新编翻译教程

新编英汉翻译教程ANewCoursebookonEnglish-ChineseTranslation10/10/20231/116严复：信达雅

Faithfulness,fidelity,truthfulness

Smoothness，expressiveness

Elegancy10/10/20232/116

德国译学专家WolframWilss在TheScienceofTranslation：Problems&Methods一书中说：

Translationisnotsimplyamatterofseekingotherwordswithsimilarmeaning,butoffindingappropriatewaysofsayingthingsinanotherlanguage.Translatingisalwaysmeaning-based,i.e.itisthetransferofmeaninginsteadofformfromthesourcelanguagetothetargetlanguage.

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翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相同其他词语，而是寻找体现事物合适方式。翻译始终立足于语义，也就是说，是语义从源语到译语转换，而不是形式。10/10/20234/116

翻译不是一种语言中词语和语句构造到另一种语言词语和语句构造简单转换，也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等词语和语句构造然后将其串接成句过程。在英汉翻译中，假如把眼光盯着原文词语和语句构造这些属于语言层次东西，成果翻译出来只是一种文字层次转换，徒具其形，原文内容和意义不也许得到较好体现。10/10/20235/116

这说明了翻译是语义翻译，不是语言形式翻译，是利用另一种语言合适方式来体现一种语言所体现内容，而不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中含义相同某些词语或构造。翻译必须跳出原文语言层面束缚，必须着眼于传达原文内容和意义。10/10/20236/116

换句话说，翻译基本单位应当是语篇，而不是词语构造。根据系统功能语言学家观点，语言实际使用单位是语篇这样言语单位，而不是词语构造这样语法单位。实际使用语篇有也许是一种句子、一种句段、一种句群，也有也许是一种词语。翻译作为语言交际一种形式，其实质是用一种语言语篇材料替代另一种语言与其意义对等语篇材料。翻译是利用一种语言把另一种语言所体现内容和意义精确而完整地重新体现出来语言活动。10/10/20237/116

Examples

10/10/20238/116Icanseethreedifferenttypesofcomposersinmusicalhistory,eachofwhomcreatesmusicinasomewhatdifferentfashion.10/10/20239/116

译文1:我能看到音乐史上有三种不一样作曲家，他们中每一种人以某种不一样方式创作音乐。

译文2:我发觉音乐史上有三类作曲家，他们各自音乐创作方式有所不一样。10/10/202310/116Thetraditionalisttypeofcomposerbeginswithapatternratherthanwithatheme.ThecreativeactwithPalestrinaisnotthethematicconceptionsomuchasthepersonaltreatmentofawell-establishedpattern.

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译文1:传统主义型作曲家始于某种格调而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳创作行为不太像对固定格调进行个性化处理主题概念。

译文2:传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发进行创作。帕莱斯特里纳创作不是主题构思，而是对固定形式个性化处理。

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Findyourself.Beyourself.Popularitywillcome--withthepeoplewhorespectyouforwhoyouare.发觉自我，如实地体现自我，你自然会为人们所喜欢——为那些尊重你真正个性人们所喜欢。10/10/202313/116

WheredoyouexpectShanghaitobeinfiveyears?你估计此后五年上海发展目标如何？

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Publicopinionplaysavitalandhealthyroleinthepoliticalrealm.译文1:公共舆论在政治领域起着生命力、健康作用。

译文2:舆论在政治领域起着极其主要、有益作用。

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什么是好译文？Whatisgoodtranslation?10/10/202316/116

翻译两类问题：一类是译文语义基本符合原文，但汉语体现有欠正确；另一类是汉语体现尚有可读性，但译文语义不符原文。

目前翻译界普遍接收，也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握标准，简而言之是两条：忠实(Faithfulness)和流畅(Smoothness)。10/10/202317/116

Jobsandworkdomuchmorethanmostofusrealizetoprovidehappinessandcontentment.

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译文1:职业和工作带来很大幸福和满足，而我们大多数人并不意识到这一点。

译文2:职业和工作对于取得幸福和满足起了很大作用，我们大多数人对此却结识不足。10/10/202319/116

ForNatNakasathepledgehewasrequiredtosign--toleavehiscountryandneverreturnprovedtoomuch;hecommittedsuicideinNewYork.

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译文1：纳特.纳卡萨不得不立誓离开祖国，不论情况如何永不返家，并自杀于纽约。

译文2：对纳特.纳卡萨来说，要他签字确保离开祖国永不返回是难以接收：他在纽约自杀了。

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Inthewakeofhismother'sdeathsomethirty-sixyearslater,Hemingwayturnedbacktotheadventureandtriedtowriteanovelaboutit.

10/10/202322/116译文1：在他母亲去世36年之后，海明威又想起了那次历险奇遇，并试图写一部小说。

译文2：大约36年过后，在他母亲去世后很快海明威又想起了那次遭遇险情，并试图就此写一部小说。

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外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中体现出来一种不当倾向。翻译时所要体现内容来自外语原文，原文词语和构造形式伴随内容一起进入到我们大脑，于是原文语言形式被带入译文，造成了译文外语腔。10/10/202324/116

Theonlyconcessionhemadetotheclimatewastowearawhitedinnerjacket.译文1：他对气候唯一让步就是穿了一件白色短餐衣。

译文2：气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色短礼服。

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Ifcertainanimalpsychologistsareright,adogadoptshisfamilyinamostliteralway--takingitforgrantedthatthefamilyisthebandofdogshebelongsto.

10/10/202326/116译文1：假如某些动物心理学家分析正确，狗在很大程度上代表着它家人——理所当然这一家也就属于狗帮了。

译文2：假如有些动物心理学家分析正确，狗对于他所在家庭认同是非常实际——它理所当然地以为这一家人就是它所归属一群狗。10/10/202327/116

当代西方著名翻译理论家EugeneA.Nida在其理论著述中经常谈到读者反应问题。他以为：翻译服务对象是读者，要评判译文质量优劣，必须看读者对译文反应如何，同步必须把这种反应与原作读者对原文也许产生反应进行对比，看两种反应是否基本一致。

除了忠实和流畅这两项基本标准之外，好译文还必须保持原文格调，包括民族格调、时代格调、语体格调、作者个人语言格调等。文艺作品翻译尤其要求这样做。译者不能破坏或变化原文格调，不能以译者格调替代原作格调。10/10/202328/116

不要把"假大空"语言翻译成英文

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建筑工人们表达：一定要树雄心、立壮志，大干、苦干300天，力求在今年年终，完成高速马路建设任务。

Thebuildingworkerssaidthattheymustworkdiligentlyandpainstakingly,withgreatambitionandloftyaspiration,for300days,inordertocompletetheconstructiontaskoftheexpresswaywithinthisyear.10/10/202330/116

Thebuildersvowedthattheywilldotheirbesttocompletetheexpresswaywithinthisyear.建设者们立誓，一定要竭尽全力，在年内建成这条高速马路。10/10/202331/116

直译LiteralTranslationWordforwordtranslation10/10/202332/116意译FreeTranslation10/10/202333/116Armedtoteeth.

Toothfortooth

Eyeforeye10/10/202334/116

PassiveVoice被动语态翻译10/10/202335/116Americansprefertodisciplinethemselvesratherthanbedisciplinedbyothers.10/10/202336/116

Thepolicecourtispresidedbyamagistrate,whotriedthecaseswithoutajury.10/10/202337/116Morethan50,000computersatwebsiteswereinfectedbyacomputervirusthatisspreadingrapidlyaroundtheworld.10/10/202338/116

Themobilephoneboomisdrivenbytheyoungadults.10/10/202339/116

TheUSAisreputedtobeaclasslesssociety.10/10/202340/116Itisbelievedthatnuclearpowerisamongthegreatestinnovationsofourtime.Butitisalsofeareditwillbringtheendoftheworld.10/10/202341/116

Thetrendtowardinformaldresswasstronglyinfluencedbytheboomine-business,whichwasalsoanattempttocompensatefortherisingstressofworkinglife.10/10/202342/116

Present-dayconcernwithmusicisshownbytheexistenceofover100summerschoolsinmusicinEnglandwhichcaterforallgradesofmusiciansfromthemerebeginnertotheskilledperformer.10/10/202343/116

Astreamofnewresidents,highly-skilledandwell-qualified,areattractedbynewandsophisticatedindustriesgrowinginandaroundLosAngeles,whohavemovedintotheirnewhomesandgardensscatteredoveravastareaofsuburbs.10/10/202344/116

Thetelephonewasinventedin1876byaScottishimmigrant,AlexanderGrahamBell,whowasfascinatedby“sound”.10/10/202345/116Thebandageswerecoveredwithblood.10/10/202346/116

Changesarebeingintroducedtomakethedepartmentoperatemoreefficiency.

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Thefourmenwereallinvolvedinorganizingandcarryingoutthemurders.10/10/202348/116

Thisexerciseisdesignedtodeveloptheshouldersandbackmuscles.10/10/202349/116

定语从句翻译

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Thesunwarmstheearth，whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.太阳温暖了大地，这才使植物有也许生长。10/10/202351/116

Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren，whichherhusbandseldomwas.她对孩子们很耐心，她丈夫却很少这样。10/10/202352/116

Lanterns,whichdatebackthousandsofyears,canbeseenallovertheworldwhereverChineseexist.10/10/202353/116

Thetimesofopeningofpubsareregulatedbylaw,wherebettingisforbiddenandchildrenarenotallowedonthepremises.

10/10/202354/116ThemovetodownloaddigitalmusicviatheInternetmaybeopposedbythemusicindustry,whichfearspiracyoftheirlabel.10/10/202355/116

Likethepressinmostothercountries,Americannewspapersrangefromthesensational,

whichfeaturecrime,sex,andgossip,totheserious,whichfocusonfactualnewsandtheanalysisofworldevents.10/10/202356/116

E-commerceisachallenginganddynamicareawherechange,growthandinnovationarethenorm.10/10/202357/116

词性转译

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名词转译为动词

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NewYorkCitywasabitterdisillusionmenttosomeimmigrants.10/10/202360/116

IraqiwarisadrainonAmericanresources.10/10/202361/116

Onethingthatoftenleadspeopletomoveinaffluenttimes,isthedesireforbetterclimate,moreattractivescenery,moreagreeableliving.10/10/202362/116

比较级翻译10/10/202363/116

CaliforniaonthewholehasaclimatemildestalltheyearroundthanthatofanyotherplacesintheContinentalUnitedStates.10/10/202364/116

Musicwhosemeaningisslightlydifferentwitheachhearinghasagreaterchanceofremainingalive.10/10/202365/116

Itwouldperhapsbemorenatural,aswellasinbetterconformitywiththewillofGod,ifthereweremorecelibatesandifthosewhoweremarriedhadlargerfamilies.

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TherearemorecarsperpersonsintheUSAthaninanyothercountryintheworld,andmoreinLosAngelesthananyothercityintheUSA.10/10/202367/116

Americanpresidentstendtobejudgedlessbythegooddeedstheysetinmotionthanbyhowwelltheyrespondtocrisis.

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Hitler’smistakegaveRooseveltthevictory;justasatWaterlooitwaslessWellingtonwhowonthanNapoleonwholost.

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Charlesismorecautiousthandecisive.10/10/202370/116

Ifyouaskmyopinion,I’dsayheisamanwhoismorebravethanwise.10/10/202371/116

Afterallthoseyearsofworkingtogether,heismorethanafriendtome.10/10/202372/116Hefeltmorethanshrilledtocomeacrosssuchagorgeousbeauty.10/10/202373/116

Iwasbusyandlessthandelightedtohavecompanythatday.10/10/202374/116

Theplanisnothingmorethanacastleintheair.10/10/202375/116

Heismorehandsomethanwise.10/10/202376/116

Itisnoteasytoimpartknowledgeanymorethanitistoacquireknowledge.10/10/202377/116

Itmaybethatwhenhislifeatlastcomestoanendhewillleavenomoretraceofhissojournonearththanastonethrownintoariverleavesonthewater.

10/10/202378/116动词转译名词10/10/202379/116Theworldwillbeadullplaceindeedwhenallthedifferentnationalities

behave

exactlyalike.10/10/202380/116

Anti-wardemonstrations,blackcivilrightsprotests,women’srightsactivities,andrebellionbyyoungpeopleagainsttraditionalauthoritycharacterized

the1960’s.10/10/202381/116

Populationgrewbothasaresultofnaturalincreaseandofcontinuedimmigration.10/10/202382/116

Inthetwentiethcentury,radioandlatertelevisionsupplementedtheprintmedia.10/10/202383/116

形容词、副词

和名词互相转译

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AftertheWorldWarII,theUnitedStatesenjoyedunprecedentedprosperity.10/10/202385/116

Americansarefarmorerace-consciousthanclass-conscious.10/10/202386/116

VarietyisakeycharacteristicoftheUnitedStates,bothgeographicallyandculturally.10/10/202387/116

介词(词组)转译为动词

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ThemosteffectivesafeguardofdemocracyistheSupremeCourt,foroneofitsobjectsistoprotecttheindividualagainstthegovernment.Anyindividualwhohasagrievanceagainstthegovernmentcanapplytoitforhelp.

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ManypeopleareundertheillusionthatthemainissueoftheCivilWarwastheabolitionofslavery,butamorebasicreasonistheagriculturalSouthernStatessuspectedthetreattotheirrightsfromindustrialNorthernStates,oneofwhichwastherighttoowntheslavesworkingontheirplantation.

10/10/202390/116同义反译法10/10/202391/116

Leavemealone!Goaway10/10/202392/116

WemustliveuptotheParty’sexpectation.10/10/202393/116

Youhavearousedmycuriosity.Andnowyoumustgratifyit.10/10/202394/116

Appearancesareoftendeceptive.不能以貌取人。10/10/202395/116

Shewasirritatedatbeingdeniedtheopportunitytogetapayrise.10/10/202396/116

Hedeniedhernothing.10/10/202397/116

Hedeniedhimselfnothing.10/10/202398/116

Shallowandconceited,heisthelastpersonourcompanywants.10/10/202399/116

Itescapesyournoticethatshehaschangedsomuch.

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Hernameescapesme.

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Nothingescapes