刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题（含考研真题）详解

绗?绔犮€€瀵笺€€瑷€1.1銆€澶嶄範绗旇鏈珷瑕佺偣锛?/p>1Thedefinitionandmainbranchesoflinguisticsstudy璇█瀛︾殑瀹氫箟鍜岀爺绌剁殑鑼冨洿2Thedefinitionandtheoriginsoflanguage璇█鐨勫畾涔変笌璧锋簮3Thedesignfeatureandthefunctionoflanguage璇█鐨勭壒寰佸拰鍔熻兘4Somemajorconceptsinlinguistics璇█瀛︿腑閲嶈鐨勬蹇?/p>鏈珷鑰冪偣锛?/p>1鏈夊叧璇█瀛︾殑甯歌€冭€冪偣(1)璇█瀛︾殑瀹氫箟锛岀幇浠ｈ瑷€瀛︿笌浼犵粺璇硶瀛︾爺绌剁殑鍖哄埆銆?/p>(2)璇█瀛︿腑鍑犵粍閲嶈姒傚康锛屾瘡缁勪袱涓蹇电殑鍚箟銆佸尯鍒嗗強鍏舵剰涔夈€?/p>(3)鏅€氳瑷€瀛︾殑涓昏鍒嗘敮瀛︾鍙婂悇鑷殑鐮旂┒鑼冪暣銆?/p>(4)瀹忚璇█瀛﹀強搴旂敤璇█瀛︾殑涓昏鍒嗘敮鍙婂悇鑷殑鐮旂┒鑼冪暣銆?/p>2鏈夊叧璇█鐨勫父鑰冭€冪偣(1)璇█鐨勫畾涔夛紱璇█鐨勫熀鏈壒寰侊紙浠绘剰鎬с€佷簩閲嶆€с€佽兘浜ф€с€佺Щ浣嶆€с€佷簰鎹㈡€с€佷笓闂ㄦ€у拰鏂囧寲浼犻€掓€э級锛?/p>(2)璇█鐨勫姛鑳斤紙瀵掓殑銆佹寚绀恒€佷俊鎭€佺枒闂€佽〃杈俱€佸姖璇村拰鏂戒负锛夛紱(3)璇█鐨勮捣婧愶紙鏈兘璁恒€佸敱姝岃銆佹ā浠胯銆佹懝澹拌銆佹劅鍙硅銆佸姵鍔ㄥ枈澹拌绛夈€傦級鏈珷鍐呭绱㈠紩锛?/p>鈪?/span>.Definitionoflinguistics鈪?/span>.Linguisticsvs.traditionalgrammar鈪?/span>.Scopeoflinguistics1Microlinguistics2Macrolinguistics鈪?/span>.Definitionoflanguage鈪?/span>.Originsoflanguage1Ding-DongTheory2Sing-SongTheory3Pooh-PoohTheory4Yo-He-HoTheory5Ta-TaTheory6Bow-WowTheory鈪?/span>.Designfeaturesoflanguage1Arbitrariness2Duality3Productivity4Interchangeability5Displacement6Specialization7Culturaltransmission鈪?/span>.Functionsoflanguage1Phaticfunction/communion2Directivefunction3Informativefunction4Interrogativefunction5Expressivefunction6Evocativefunction7Performativefunction鈪?/span>.Somemajorconceptsinlinguistics1Descriptiveandprescriptivegrammar2Synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics3Langueandparole4Competenceandperformance5Syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelations6Functionalismandformalism鈪?/span>.Definitionoflinguistics(璇█瀛︾殑瀹氫箟)銆愯€冪偣锛氬悕璇嶈В閲娿€?/span>Linguisticsrefersthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage,whichisledbythethreescientificcanons:exhaustiveness,consistencyandeconomy.璇█瀛︽槸瀵硅瑷€鐨勭瀛︽垨绯荤粺鐨勭爺绌躲€傝瑷€瀛︾爺绌剁殑绉戝鎬у彲浠ュ綊绾充负锛氱┓灏芥€с€佷竴鑷存€т互鍙婄畝娲佹€с€?/p>鈪?/span>.Linguisticsvs.traditionalgrammar(璇█瀛︿笌浼犵粺璇硶)Linguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaratleastinthreebasicways.1Linguisticsdescribeslanguages,whiletraditionalgrammarprescribesrulesofcorrectness.2Linguistsregardthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.3Linguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits,whiletraditionalgrammaranalyzeslanguagebasedonaLatin-basedframe-work.璇█瀛﹀湪浠ヤ笅涓夋柟闈笉鍚屼簬浼犵粺璇硶銆?/p>1璇█瀛︽弿杩拌瑷€锛屼紶缁熻娉曡瀹氳鍒欍€?/p>2璇█瀛﹁涓哄彛璇槸鍩虹鑰岄潪鏂囧瓧銆?/p>3璇█瀛︽牴鎹瑷€鏈韩鐨勪紭鐐规潵鎻忚堪姣忕璇█锛岃€屼紶缁熻娉曞垯鍩轰簬鎷変竵璇殑妗嗘灦鏉ュ垎鏋愯瑷€銆?/p>鈪?/span>.Scopeoflinguistics(璇█瀛︾殑鐮旂┒鑼冪暣)1Microlinguistics(寰璇█瀛?Phonetics璇煶瀛?/p>Phonology闊崇郴瀛?/p>Morphology褰㈡€佸Syntax鍙ユ硶瀛?/p>Semantics璇箟瀛?/p>Pragmatics璇敤瀛?/p>2Macrolinguistics(瀹忚璇█瀛?Sociolinguistics绀句細璇█瀛?/p>Psycholinguistics蹇冪悊璇█瀛?/p>Neurolinguistics绁炵粡璇█瀛?/p>Stylistics鏂囦綋瀛?/p>Discourseanalysis璇瘒鍒嗘瀽Computationallinguistics璁＄畻璇█瀛?/p>Cognitivelinguistics璁ょ煡璇█瀛?/p>Appliedlinguistics搴旂敤璇█瀛?/p>鈪?/span>.Definitionoflanguage(璇█鐨勫畾涔?銆愯€冪偣锛氬悕璇嶈В閲娿€?/span>1Languageisasystem鈥攖heelementsoflanguagearenotorganizedandcombinedatrandom,butratheraccordingtocertainrules.2Languageisarbitrary鈥攖heabsenceofanynaturalornecessaryconnectionbetweenaword鈥檚meaninganditssoundorform.3Languageisvocal鈥攕oundistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.4Languageisusedforhumancommunication鈥攍anguageisdifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsanimalspossess.1璇█鏄竴涓郴缁熲€斺€斿叾鍏冪礌闈炰换鎰忔帓鍒楋紝鑰屾槸鏍规嵁涓€瀹氳鍒欑粍鍚堢殑銆?/p>2璇█鏄换鎰忕殑鈥斺€斾竴涓瘝鐨勬剰鎬濆拰瀹冪殑澹伴煶鎴栧舰寮忎箣闂存病鏈変换浣曡嚜鐒舵垨蹇呰鐨勮仈绯汇€?/p>3璇█鏄彛澶寸殑鈥斺€旀槸鎵€鏈夎瑷€鐨勫熀鏈氦娴佸舰寮忋€?/p>4璇█鏄汉绫荤敤鏉ヤ氦娴佺殑宸ュ叿鈥斺€斾笉鍚屼簬鍔ㄧ墿鐨勪氦娴佺郴缁熴€?/p>鈪?/span>.Originsoflanguage(璇█鐨勮捣婧?1Ding-DongTheory(鏈兘璁?Languagebeganwhenhumansstartednamingobjectsafterarelevantsoundthatwasalreadyinvolvedintheireverydaylife.璇█璧锋簮浜庝汉绫荤敤涓庢棩甯哥敓娲荤浉鍏崇殑澹伴煶鏉ュ懡鍚嶇墿浣撱€?/p>2Sing-SongTheory(鍞辨瓕璇?Languagearosefromrhythmicprimitivechantsassociatedwithritualdance.璇█璧锋簮浜庝笌浠紡鑸炶箞鐩歌仈绯荤殑鍘熷鍦ｆ瓕銆?/p>3Pooh-PoohTheory(鎰熷徆璇?Languagecomesfromtheautomaticvocalresponsestopain,fear,surprise,orotheremotions:alaugh,ashriek,agasp.璇█鏉ユ簮浜庡鐥涜嫤銆佹亹鎯с€佹儕璁舵垨鍏朵粬鎯呮劅鐨勮嚜鍔ㄥ０闊冲弽搴旓細澶х瑧銆佸皷鍙€佸枠鎭€?/p>4Yo-He-HoTheory(鍔冲姩鍠婂０璇?Languagestartedwiththerhythmicsoundspeopleusedwhentheyworkedtogether.璇█鏉ユ簮浜庡叡鍚屽姵鍔ㄦ椂鍙戝嚭鐨勬湁鑺傚鐨勫０闊炽€?/p>5Ta-TaTheory(妯′豢璇?Languagecamefromtheuseoftongueandmouthgesturestomimicmanualgestures.璇█鏉ユ簮浜庣敤鑸屽ご鍜屽槾鐨勬墜鍔挎潵妯′豢鎵嬬殑鎵嬪娍銆?/p>6Bow-WowTheory(鎽瑰０璇?Languagedevelopedasonomatopoeia,imitationsofnaturalsounds.璇█璧锋簮浜庢嫙澹拌瘝锛屽嵆瀵硅嚜鐒跺０闊崇殑妯′豢銆?/p>鈪?/span>.Designfeaturesoflanguage(璇█鐨勫畾涔夌壒寰?銆愰噸鐐广€佽€冪偣锛氳杩拌瑷€鐨勮瘑鍒壒寰併€?/span>1Arbitrariness(浠绘剰鎬?Thisreferstothefactthatthereisnonaturalornecessaryconnectionbetweenaword鈥檚meaninganditssoundorform.ThereisnoexplanationwhyEnglishusethesounds/kæt/torefertotheanimalcat,orwhyChineseusetheword鈥渕ao鈥?torefertothesameanimal.Therelationbetweenthesoundsandwhattheydenoteisentirelyarbitrary.浠绘剰鎬ф槸鎸囨煇涓鍙风殑澹伴煶涓庢剰涔変箣闂存病鏈夐€昏緫鎴栧唴鍦ㄨ仈绯汇€備緥濡傦紝鑻辨枃涓敤/kæt/鏉ユ寚鍔ㄧ墿鐚紝鑰屼腑鏂囧嵈鐢ㄢ€渕ao鈥濄€傚崟璇嶇殑澹伴煶涓庡叾鎰忎箟涔嬮棿鐨勫叧绯绘槸浠绘剰鐨勩€?/p>2Duality(浜岄噸鎬?Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures.Atthelowerlevelisastructureofsoundswhichismeaninglessinthemselves.Thesesoundscanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning(morphemesandwordsetc.)atthehigherlevel.Thesemeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevelcanbearrangedandrearrangedintoaninfinitenumberofsentences.Humanlanguage,forexample,hasavarietyofsoundunits,calledphonemes,buteachphonemeisusuallymeaninglessonitsown.Itonlybecomesmeaningfulwhencombinedwithotherphonemestoformamorpheme.浜岄噸鎬ф寚璇█鏈変袱涓郴缁熺殑鐗瑰緛銆傚湪杈冧綆鐨勫眰娆′笂鏄棤鎰忎箟鐨勫０闊崇郴缁熴€傝繖浜涘０闊冲彲浠ヨ鍒嗗壊骞跺湪杈冮珮灞傛涓婇噸鏂扮粍鍚堟垚澶ч噺鐨勬剰涔夊崟浣?璇礌鍜屽崟璇嶇瓑)銆傝繖浜涙湁鎰忎箟鐨勫崟浣嶅彲浠ヨ瀹夋帓鍜岄噸鏂板畨鎺掓垚鏃犻檺鏁伴噺鐨勫彞瀛愩€傛瘮濡傦紝浜虹被璇█涓殑闊崇礌锛岀嫭绔嬬殑闊崇礌鏈韩閫氬父鏄病鏈夋剰涔夌殑锛屽綋涓庡叾浠栭煶绱犵粨鍚堣捣鏉ュ舰鎴愯绱犳墠鏈夊彲鑳戒骇鐢熸剰涔夈€?/p>3Productivity(鑳戒骇鎬?Productivityorcreativityreferstoman鈥檚abilityoftheusersoflanguagesinmakingandcomprehendinganinfinitenumberofsentencesincludingthosethattheyhaveneverheardbefore.鑳戒骇鎬ф槸鎸囦汉浠殑涓€绉嶈瑷€鑳藉姏锛屽畠鑳戒娇浜轰滑璇村嚭鎴栬€呯悊瑙ｆ棤闄愬鐨勫彞瀛愶紝鏈変簺鏄垜浠互鍓嶄粠鏈惉杩囩殑鍙ュ瓙銆?/p>4Interchangeability(浜掓崲鎬?Interchangeabilityorreciprocityreferstothefactthathumanscantransmitandreceiveidenticallinguisticsignals,andourpositionsasaspeakerandahearercanbeeasilyswitched.浜掓崲鎬ф槸鎸囦汉鍙互浼犻€掑拰鎺ユ敹鐩稿悓鐨勮瑷€淇″彿鐨勮兘鍔涳紝鍗充汉浣滀负璇磋瘽鑰呭拰鍚瘽鑰呯殑瑙掕壊鏄彲浠ラ殢鎰忔洿鎹㈢殑銆?/p>5Displacement(绉讳綅鎬?Displacementisthecapabilityoflanguagetocommunicateaboutthingsthatarenotimmediatelypresent,i.e.,thingsthatareeithernothereorarenotherenow.绉讳綅鎬ф槸涓€绉嶈瑷€鐨勮兘鍔涳紝瀹冭兘浣夸汉浠皥璁洪偅浜涗笉鍙強鐨勪簨鐗╋紝涔熷氨鏄偅浜涜涔堜笉鍦ㄨ繖閲岋紝瑕佷箞鐜板湪涓嶅湪杩欓噷鐨勪簨鐗┿€?/p>6Specialization(涓撻棬鎬?Specializationreferstothefactthatmanisnotfullyphysicallyinvolvedintheprocessofcommunication.涓撻棬鎬ф槸鎸囦汉浠湪浜ゆ祦杩囩▼涓苟闈炲叏韬姇鍏ワ紝鑰屾槸鍙€氳繃璇█鍗冲彲浜ゆ祦鐨勮兘鍔涖€?/p>7Culturaltransmission(鏂囧寲浼犻€掓€?Languageisculturallytransmitted,i.e.,languageismorelearnedafterbirththroughasocialsettinginsteadofinherent.Thestoryofwolfchildshowthatahumanbeingbroughtupinisolationissimplydosenotacquirehumanlanguage.璇█鏄€氳繃鏂囧寲浼犻€掔殑锛屾枃鍖栦紶閫掓€ф寚璇█鏄悗澶╅€氳繃绀句細鐜涔犲緱鐨勶紝鑰屼笉鏄笌鐢熶勘鏉ョ殑鐗瑰緛銆傜嫾瀛╃殑鏁呬簨琛ㄦ槑锛屼竴涓湪瀛ょ珛鐜涓暱澶х殑浜烘槸鏍规湰瀛︿笉鍒颁汉绫昏瑷€鐨勩€?/p>鈪?/span>.Functionsoflanguage(璇█鍔熻兘)1Phaticfunction/communion(瀵掓殑鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtoestablishormaintaingoodinterpersonalrelationshipsbetweentheaddresserandaddressee.Greetings,farewells,andaddressesperformthisfunction.璇█鑳界敤鏉ュ湪璇磋瘽鑰呭拰鍚€呬箣闂村缓绔嬫垨缁存寔鑹ソ鐨勪汉闄呭叧绯汇€傚闂€欒銆侀€佸埆鍙婄О璋撱€?/p>2Directivefunction(鎸囩ず鍔熻兘)Languageisusedbytheaddressertogettheaddresseetodosomething.Mostimperativesentencesfulfildirectivefunction.璇█鑳戒娇鍚瘽鑰呮寜鐓у惉鍒扮殑璇濆幓鍋氥€傚ぇ閮ㄥ垎绁堜娇鍙ラ兘浣撶幇浜嗚繖绉嶅姛鑳姐€?/p>3Informativefunction(淇℃伅鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtomakestatements,tocommunicateinformation,ortorepresentone鈥檚understandingofsomething.Declarativesentencesperformthisfunction.璇█鐢ㄦ潵闄堣堪锛屼氦娴佷俊鎭紝鎴栬〃绀轰竴涓汉瀵规煇浜嬬殑鐞嗚В锛屼竴鑸嚭鐜板湪闄堣堪鍙ヤ腑銆?/p>4Interrogativefunction(鐤戦棶鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtoobtaininformationfromthosebeingasked.Allquestionsthatanticipateresponsesfulfilthisfunction.璇█鐢ㄦ潵鍚戜粬浜烘彁闂€岃幏鍙栦俊鎭€傞渶鍥炵瓟鐨勭枒闂彞浣撶幇浜嗘鍔熻兘銆?/p>5Expressivefunction(琛ㄨ揪鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtosupplyinformationaboutthespeaker鈥檚values,feelingsandattitudes.Exclamatorysentencesperformthisfunction,suchas鈥淢yGod!鈥?and鈥淗urrah!鈥?/p>璇█鐢ㄦ潵鎻愪緵鏈夊叧璇磋瘽鑰呯殑浠峰€艰銆佹劅鎯呭拰鎬佸害鐨勪俊鎭€傛劅鍙瑰彞浣撶幇浜嗘鍔熻兘锛屼緥濡傗€滃ぉ鍛愨€濃€滀竾宀侊紒鈥?/p>6Evocativefunction(鍞よ捣鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtoelicitspecificemotionsinthosewhohearit.Thisfunctionisservedbyjokes,ads,andpropaganda.璇█鐢ㄦ潵浣垮惉璇濊€呬骇鐢熸煇绉嶆劅鎯呫€傚紑鐜╃瑧锛屽箍鍛婅繕鏈夊浼犱腑鐨勮瑷€浣撶幇浜嗚繖涓€鍔熻兘銆?/p>7Performativefunction(鏂戒负鍔熻兘)Languageisusedtodothingsortocarryoutactions.鈥淚do.鈥濃€攁sutteredinthecourseofthemarriageceremony;鈥淚namethisshipthe鈥楺ueenElizabeth鈥欌€?璇█鐢ㄦ潵瀹炴柦涓€绉嶈涓恒€傛瘮濡傦紝鈥滄垜鎰挎剰鈥濃€斺€斿湪濠氱ぜ涓婄殑瀹ｈ獡锛涒€滄垜灏嗘鑸瑰懡鍚嶄负鈥樹紛涓借帋鐧藉コ鐜嬪彿鈥欌€濄€?/p>鈪?/span>.Somemajorconceptsinlinguistics(璇█瀛︿腑鐨勪富瑕佹蹇?1Descriptiveandprescriptivegrammar(鎻忓啓寮忎笌瑙勫畾寮忚娉?(1)Descriptivegrammarobjectivelyanalyzesanddescribeshowlanguageisactuallyused;whileprescriptivegrammarattemptstoestablishrulesdefiningcorrectusageoflanguage.(2)Traditionalgrammarisoftenreferredtoasprescriptivebecauseitattemptstosetdownrules.Modernlinguisticsisdescriptive.(1)鎻忓啓寮忚娉曟棬鍦ㄥ璇█杩涜鎻忚堪锛岃€岃瀹氬紡璇硶鏃ㄥ湪瑙勫畾璇█搴旇濡備綍浣跨敤銆?/p>(2)浼犵粺璇硶瀛﹀璇曞浘瑙勫畾璇█瑙勫垯锛岃繖琚О涓鸿瀹氬紡璇硶銆傜幇浠ｈ瑷€瀛﹀熀鏈笂鏄弿鍐欏紡璇硶銆?/p>2Synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics(鍏辨椂涓庡巻鏃惰瑷€瀛?Synchroniclinguisticsaimsatdescribingalanguageatanygiventime,whilediachronicstudyreferstothestudyofhowalanguageevolvesoveraperiodoftime.Synchroniclinguisticsisconcernedwiththestateoflanguageatanypointinhistorywhereasdiachroniclinguisticsisconcernedwiththevariationsbetweentwoormorestatesoflanguageovertimes.鍏辨椂璇█瀛︽寚鍦ㄤ换浣曠壒瀹氱殑鏃堕棿鎻忚堪涓€绉嶈瑷€鐨勮瑷€瀛﹀垎绫伙紝鑰屽巻鏃惰瑷€瀛︽槸鎸囩爺绌朵竴绉嶈瑷€鍦ㄤ竴娈垫椂闂村唴鏄浣曟紨鍙樼殑瀛︾鍒嗙被銆?/p>鍏辨椂璇█瀛﹂泦涓爺绌跺巻鍙蹭换浣曟椂鏈熺偣鐨勮瑷€鐜扮姸锛岃€屽巻鏃惰瑷€瀛﹂泦涓爺绌跺嚑鍗佸勾鎴栧嚑鐧惧勾鐨勬椂鏈熷唴涓や釜鎴栨瘮涓や釜鏇村鐨勮瑷€鐘跺喌鐨勫樊寮傘€?/p>3Langueandparole(璇█涓庤█璇?(1)F.deSaussuremadeanimportantdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole.(2)Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstoparticularrealizationsoflangue.(3)Saussureanalyzeslanguagefromasociologicalperspectiveasamatterofsocialconvention.Languereferstothesocial,conventionalsideoflanguage,whileparolethespeechofindividuals.(1)绱㈢华灏斿璇█鍜岃█璇仛浜嗛噸瑕佸尯鍒嗐€?/p>(2)璇█鏄寚涓€涓瑷€缇や綋鐨勬墍鏈夋垚鍛樻墍鍏辨湁鐨勬娊璞＄殑璇█绯荤粺銆傝█璇槸鎸囪瑷€鐨勫叿浣撳疄鐜板拰杩愮敤銆?/p>(3)绱㈢华灏斾粠绀句細瀛︾殑瑙掑害鎶婅瑷€浣滀负涓€绉嶇ぞ浼氫範淇楁潵鍒嗘瀽銆傝瑷€鏄ぞ浼氱殑锛岀害瀹氭€х殑锛岃€岃█璇槸涓汉鐨勮瘽璇€?/p>4Competenceandperformance(璇█鑳藉姏鍜岃瑷€搴旂敤)AccordingtoChomsky,competenceisasetofrulesinternalizedbyspeakerswhichenablesthemtoproduceandunderstandaninfinitenumberofsentencesandrecogn