntilyouhavetakenagoodaim.(fromtextbook)

瞄准了再开枪。ItwasnotuntilyesterdaythatIgotthenews.(fromtextbook)

我昨天才听到这个消息。“until”引导时间状语从句时，如果主句谓语为持续动词，译成“直到···为止、直到···”；如果主句谓语是瞬间动词，且主句为否定句时，一般译为“···之前、还没/不···、直到···才···、···再···”。2.AdverbialclauseofPlaceiscommonlyfrontedbywhereand

wherever.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.有志者，事竟成。Whereverhehappenstobe,Johncanmakehimselfathome.

约翰无论在哪，都能让自己宾至如归。Wheretheancientknewnothing,weknowalittle.

古人一无所知之处，我们也知之甚少。AdverbialclauseofPlaceAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)地点状语逻辑词实指时，我们一般要译，有时也可省译；地点状语的逻辑词虚指时，我们可以根据具体情况补充或者省略逻辑词。3.AdverbialClauseofCauseiscommonlyfrontedsince,because,as,et.HedeclinedtoamplifyonthePresident’sstatement,sincehehasnotreadthetext.(fromtextbook)

他没有读到文字稿，不愿对总统的言论做出解释。Thisboatisapttooverturnbecauseitisunreasonableshaped.(fromtextbook)

这只船容易颠覆，因为它造型不合理。（

这只船造型不合理，很容易颠覆。）AdverbialClauseofCause4.AdverbialclauseofResultiscommonlyfrontedbysothat,that,withtheresultthat,et.Hehadoverslept,sothathewaslateforthework.

他睡过头了，上班迟到了。WhathaveIdonethatyoushouldbesoangrywithme?

我做了什么惹你这样生气？AdverbialClauseofResultAlltheaboveexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)原因状语和结果状语从句汉译时，我们一般会省略期间的逻辑词，恰当调整语序，使句间逻辑结构严密即可，但有时为了强调其中的逻辑关系，也可添加相应的逻辑词。5.AdverbialClauseofConditioniscommonlyfrontedbyasif,unless,et.Manypeoplepredicatedthatshewouldnotbeeasytodealwithifsheevergotmarriedandthatherhusbandwasnotamantobeenvied.(fromtextbook)

好多人都说她这人不好对付。如后若是结了婚，她丈夫的日子不会好过的。Abodydoesjustthesameinadreamashe’ddoifheisawake.(fromtextbook)

梦里有所思，醒来见行动。AdverbialClauseofCondition6.AdverbialClauseofConcessioniscommonlyfrontedbythough,although,evenif/though,

et.Iusedtoreadalot

althoughIdon'tgetmuchtimeforbooksnow.(fromwikipedia)

过去我读了很多书，现在却没太多读书时间了。Hepassedbytheexaminationalthoughhehadpreventedbyillnessfromstudying.

虽然疾病扰得他不能学习，他还是通过了考试。Richasheis,MrJohnsonisbynomeansahappyman.约翰逊很富有，却并不快乐。AdverbialClauseofConcessionThelasttwoexamplesarefromANewEnglishGrammarCoursebookeditedbyZhangZhenbang)7.AdverbialClauseofPurposeiscommonlyfrontedbysothat,inorderthat,et.Theteachermustspeakclearlysothathisstudentsca