新标准大学英语综合教程3课文翻译和课后习题答案课件

新标准大学英语综合教程3课文翻译和课后习题答案ppt课件TextCanbadluckbeexplained?TextCanbadluckbeexplained2Canbadluckbeexplained?1

Toastalwayslandsbuttersidedown.Italwaysrainsonbankholidays.Youneverwinthelottery,butotherpeopleyouknowseemto...Doyouevergettheimpressionthatyouwerebornunlucky?Eventhemostrationalpersoncanbeconvincedattimesthatthereisaforceouttheremakingmishapsoccurattheworstpossibletime.WeallliketobelievethatMurphy'sLawistrue(“ifitcangowrong,itwill”).TextCanbadluckbeexplained?Text32

Partoftheexplanationforbadluckismathematical,butpartispsychological.Indeedthereisaverycloseconnectionbetweenpeople'sperceptionofbadluckandinterestingcoincidences.3

Forexample,takethebeliefthat“badthingsalwayshappeninthrees”(justlikebuses...!)

Thispopularnotionwouldbeunlikelytostandthescrutinyofanyscientificstudy,butitmusthavesomebasisinexperience,otherwisethephrasewouldneverhaveariseninthefirstplace.Whatmightbetherationalexplanation?Text2Partoftheexplanati44

Thefirstquestionis“whatisbad?”5

Somethingsareonlymarginallybad,forexamplethetrainarrivingfiveminuteslate.Someareextremelybad,suchasfailinganexamorbeingsacked.Sobadnessismuchbetterrepresentedasbeingonaspectrumratherthansomethingwhichisthereornotthere.Text4Thefirstquestion56

Aparticulareventmayonlybeamisfortunebecauseofthecircumstancesaroundit.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.Itisbadifyouarelateforanimportantmeeting.Text6Aparticulareventm67

Whenitcomestobadthingshappeninginthrees,whatmaybemostimportantofallisthedurationandmemorabilityofthefirstevent.Takeaburstpipewhileyouareawayonholiday,forexample.Itmaytakelessthananhourtofloodthehouse,butthisonebadeventcanremainaliveandkickingformanymonths,withthecleaningupoperationandthedebatewithyourinsurersactingasconstantremindersoftheoriginalevent.Text7Whenitcomestobad78

Thelongerthefirstbadeventsticksinthefrontofyourmind,themoreopportunitiesyouwillhavetoexperiencetwomorebadevents.Amonthlatersomeonebumpsthebackofyourcarandaweekafterthatyouloseyourweddingring.Themindwhichisalreadyonalowfromthefirsteventwillquicklyleaptoconnectthesubsequentmisfortunesaspartoftheseries.Text8Thelongerthefirst8Itwouldn'tmatterthattherecouldbeatwo-monthtimescaleoverwhicheverythinghappened.Bythetimeyouhaverecoveredfromthewaterdamageyouareactivelylookingoutforthenextdisaster.Thetimescalehasbeenextendedaslongasisnecessarytoconfirmtheoriginalprophecy.TextItwouldn'99

Aswithcoincidences,inbadluckthereisatendencytolookfortheexampleswhichconfirmthetheory,andignorethosewhichdon’t(becausetheyarelessinteresting).Singlebadeventshappenallthetime.Thataloneshouldbeenoughtodisprovethetheory.Badthingsalsocomeintwos.Butitismorelikelythatafriendwilltellyou“threebadthingshavehappenedtome,isn’tthattypical”than“onlytwobadthingshavehappenedtome,whichjustprovesthatthetheorydoesn’twork”.Afterall,thelatteristemptingfate!Text9Aswithcoincidences1010

Thereis,however,atleastonerationalreasonwhybadeventsmightclustertogether.Itisrelatedtoprobabilityandindependence.Unluckyeventsarenotalwaysindependentofeachother.Anybodywhoismaderedundant

isboundtosuffersomedepression.Thatwilllowerthebody’sdefences,makingthepersonvulnerabletoillness,andalsomakingthemlessalertandresponsive(sotheymaybemorelikelytodropapreciousvase,forexample).Text10Thereis,however,11Sowhiletheprobabilityofbeingmaderedundantonanyparticulardayandtheprobabilityofbeingsickmaybothbesmall,thechanceofbothoccurringisalmostcertainlyhigherthantheproductofthetwoprobabilities.

Mapreadingmisfortunes11

Somuchforthegeneralincidentsofbadluckwhichcropupinlife.Let’sgetontoaspecificonethateveryonehasencountered.Text

1212

Youareofftovisitafriendwholivesattheotherendofthecity.Youlookuptheroadinthestreetatlas,anddiscoverthatitisrightontheedgeofthepage.Thismeansthatfindingthepreciseroutebecomesachoreofflickingbackwardsandforwardsfromonepagetothenext.Eithertheroadishalfononepageandhalfontheother,orit'sspreadacrossthefoldinthemiddleofthebook.Andifit’sanordnancesurveymap,thenyourdestinationisatjustthepointwhereyoufoldedthemapover.Text12Youareofftovisi1313

Itdoesn’tseemfair.Afterallamaponlyhasatinybitof“edge”butplentyof“middle”inwhichyourdestinationcouldbesituated.Orhasit?Infactthechanceofpickingadestinationwhichisclosetotheedgeofthemapisalothigherthanyoumightexpect.Text13Itdoesn’tseemfai1414

Takealookatthemapinthediagram.

Youwillhaveaproblemifyourdestinationisanywhereintheshadedareamarkedonthemap.Thisshadedareaisjust1cmintothepageallthewayaround.Itlooksinsignificant.However,theshadedareaaddsupto56cm2.Text14Takealookatthe15Thatrepresents28percentoftheareaofthewholepageofthemap,whichmeansthatanyspecificpointthatyouareseekingonthismaphasa28percentchance(that'snearlyoneinthree)ofbeinginanawkwardpositionwithin1cmoftheedgeofthepage.Andifyouregardbeingwithin2cmoftheedgeofthepageasbeingawkward,thechanceofill-fortuneclimbsto52percent.Inotherwords,youmightexpectthismisfortunetooccuronalmosteveryotherjourney.TextTh1615

Asinmostbadluckstories,youforgetaboutthenumberoftimestheroaddoesn’tlandawkwardlyandrememberthetimesitdoes,andinthiscasethechanceofabadresultissohighthatbeforelongyouareboundtobecursingyourmisfortune,orthemap’sprinter,orboth.This,incidentally,iswhymanymodernroadmapsallowsignificantoverlapsbetweenadjacentmappages.Inagoodroadatlas,atleast30percentofthepageisduplicatedelsewhere.Text15Asinmostbadluck17

ThelightsarealwaysredwhenI'minahurry16

Oneofthebestexamplesofselectivememorywhereanunfaircomparisonismadebetweengoodandbadisintherelativefrequencyofredandgreenlightsonajourney.Foronce,theperceptionof“IalwaysseemtogetredlightswhenI’minahurry”istrueandverifiable.TextThelightsarealwaysredwh18Tosimplifythesituation,thinkofatrafficlightasbeingliketossingacoin,witha50percentchanceofbeingred,and50percentofbeinggreen.(Infactmosttrafficlightsspendmoretimeonred).Ifyouencountersixtrafficlightsonajourney,thenyouarenomorelikelytoescapearedlightthanyouaretotosssixconsecutiveheads,thechanceofwhichis1in64.Text

1917

Redlightscomeupjustasoftenwhenthedriverisnotinahurry;it’sjustthatthedisadvantageoftheredlightisconsiderablylessiftimeisnotcritical.Thefalsepartoftheperceptionisthatredlightshappenmorethangreenlights.Text17Redlightscomeup20Thereasonforthisissimplythatadriverhasmoretimetothinkaboutaredlightthanagreenlight,becausewhilethelatterisgoneinseconds–andindeedisanexperiencenodifferentfromjustdrivingalongtheopenroad–theredlightforcesachangeofbehaviour,amomentofexertionandstress,andthenadeprivationoffreedomforaminuteorso.Redlightsstickinthemind,whilegreenlightsareinstantlyforgotten.Text

21生活中的倒霉事能解释吗？1每次吐司掉到地上总是抹了黄油的那一面贴地。每逢公假日必定下雨。你买彩票从来没中过大奖,但是你认识的人里似乎有人……你有没有觉得自己生来就是个倒霉蛋？即使是最理智的人有时候也会对此深信不疑，认为冥冥之中有一种力量让他们在最糟糕的时期里灾祸连连。我们都愿意相信墨菲定律是对的（“该出错的，终将出错”）。Text生活中的倒霉事能解释吗？Text222人之所以走背运，部分是概率的问题,部分是心理上的问题。的确，人们对背运的感知和一些有意思的巧合之间有着紧密的联系。3就拿“坏事成三”这种想法来说吧（就像等公交车一样，要么不来，要么一下来三辆！）。这种流传甚广的观念可能根本经不起科学的检验，但是它必定有一些现实的依据,不然的话也不会有这么个说法了。那么，什么样的解释才是合理的呢？TextText234我们要考虑的第一个问题是“什么是坏事？”5有些事情只是稍稍有点不好，比如火车要晚点五分钟。有些事情则是糟糕透顶，比如考试不及格，或是被炒鱿鱼了。所以我们更应该把事情的好坏看成是一个程度的问题，而不是非好即坏。TextText246某件事情有可能因为相关的一些因素而变成了不幸的事。火车要晚点五分钟，如果你边读着报纸上一篇有趣的文章边等车，并不赶时间，那么这就是一件无关紧要的事。但是如果你要去参加一个重要会议，而且马上要迟到了，那火车晚点就变成坏事了。Text6某件事情有可能因为相关的一些因素而变成了不幸的257谈到坏事成三的问题，其中最关键的因素是第一件倒霉事持续的时间有多长以及给人的印象深不深。比如说，你外出度假期间家里的水管爆裂了。也许不到一个小时你的家就变成了一片汪洋，而在接下来的几个月中你的脑子会不停地想起这桩倒霉事，因为你要把房子清理干净，还要和保险公司就赔偿问题讨价还价，这些都会让你不断地想起这件事。Text7谈到坏事成三的问题，其中最关键的因素是第一件倒268第一件倒霉事困扰你的时间越长，你再遇到两件倒霉事的机率就越大。说不定一个月之后，有人开车追尾撞了你的车。又过了一个星期，你的结婚戒指不见了。出了第一件倒霉事，你的情绪本来就很低落，这时你会很快地把后来发生的事情联系到一起，把它们看作是有关联的一连串事件。Text8第一件倒霉事困扰你的时间越长，你再遇到两件倒霉27即使这几件事情的时间跨度可能长达两个月之久，那也不会改变你的看法。等你从浸水事件中平复过来的时候，你已经在积极地等待下一个灾难的发生了。这个时间跨度已经被拉长了，直至能够证明你之前的预言是对的。Text即使这几件事情的时间跨度可能长达两个月之久，那也不会改变289人们碰上倒霉事的时候会像遇到巧合的时候一样，去寻找一些事例来验证他们先入为主的想法，而忽略掉与这种想法有出入的事情（因为那些事情不是那么有趣）。孤立的倒霉事每时每刻都在发生。光凭这一点就可以推翻“坏事成三”的理论了。坏事也可以是成双的。但是你的朋友很可能会对你说：“我一连碰到了三件倒霉事，可真是应了那句俗话！”，而不是说：“我只碰上了两件倒霉事，这不正好证明了‘坏事成三’这个说法不成立吗？”毕竟，说后一种话是要冒风险的！Text9人们碰上倒霉事的时候会像遇到巧合的时候一样，2910但是，至少有一个合理的解释可以说明为什么坏事会扎堆。这涉及到概率和独立性的问题。并不是所有的倒霉事都互无关联。任何一个人在被解雇之后都会心情抑郁，这会降低他们身体的抵抗力，使他们更容易得病，而身体反应也不像以前那么警觉敏感（所以他们就更有可能遇上打碎贵重的花瓶这样的事）。Text10但是，至少有一个合理的解释可以说明为什么坏事30因此，虽然人们在某一天被裁员和在某一天生病的概率都很小，但是这两件事同时发生的概率肯定要高于它们分别发生的概率。看地图时碰到的倒霉事11关于日常生活中突发的普通倒霉事我们就说到这里。下面让我们来看一个每个人都会碰到的事情。Text因此，虽然人们在某一天被裁员和在某一天生病的概率都很小3112你要去拜访一个朋友，他住在城市的另一头。你在街道地图册上寻找去他家的路线，结果发现这条路恰恰就在这页地图的边上。这意味着要找到一条精确的路线，你就必须从这一页翻到下一页，不停地翻来翻去，很是麻烦。这条路线不是一半在这一页一半在下一页，就是被地图中间的书脊夹着。如果你手里拿的是全国地形测量局的地图，那么你的目的地可能正好就在地图册的折合处。Text12你要去拜访一个朋友，他住在城市的另一头。你在3213这似乎很不公平。毕竟一个地图的“边缘”只有那么一点儿，而“中间”的地方那么大，你要去的地方完全可以在中间啊！事实果真如此吗？实际上，你随便挑一个地方，它出现在靠近地图边缘的机率比你想象的要大得多。Text13这似乎很不公平。毕竟一个地图的“边缘”只有那3314看一看下面的地图。

如果你的目的地在地图上标出的那个阴影区域里，你就遇到麻烦了。这个阴影区域离地图四周的边缘处只有一厘米的距离，这似乎微不足道。但是这些阴影区域的面积加起来有56平方厘米。Text14看一看下面的地图。Text34差不多占了整页地图面积的28%，这意味着任何一个你要找的地方都有28%（差不多是三分之一）的机率出现在离页边不到一厘米的尴尬的地方。假如你设定离页边两厘米为阅读不便的话，那你遇上坏运气的机率就攀升到了52%。换句话说，差不多每隔一次你就会碰到这样的倒霉事。Text差不多占了整页地图面积的28%，这意味着任何一个你要找3515在大多数有关倒霉事的故事中，你会忘掉路线好找的次数，只记得路线不好找的次数，在这种情况下，你倒霉的机率肯定会很高，以致于过不了多久你就又会诅咒自己的运气，诅咒地图的出版商，或者两个一起诅咒。顺便说一下，这正是现在许多地图允许相邻的两页有很大重合部分的原因。一份制作精良的地图册，每页至少有30%的部分会在其他页上重复出现。Text15在大多数有关倒霉事的故事中，你会忘掉路线好找36我赶时间的时候总是碰上红灯16关于选择性记忆，即人们对好运气和坏运气所做的不公正的比较，最好的一个例子就是路上红绿灯的相对频率的问题。有那么一次，“我赶时间的时候，总是碰上红灯”这种说法是真实可靠的。Text我赶时间的时候总是碰上红灯Text37为了便于理解，我们可以把红绿灯看作是投掷一枚硬币，出现红灯和绿灯的机率各为50%。（事实上大多数红绿灯，红灯的时间更长一点。）如果在路上碰上六个红绿灯，全部是绿灯就和扔硬币连续六次都是人头朝上的概率是一样的，为六十四分之一。Text为了便于理解，我们可以把红绿灯看作是投掷一枚硬币，出现3817司机不赶时间的时候碰到的红灯其实和赶时间的时候一样多；只是如果时间不紧急，红灯带来的不便要小得多。认为红灯出现的次数比绿灯多其实是一种错觉。Text17司机不赶时间的时候碰到的红灯其实和赶时间的时39产生这种错觉的原因很简单，因为司机有更多的时间去想红灯，而绿灯的时候，车子几秒钟之内就疾驰而过了——这其实和在畅通的公路上开车没有任何区别——而红灯却迫使司机改变行为，一小会儿的时间里要强迫自己努力一下，承受点压力，还要失去一两分钟的自由。所以红灯会深深地印在司机的脑海里，而绿灯转瞬间就被抛到脑后了。Text产生这种错觉的原因很简单，因为司机有更多的时间去想红灯，40Words&PhrasesbankholidayunluckymathematicalcoincidencescrutinymarginallysacktimescalesubsequentreminderinsurermemorabilitydurationneutralatlasproductvaseresponsivevulnerableredundantprobabilitybadnessspectrummisfortuneclusterdisproveprophecyflickchorerouteWords&Phrasesbankholidayunl41Words&PhrasesordnanceordnancesurveymapsituateinsignificantawkwardlyprinterexertionconsiderablyconsecutiveverifiablefrequencyselectiveduplicateincidentallyoverlapadjacentdeprivationWords&Phrasesordnanceordnanc42Words&PhrasesaliveandkickingbeboundtocropupMurphy’sLaw

墨菲定律Words&Phrasesaliveandkicki43bankholidayn.[C](BrE)

apublicholidaywhenshops,businesses,andbanksareofficiallyclosed,keptasapublicholiday（商店、企业、银行均关门的）银行假日，法定假日，公众假日AbankholidayisapublicholidayintheUK,socalledasthebanksarealwaysclosed.TheychangeslightlybetweenEngland,Wales,andScotland,buttheyusuallyincludeChristmasDay,thedayafterChristmas,NewYear’sDay,GoodFriday,theMayBankHolidayandoneattheendofAugust.e.g.EasterMondayisabankholiday.复活节是银行停业日。TheAmericanversionisnationalholiday.Words&Phrasesbankholidayn.[C](BrE)a44unluckya.1)

ifyouareunlucky,sth.badhappenstoyou,orsth.gooddoesnothappen,especiallybychance（尤指偶然发生的情形）不幸的，倒霉的，运气不好的e.g.Shewasunluckytocatchacoldonthefirstdayofherholiday.她太倒霉了，休假第一天就感冒了。2)usedfordescribingsth.thatisbelievedtomakebadthingshappen不吉利的e.g.13issupposedtobeanunluckynumber.

13是个大家认为不吉利的数字。Antonym:lucky Synonym:unfortunateWords&Phrasesunlucky45mathematicala.relatingtoorinvolvingmathematics数学的e.g.

1.Einsteinwasamathematicalgenius.爱因斯坦是数学天才。2.Mathematicallawsgoverntheuniverse.

数学规律统治着整个宇宙。Wordfamily:mathematics

n. mathematiciann.Words&Phrasesmathematical46coincidence

n.1)

[C,U]asituationinwhichseparatethingshappenbychanceatthesametimeorinthesameway巧合e.g.Byanunfortunatecoincidence,theirhousewasburgledonthedayhelosthisjob.不幸的是，在他丢了工作的那天，他们家又偏巧遭人偷窃。2)[sing,U](fml)asituationinwhichideasoropinionsarethesame

（想法或意见的）一致，相符e.g.Isthereanycoincidencebetweenhisopinionsandyourown?

他的意见与你自己的意见有没有一致之处?Words&Phrasescoincidence47scrutiny

n.[U]carefulexaminationofsomeoneorsomething

仔细检查e.g.

1.Aclosescrutinywillrevealthelinesatthecornersofhereyes.仔细端详会发现她眼角的皱纹。2.Itissafeassumptionthatthequalityofproducts

willbeunderseverescrutinybygovernmentsintheyearstocome.完全可以肯定，在今后数年中，产品质量将会受到政府的严格检查。Words&Phrasesscrutiny48Wordfamily:

scrutinize

vt.examinesomeoneorsomethingverycarefully仔细检查，认真查看，详审e.g.

1.Sheleanedforwardtoscrutinizetheirfaces.她身子前倾，仔细查看他们的脸。2.Tomaintainalowsodiumdiet,youneedtoscrutinizethe"NutritionalInformation"boxesonfoodcartons.

要保持低钠饮食，你需要仔细查看食品包装盒上“营养信息”的内容。Words&PhrasesWordfamily:Words&Phrases49marginally

ad.byonlyaverysmallamount

少量地e.g.

1.Thisyear’sprofitsweremarginallyhigherthanlastyear’s.

今年的利润比去年稍微高些。2.Theteamthatismarginallyaheadismoreafraidtomakemistakes,andlesswillingtotakerisks.

稍微领先的球队更怕犯错，更不愿冒险。Wordfamily:marginn.marginala.Words&Phrasesmarginally50sack

vt.&n.

1)

vt.(BrE)(infml.)tellsomeonethattheycannolongerworkattheirjob

解雇；开除e.g.

1.Hewassackedforpettythieving.他因小偷小摸遭到了解雇。2.Hesackedhissolicitorafteranargumentovercost.在发生关于费用的争论后，他解雇了律师。2)

n.

(the~)

asituationinwhichthemanagementofacompanyendssomeone’sjob解雇；开除e.g.They'veneveractuallygivenanyonethesack.他们从未真的辞退过什么人。Words&Phrasessack51badness

n.[U]thequalityofbeing

bad

坏；恶；不良e.g.Withthehighpricesandthebadnessofthetimes,wefindithardtogetalong.因为物价高涨，时机不好，生活真是愈来愈难过了。Antonym:goodness

n.thequalityofbeinggood善良,美德,精华e.g.Shehasthedesiretoseegoodnessandjusticeintheworld她渴望看到世界上的美好与公正。Words&Phrasesbadness52spectrumn.(sing.)

thewholerangeofideas,qualities,situationsetcthatarepossible系列；范围；幅度e.g.

1.There'sawidespectrumofopinionsonthisproblem.对这个问题的说法众说纷纭，莫衷一是。2.Hehasawidespectrumofinterests.他有广泛的兴趣爱好。3.Thecoursescoverthefullspectrumoflevels.这些课程从初级到高级，各个水平的都有。Words&Phrasesspectrum53misfortunen.[C]badluck厄运；不幸的事e.g.1.Thehurricanewasagreatmisfortuneformanypeopleinthearea.飓风给这一地区许多人带来很大灾难。2.Hehadthemisfortunetobreakhisleftarm.他不幸把左胳臂折断了。Antonym:fortuneWords&Phrasesmisfortune54neutral

a.1)acountrythatisneutraldoesnotgetinvolvedinawarbetweenothercountries

中立的e.g.Neutralnationsintheareahavetriedtobringanendtothewar.该地区的中立国为结束战争作出了努力。2)notsupportinganyofthepeopleorgroupsinvolvedinanargumentordisagreement

中立的，不偏不倚的e.g.Sheexplaineditallinamatteroffact,offhand,neutralway.她以就事论事、即席、不偏不倚的口气做了解释。Words&Phrasesneutral553)havingnostronglymarkedcharacteristicsorfeatures;indistinct;vague没有明显特征的；模糊的e.g.1.

Hehasaratherneutralcharacter.他品性平平。2.Thetrainarrivingfiveminuteslateisaneutraleventifyouareinnohurryandreadinganinterestingnewspaperarticlewhileyouwait.

火车要晚点五分钟，如果你边读着报纸上一篇有趣的文章边等车，并不赶时间，那么这就是一件无关紧要的事。（即：算不上好，也算不上坏的事。）Wordfamily:neutrality

n.Words&Phrases3)havingnostronglymarkedc56duration

n.[C,U](fml.)

theperiodoftimeduringwhichsomethingcontinuestohappenorexist

持续期间e.g.1.

Thedurationoftheexaminationisthreehours.

考试时间为三个小时。2.Wetookfourtrains,andtheoveralldurationofthejourneywas72hours.

我们乘坐了4次火车，整个旅程为时72小时。Wordfamily:durable

a.

Words&Phrasesduration57memorability

n.[U]thequalityorstateofbeing

memorable值得记忆；忘不了；易记得e.g.Brandingcreatesmemorability,butitalsoestablishespreferences,habits,andloyalties.

品牌塑造既创造了容易记住的品牌，也建立了消费者的偏好、习惯和忠诚。Wordfamily:

memorablea.verygood,enjoyable,orunusual,andworthremembering极好的，难忘的，值得纪念的e.g.Thealbumcontainsmanymemorablesongs.

这张唱片中收录了许多令人难忘的歌曲。Words&Phrasesmemorability58insurer

n.[C]

apersonorcompanythatsellsinsurance

承保人；保险公司e.g.1.Hesubmittedaclaimtotheinsurer.

他向保险公司提出索赔。2.Thefullcostofstormdamagewillbepaidbytheinsurer.

暴风雨所造成的损失将由保险公司全额理赔。Words&Phrasesinsurern.[C]aperso59Wordfamily:

insurev.e.g.1.

Itiswisetoinsureyourpropertyagainststormdamage.为防风暴损毁而给财产保险是明智的。2.Histalentanddedicationwillinsurehissuccess.他的才气和执着将确保他成功。Words&PhrasesWords&Phrases60reminder

n.[C](usu.sing)1)sth.thatremindsyouofsth.thathappenedinthepast提醒记忆之物e.g.Theseruinsareaneloquentreminderofthehorrorsofwar.这些废墟形象地提醒人们不要忘记战争的恐怖。2)aletterornotethatremindsyouofsth.thatyouneedtodoorneedtoremember

（提醒人记住某事的）提示信件；提示便条e.g.Ifthecustomerdoesn'tpay,wesendareminderwitharedstickeronit.

如果客户不付款，我们寄去一份上面贴有红条的催缴单。Wordfamily:

remind

v.Words&Phrasesremindern.[C]61subsequent

a.(fml.)happeningorcomingaftersth.else

随后的；继……之后的e.g.1.TheeventsI'mspeakingofweresubsequenttothewar.我说的事情都是战后发生的。2.

Theproblemwillbediscussedatlengthinsubsequentchapters.这个问题将在后面几章详细讨论。Wordfamily:

subsequence

n.Words&Phrasessubsequenta.(fml.)h62timescale

n.[C]

theperiodoftimewhensth.happensorisdone

（某事发生或完成的）时间段，时标e.g.1.Wehopethenegotiationswillbecompletedwithinasix-monthtimescale.我们希望谈判在六个月的期间之内完成。2.

Thetimescaleforcompletingtheworkwouldbefairlytight.完成这项工作的时间很紧。Words&Phrasestimescalen.[C]th63prophecy

n.1)[C]

astatementaboutafutureeventmadebysomeonewithreligiousormagicpowers

（某人认定会发生的事情的）预言e.g.Thisprophecyhasnowbeenamplyfulfilled.

这个预言今天已完全成为现实了。2)[U]

theabilitytoseewhatwillhappeninthefuture预知未来的能力e.g.Heseemedtohavethegiftofprophecy.他似乎有预言的天赋。Wordfamily:

prophetn.[C]预言者，先知Words&Phrasesprophecyn.Words&Phra64disprove

vt.provethatsth.isnotcorrectortrue

证明……不正确；证明……虚假；反驳e.g.1.Someoftheinformationistrue,someisfalse,andsomeisimpossibletoproveordisprove.这些消息有些是真的，有些是假的，有些则完全无法证实真假。2.Ouropponentstriedtomakeagreatdealofasmallmistakeinourcalculationsinordertodisproveourwholeargument.我们的对手们想利用我们计算中的一个小小失误来反驳我们的整个论点。Antonym:

proveWords&Phrasesdisprovevt.provetha65cluster

v.&n.

1)v.formasmallclosegroup

群集；聚集e.g.Themenclusteredtogetherroundthefireandsangsongs.人们聚集在篝火周围唱歌。2)n.[C]agroupofthingsofthesamekindthatareveryclosetogether

串，束，簇；群，组e.g.Hefoundaclusterofmushroomsintheforest.他在树林里发现一簇蘑菇。3)n.[C]agroupofpeopleallinthesameplace

（聚集在同一地方的）一群人e.g.Therewasalittleclusterofadmirersaroundtheactress.女演员周围拥著一小群崇拜者。Words&Phrasesclusterv.&n.Word66probability

n.1)[C,U]acalculationofhowlikelysth.is

概率；几率e.g.Everyeventhasaparticularprobabilityofoccurring.每个事件都有其特定的发生率。2)[sing,U]ameasureofhowlikelysth.istohappen

可能性e.g.1.Theprobabilityofmakingamistakeincreaseswhenyouaretired.

2.Inallprobabilityshewouldn’tcomeevenifweinvitedher.

即使我们邀请她，她十有八九也不会来。Wordfamily:probable

a.Words&Phrases你累的时候犯错误的可能性就会增加。probabilityn67redundant

a.1)(BrE)ifsomeoneisredundant,theyhavebeentoldtheymustleavetheirjobbecausetheyarenolongerneeded

被解雇的；被裁员的e.g.Thecompanyhaspaidoffsomeredundantemployees.公司在付清工资后解雇了一些雇员。2)

notneeded

多余的；不必要的e.g.Changesintechnologymaymeanthatonce-valuedskillsarenowredundant.技术革新意味着曾经宝贵的手工技艺已经变得多余。Words&Phrasesredundanta.Wo68vulnerablea.1)

easilydamagedbysth.negativeorharmful

易遭毁坏的；易损坏的；脆弱的e.g.Thevirusattackstheimmunesystem,leavingyourbodyvulnerabletoinfections.

这种病毒攻击人的免疫系统，使身体容易受到各种感染。2)someonewhoisvulnerableisweakoreasytohurtphysicallyormentally

（身体或精神）脆弱的，易受伤的e.g.Theirconstantargumentsleftherfeelingincreasinglyvulnerableandinsecure.

他们不断的争吵让她日益脆弱、越来越没有安全感。Wordfamily:vulnerability

n.

[U]Words&Phrasesvulnerable69responsivea.quicktoreactinthewaythatisneeded,suitable,orrightforaparticularsituation

反应快的；灵敏的；敏感的e.g.1.

PresidentRooseveltwasresponsivetotheneedsofthemillionsindistress.罗斯福总统对于数百万贫困人士的需求做出了迅速的回应。2.Thiscar'ssteeringisn'tveryresponsive.这辆汽车的方向盘不太灵活。Wordfamily:respond

v. responsen.Words&Phrasesresponsive70vasen.[C]

(AmE)acontainerforcutflowers花瓶e.g.1.Hesmashedthevaseintopieces.他把花瓶砸成碎片。2.Thevaseisofmatchlessworkmanship.这只花瓶的做工精美无比。Words&Phrasesvasen.[C]71product

n.[C]

(technical)

anumberthatistheresultofmultiplyingtwoothernumbers

（乘）积e.g.1.

Theproductof4and10is40.

4与10的乘积是40。2.48istheproductof6and8.48是6和8的乘积。Words&Phrasesproductn.[C](t72atlas

n.[C]

abookofmaps

地图册e.g.1.Theatlaswaspublishedbyourcompany.这个地图册是由我们公司出版的。2. Pleasereachmetheworldatlasdownfromthebookshelf.请把那本世界地图册从书架上取下来递给我。Words&Phrasesatlasn.[C]abookof73route

n.[C]1)

awaythatbuses,trains,ships,orplanestravelregularly

（公共汽车、火车、船或飞机所经过的）路线，航线e.g.1.IsthereabusroutethroughtheRockies?有公共汽车穿过落基山脉吗？2.Theytookacircuitousroutetoavoidreporters.他们绕道避开了记者。3.ItwasthequickestroutefromRometoNaples.那是从罗马到那不勒斯最快的路线。Words&Phrasesrouten.[C]Words&Ph742)

awayofdoingsomethingthatproducesaparticularresult办法；途径；渠道e.g.1.

Ifyouknowexactlywhatyouwant,thebestroutetoajobistogetspecializedtraining.(CET4-2003-09)如果你明确了解自己的意向，找到工作的最佳办法就是接受专业的培训。2.Therewasnoalternativerouteopentoher.她别无选择。Words&Phrases2)awayofdoingsomethingth75chore

n.[C]

anunpleasant,boring,ordifficultthingthatmustbedone

（烦人的）杂务，麻烦事e.g.1.Peelingbagsofpotatoesisreallyachore.给一袋袋马铃薯削皮真是件苦差事。2.Hisheadachehasaffectedhisabilitytodohouseholdchore.

他的头痛已经影响他做一些家务事。Words&Phraseschoren.[C]anunpleasant,76flick

vt.&vi.1)vt.makesomethingmovequicklyandsuddenly,especiallywithaquickmovementofthehand（尤指用手快速地）弹，拂，掠，投，掷，扔e.g.Thewriterwasabsorbedinhiswritingthatheforgottoflicktheashesfromhiscigar.作家全神贯注地进行写作，忘了弹去雪茄的烟灰。2)vi.movequicklyandsuddenly拂过；掠过e.g.

Abranchflickedacrossherface.

一根树枝拂过她的脸。Words&Phrasesflickvt.&vi.Words&Phr77ordnance

n.[U](technical)militarysupplies,especiallyweapons,missiles,andbombs

军械，军用器材，军需品（尤指武器、导弹和炸弹）e.g.1.Sheworkedinanordnancefactoryduringthewar.战争期间她在一家兵工厂工作。2.Some15,000to20,000peoplearekilledormaimedeveryyearbylandminesandunexplodedordnancescatteredinover90countries.

在90多个国家中，每天共有约15000至20000人因地雷和未爆弹药致死或致残。Seealso:ordnancesurvey