十七世纪英国文学史课件

Lecture3

TheSeventeenthCenturyLecturer:LiEnqingLecture3

TheSeventeenthCenI.SocialBackgroundThe17thcenturywasoneofthemosttempestuous[动荡的]periodsinEnglishhistory.ConflictsandclashesappearedbetweentheKingandtheParliament,whichrepresentedthebourgeoisclass.In1642,acivilwar(Englishrevolution)brokeoutbetweenCharlesIandtheparliament.Atlast,theroyalistsweredefeatedbytheparliamentarmyledbyOliverCromwell.In1649CharlesIwasbeheaded,andEnglandwasdeclaredtobeacommonwealth.AfterthedeathofCromwell,theparliamentrecalledCharlesⅡtoEnglandin1660andmonarchywasrestored,thenfollowedtheRestorationPeriod.In1688,thebourgeoisieinviteWilliam,princeofOrange;formHollandtobekingofEngland.Thisiscalledthe“GloriousRevolution”.ThisbloodlesseventcompletedthebourgeoisierevolutionandmodernEnglandwasfirmlyestablished.I.SocialBackgroundThe17thcReignsinthe17thCentury

TimeRulerNotes1625-1649CharlesIThe2ndsonofJamesI,beheadedin16491649-1658O.CromwellProtectoroftheCommonwealth/King1658-1660R.CromwellOverthrownbythepeople,andCharlesIIreturned.1660-1685CharlesII2ndsonofCharlesI1685-1688JamesIIBrotherofCharlesII,dethronedaftertheGloriousRevolution1688-1702MaryII&WilliamIII1stdaughterofJamesIIWilliamofOrange,HollandReignsinthe17thCenturyTimII.TheEnglishRevolutionandPuritanismTheEnglishrevolutionwascarriedoutunderareligiouscloak.So,EnglishrevolutionalsocalledthePuritanrevolution[清教革命].ThePuritanMovementaimedtomakemanhonestandtomakemanfree.Puritanismwasthereligiousdoctrineoftherevolutionarybourgeoisieduringthisperiod.Itpreachedthrift[勤俭],sobriety[节制],hardwork,butwithverylittleextravagantenjoymentofthefruitsoflabor.Worldlypleasureswerecondemnedasharmful.SointhetriumphofPuritanismunderCromwell,severelawswerepassed,manysimplepleasureswereforbiddenandanausterestandardoflivingwasforceduponanunwillingpeople.TheLondontheaterswereclosedin1642.Thewholespiritofthemovement:fightingforlibertyandjustice，overthrowingdespotism[暴政]andmakingmen’slifeandpropertysafefromthetyranny[专制]ofrulers.II.TheEnglishRevolutionandIII.Literatureofthe17thcentury1.PoetryMetaphysicalPoetsCavalierPoetsJohnMilton2.ProseJohnBunyanOtherprose-writers3.DramaRestorationDramaJohnDryden(1631-1700)III.Literatureofthe17thce1.1TheMetaphysicalpoetry

玄学派诗歌Thetermiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thwriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.Representatives:JohnDonne(1572-1631)GeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)is"thesaintoftheMetaphysicalSchool"(玄学派诗圣).HischiefworkisacollectioncalledTheTemple《神殿》,whichincludeshis160shortpoems.1.1TheMetaphysicalpoetry

玄学FeaturesofMetaphysicalpoetryThegeneralfeaturesoftheschoolare:1)thedictionissimpleandechoesthewordsandcadences[节奏]ofcommonspeech;2)theimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallifeyetsubtle,theextendedmetaphorsforsuchimagesaretypicallycalled“metaphysicalconceits”;3)theformisfrequentlythatofanargumentwiththepoet’sbeloved,withGod,orwithhimself.FeaturesofMetaphysicalpoetrConceitConceit(奇喻):anextendedmetaphorwithacomplexlogicthatgovernsapoeticpassageorentirepoem.Byjuxtaposing,usurpingandmanipulatingimagesandideasinsurprisingways,aconceitinvitesthereaderintoamoresophisticatedunderstandingofanobjectofcomparison.ConceitConceit(奇喻):anextendeJohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnDonne(1573-1631)isthefounderoftheMetaphysicalSchool.Donneisfamousforhisfrankness,penetratingrealismandcynicism.Heemphasizeshisthoughtbyfantasticmetaphorsandextravaganthyperboles.Insubject,hispoemsshowaseeminglyunfocuseddiversityofexperienceandattitudes,andafreerangeoffeelingsandmoods.Themoststrikingfeatureofhispoetryisitsconcernofreality,inthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticalworld.Donnefrequentlyappliesconceits,andhispoetryinvolvesakindofargumentwiththebriefandsimplelanguage.JohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnDonJohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnDonne’smasterpieceisSongsandSonnets《歌曲与十四行诗》,amongwhichTheSunRisingandTheFlea

arethetwomostfamouspoems.Meitsuckedfirst,andnowsucksthee,Andinthisfleaourtwobloodsmingledbe;Thouknow’stthatthiscannotbesaidAsin,orshame,orlossofmaidenhead,…….Ohstay,forthreelivesinonefleaspare,Wherewealmost,naymorethanmarried,are.ThisfleaisyouandI,andthisOurmarriagebedandmarriagetempleis;

（FromTheFlea）JohnDonne(1573-1631)JohnDoAVALEDICTIONOFWEEPING

LETmepourforth

Mytearsbeforethyface,whilstIstayhere,

Forthyfacecoinsthem,andthystamptheybear,

Andbythismintagetheyaresomethingworth.

Forthustheybe

Pregnantofthee;

Fruitsofmuchgrieftheyare,emblemsofmore;

Whenatearfalls,thatthoufall’stwhichitbore;

SothouandIarenothingthen,whenonadiversshore.

我在这里时，

让我把泪水洒在你的面前；

你的脸把泪水铸成钱，打上了印记，

经过这番铸造，泪水就成了有价值的东西，

因为泪水这样

怀着你的模样；

泪水是许多悲哀的果实，更多的象征——

当一滴泪滴下．那个你也掉落在其中

于是你和我都是虚无，在不同的海岸上小停。

AVALEDICTIONOFWEEPING

AVALEDICTION:FORBIDDINGMOURNING

Asvirtuousmenpassmildlyaway,正如有德行的人安详别逝

Andwhispertotheirsouls,togo,轻声向灵魂辞安Whilstsomeoftheirsadfriendsdosay,悲伤的友人或伤逝

“Thebreathgoesnow,”andsomesay,“No:”叹其气，绝其魂，亦有说不然

Soletusmelt,andmakenonoise,就让我们轻声说话，不要喧哗，

Notear-floods,norsigh-tempestsmove;不要泪涌如潮，不要凄声哀鸣；

‘Twereprofanationofourjoys那是对我们欢乐的亵渎，

Totellthelaityourlove.让俗人知道我们的爱。

Movingofth‘earthbringsharmsandfears;地动带来伤害，叫人害怕，

Menreckonwhatitdid,andmeant;人们推其为断其意

Buttrepidationofthespheres,天体震动，虽然威力更大

Thoughgreaterfar,isinnocent.却对什么都没有损伤。Dullsublunarylovers'love乏味的凡情俗爱

(Whosesoulissense)cannotadmit（感官为上）最忌

Absence,becauseitdothremove别离，因为情人分开，

Thosethingswhichelementedit.爱的根基就会破碎支离。

AVALEDICTION:FORBIDDINGMOURButwebyalovesomuchrefin'd,但我们的爱纯净无比，

Thatourselvesknownotwhatitis,我们自己也不知那是什么东西，

Inter-assuredofthemind,打心里头相互信任

Careless,eyes,lips,andhandstomiss.不在乎肉体分离。

Ourtwosoulstherefore,whichareone,因而，我俩灵魂合一，

ThoughImustgo,endurenotyet我纵须远离，不违爱诺，

Abreach,butanexpansion,而是一种延展，

Likegoldtoairythinnessbeat.宛如黄金锻展成轻飘韧箔。

Iftheybetwo,theyaretwoso若说是二为二体，应如

Asstifftwincompassesaretwo;绷直双脚的圆规般；

Thysoul,thefix'dfoot,makesnoshow你的心灵是一只脚，固定不移，

Tomove,butdoth,ifthe'otherdo.但另一只脚移动，你便随之转动。ButwebyalovesomuchrefinAndthoughitinthecentersit,虽然一只脚坐镇中心，

Yetwhentheotherfardothroam,但当另一只脚在外游离，

Itleansandharkensafterit,它就侧过身去倾听，

Andgrowserectasthatcomeshome.当那只脚回到家，它又把腰杆直起。wiltthoubetome,whomust,这就是你和我的关系，我必须，

Liketh’otherfoot,obliquelyrun;像另一只脚，斜走侧踮，

Thyfirmnessmakesmycirclejust,你的坚定能使我的圆圈圆得完美，

AndmakesmeendwhereIbegun.让我的游离结束在我开始的地点。AndthoughitinthecentersOthermetaphysicalpoetsGeorgeHerbert(1593-1633)“thesaintofthemetaphysicalschool”极为虔诚的国教牧师，其诗常有牵强的奇喻，晦涩难懂。有时采取具象诗的形式表现其虔诚。“TheEasterWing”(具象诗)AndrewMarvell(1621-1678)ToHisCoyMistress(及时行乐的思想)HenryVaughan(1622-1695)RichardCrashaw(1612-1649)OthermetaphysicalpoetsGeorgeEASTERWINGS

Lord,whocreatedstmaninwealthandstore,

Thoughfoolishlyhelostthesame,

Tillhebecame

Mostpoor:

Withthee

O,letmerise

Aslarks,harmoniously,

Andsingthisdaythyvictories:

Thenshallthefallfurthertheflightinme.

MyTenderageinsorrowdidbegin:

Andstillwithsicknessesandshame

Thoudidstsopunishsin,

ThatIbecame

Mostthin.

Withthee

Letmecombine,

Andfeelthisdaythyvictory;

For,ifIimpmywingonthine,

Afflictionshalladvancetheflightinme.

EASTERWINGSLord,whocreated1.2CavalierPoetsAbroaddescriptionofaschoolofEnglishpoetsofthe17thcentury,whocamefromtheclassesthatsupportedKingCharlesIduringtheEnglishCivilWar.Muchoftheirpoetryislightinstyle,andgenerallysecularinsubject.TheyweremarkedoutbytheirlifestyleandreligionfromtheRoundheads,whosupportedParliamentandwereoftenPuritans.Cavalierpoetrywasassociatedwiththeroyalistcauseandthereforereflectedroyalistvalues.Thecavalierpoetswereretrospectiveandnostalgic.Thepoetrycelebratesbeauty,love,nature,sensuality,drinking,elegance,andoftenironicease.1.2CavalierPoetsAbroaddescCavalierPoetryCavalierPoetryisfilledwithdirectlanguageandclear-cutexpressionsandimages,whereasmetaphysicalpoetryusescomplicatedmetaphorsandunfeasibleimagery.ThestrengthofCavalierpoetrywasinitsshortnessanddirectness.Itwaseasytounderstandanddidnotconfusethereaderswithintricateimageryanddeepmeaning.Althoughshortandsomewhatsimple,cavalierpoetrywassupposedtocoincidewiththeirmotto“CarpeDiem”translatingto“seizetheday.”Representatives:SirJohnSuckling(1609-1642)RichardLovelace(1618-1657)ThomasCarew(1595-1639)RobertHerrick(1591-1674).CavalierPoetryCavalierPoetryRobertHerrick(1591-1674)7thchildofNicholasHerrick,aprosperousgoldsmith;EnteredCambridgein1613,graduatedaBachelorofArtsin1617,andMasterofArtsin1620.Becametheeldestofthe"SonsofBen",CavalierpoetswhoidolizedBenJonson,mixinginliterarycirclesinLondon.OnApril24,1623HerrickwasordainedanEpiscopalminister[主教牧师]andactedaschaplain[专职教士]toBuckingham.In1629hewasappointedbyCharlesItothelivingofDeanPriorinthedioceseofExeter,aposthereluctantlyaccepted.In1647,undertheCommonwealth,hewasexpelledfromthepriorybytheProtectorategovernment,andreturnedtoLondon.In1648Herrickpublishedhismajorcollection,Hesperides[金苹果园],consistingof1200poems.Withtherestorationin1660hewasreturnedtoDevonwherehediedin1674attheageofeighty-three.RobertHerrick(1591-1674)7thToDaffodilsByRobertHerrickFairDaffodils,weweeptoseeYouhasteawaysosoon;Asyettheearly-risingSunHasnotattainedhisnoon.Stay,stay,UntilthehastingdayHasrunButtotheeven-songAnd,havingprayedtogether,weWillgowithyoualong.Wehaveshorttimetostay,asyouWehaveasshortaspring;Asquickagrowthtomeetdecay,Asyou,oranything.Wedie,Asyourhoursdo,anddryAway,Liketothesummer'srain,Orasthepearlsofmorning'sdew,Nevertobefoundagain.咏黄水仙花郭沫若译美的黄水仙，凋谢得太快，我们感觉着悲哀；连早晨出来的太阳都还没有上升到天盖。停下来，停下来，等匆忙的日脚跑进黄昏的暮霭；在那时共同祈祷着，在回家的路上徘徊。我们也只有短暂的停留，青春的易逝堪忧；我们方生也就方死，和你们一样，一切都要罢休。你们谢了，我们也要去了，如同夏雨之骤，或如早晨的露珠，永无痕迹可求。ToDaffodilsByRobertHerrick1.3JohnMilton(1608-1674)LifeandliterarycareerEarlyLife(1608-1640)EducationatCambridgeHisfirstwork:anodeOntheMorningofChrist’sNativity（《基督诞生晨颂》，1629）Horton:L’Allegro(《快乐的人》，1632),IlPenseroso(《沉思的人》，1632),Lycidas(《利西达斯》，1638),Comus(《科玛斯》，1634).2years’travelintheContinent,returnedin16391.3JohnMilton(1608-1674)LifLifeandliterarycareerofMilton20yearsasarevolutionary(1640-1660)WorkedastheLatinsecretaryforCromwellWroteanumberofpoliticalpamphlets,including:Areopagitica《论出版自由》(1644)DefenceoftheEnglishPeople(《为英国人民辩护》，1651),SecondDefenceoftheEnglishPeople(《为英国人民再辩护》，1654).LaterLifeAftertherestoration,inblindnesshecompletedthreegreatepicswiththehelpofhisdaughterandsomeotheryoungmen.ParadiseLost《失乐园》;ParadiseRegained《复乐园》;andSamsonAgonistes《力士参孙》LifeandliterarycareerofMiParadiseLostAlongepicin12bookswritteninblankverseMilton'smasterpiece,andthegreatestEnglishepic.ThestoriesweretakenfromtheGenesisoftheOldTestamenttherebellioninHeavenofSatanandhisfellow-angels;theirdefeatandexpulsionfromHeaven;thecreationoftheearthandofAdamandEve;thefallenangelsinhellplottingagainstGod;Satan'stemptationofEve;thedepartureofAdamandEvefromEden;andthepossiblesalvation.ParadiseLostAlongepicin12Ninetimesthespacethatmeasuresdayandnight依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜，Tomortalmen,hewithhishorridcrew他和他那一伙可怕的徒众Layvanquished,rollinginthefierygulf沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中Confoundedthoughimmortal:Buthisdoom虽属不死之身，却象死者一样横陈；Reservedhimtomorewrath;fornowthethought但这个刑罚反激起他更大的忿怒，Bothoflosthappinessandlastingpain既失去了幸福，又受无尽痛苦的煎熬。Torments(折磨)him;roundhethrowshisbalefuleyes他抬起忧虑的双眼，环视周遭，Thatwitnessedhugeafflictionanddismay摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼，Mixedwithobdurateprideandsteadfasthate:顽固的傲气和难消的憎恨交织着。十七世纪英国文学史ppt课件Atonceasfarasangelskenheviews霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断Thedismalsituationwasteandwild,际涯，但见被风弥漫，浩渺无限，Adungeonhorrible,onallsidesround四面八方围着他的是个可怕的地牢，Asonegreatfurnaceflamed,yetfromthoseflames象一个洪炉的烈火四射，但那火焰Nolight,butratherdarknessvisible却不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片，Servedonlytodiscoversightsofwoe可以辨认出那儿的苦难景况，Regionsofsorrow,dolefulshades,wherepeace悲惨的境地和凄怆的暗影。Andrestcanneverdwell,hopenevercomes和平和安息决不在那儿停留，Thatcomestoall;buttorturewithoutend希望无所不到，唯独不到那里。AtonceasfarasangelskenhStillurges,andafierydeluge,fed只有无穷无尽的苦难紧紧跟着Withever-burningsulphurunconsumed:永燃的硫磺不断的添注，不灭的火焰，洪水般向他们滚滚逼来。SuchplaceEternalJusticehadprepared这个地方，就是正义之神为那些Forthoserebellious,heretheirprisonordained叛逆者准备的，在天外的冥荒中Inutterdarkness,andtheirportionset为他们设置的牢狱，那个地方AsfarremovedfromGodandlightofHeaven离开天神和天界的亮光AsfromtheCenterthricetoth'utmostpole.相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。Stillurges,andafierydelugThemeandCharacterizationThemainideaofthepoemistheheroicrevoltagainstGod'sauthority.InthepoemGodisnobetterthanaselfishdespot.Thisepicexpressesthereactionaryforcesofhistimeandshowspassionateappealforfreedom.ThethemeisalsoaboutthefallofMen:man’sdisobedienceandthelossofParadise.Buthavingdoneit,AdamandEvegetfreedom.ThemeandCharacterizationTheParadiseRegainedItexploresthethemeoftemptationandfallandshowshowhumankind,inthepersonofChrist,withstandsthetempterandisestablishedoncemoreinthedivinefavor.In4booksSatan:Evilforce,temptedJesusindifferentwaysbutfailedatlast.Jesus:successfullyrefusedthetemptationfromSatanandbeganhisholytasktosavethehumanbeingfromhisoriginalsin.ParadiseRegainedItexplorestSamsonAgnonistesModeledontheGreektragedies.TookthestoryfromBookofJudges(《旧约·士师记》).SamsonwastheheroofIsraelites,betrayedbyhiswifeandblindedbyenemies.Onedayhewassummonedtoprovideamusementforhisenemiesbyfeatsofstrengthinatemple.Therehewreakedhisvengeanceuponhisenemiesbypullingdownthetempleuponthemanduponhimselfinacommonruin.

SamsonAgnonistesModeledonthFeaturesofMilton'sPoetryorMilton’scontributionMiltonisagreatrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury.HeisalsoanoutstandingpoliticalpamphleteeroftheRevolutionperiod.HemadeastronginfluenceonthelaterprogressiveEnglishpoets.Miltonisagreatstylist.Hispoetryhasagrandstyle.Thatisbecausehemadealife-longstudyofclassicalandBiblicalliterature.Miltonisagreatmasterofblankverse.Heisthegloriouspioneertointroduceblankverseintonon-dramaticpoetry.HehasuseditasthemaintoolinhismasterpieceParadiseLost.Hisblankverseisrichineverypoeticqualityandnevermonotonous.MiltonwrotethegreatestepicinEnglishliterature.HemadeastronginfluenceolaterEnglishpoetry.Hispoetryisnotedforsublimityofthoughtandmajestyofexpression.FeaturesofMilton'sPoetryor2.1JohnBunyan(1628-1688)LifeSonofapoortinker,receivedonlythesimplesteducation.EnlistedintheParliamentaryarmyat17,andfoughtthefamousBattleofNasebyin1645.JoinedaBaptistsocietyandbegantopreachamongthevillagers.Imprisonedin1660forpreachingfor12years,inwhichhestartedwriting.MasterpieceThePilgrim’sProgress《天路历程》2.1JohnBunyan(1628-1688)LifThePilgrim'sProgress

areligiousallegory,anarrativeinwhichgeneralconceptssuchassin,despair,andfaitharerepresentedaspeopleorasaspectsofthenaturalworld.Bunyan’sproseisnotedforhissimple,biblicalstyle.Heusesidiomaticexpressionsnaturally.Hisbiblicallanguageenableshimtonarratestoriesandrevealhisideasinadirectway.Bunyancherishedadeeplyhatredofboththekingandhisgovernment.Thissectiongivesthebitterestsatire,whichisinvariablydirectedattherulingclass.InthedescriptionsoftheVanityFair,BunyannotonlygivesusasymbolicpictureofLondonatthetimeoftheRestorationbutofthewholebourgeoissociety.ThePilgrim'sProgressareligOtherprosewritersRobertBurn(1577-1640)TheAnatomyofMelancholy,1621ThomasBrowne(1605-1682)ReligioMedici(TheReligionofaDoctor)JeremyTaylor(1613-1667)HolyLiving,1650HolyDying,1651IzaakWalton(1593-1683)TheCompleatAngler,1653OtherprosewritersRobertBurn3.1RestorationDrama从1642年清教徒关闭剧院到复辟后3个月剧院开演，英国剧坛沉寂了18年。复辟时期的悲剧作家除德莱顿以外，著名的还有纳撒尼·李（NathanielLee，1653-1692）、托马斯·奥特维（ThomasOtway，1652-1685），他们受法国古典主义戏剧很大的影响。李的《争宠的王后》（TheRivalQueens,1677）和奥特维的《保全了威尼斯》，都写了爱情与荣誉、责任之间的冲突，后一部戏常被推为英国古典主义悲剧的代表作。复辟时期的喜剧相当出色。它们不同于伊丽莎白时代的浪漫喜剧，而是讽刺性的风俗喜剧，讽刺对象是当时的英国上流社会。但是它们的讽刺并不深刻，以轻松的心情和偷快的反讽来表现生活，俏皮幽默的对话为突出特点。喜剧最常见的主题是上流社会男女之间爱的纠纷，反映出宫廷环境中轻浮放荡的时尚。3.1RestorationDrama从1642年清教RepresentativesWilliamWycherley（1640？-1716）LoveinaWood《林中之爱》TheCountryWife《乡村妇女》ThePlainDealer《坦率的人》SirJohnVanbrugh（1664-1726）TheRelapse,orVirtueinDanger《故态复萌》TheProvokedWife《恼怒的妻子》WilliamCongreve（1670-1729）TheDoubleDealer《两面派》LoveforLove《以爱还爱》TheWayoftheWorld《如此世道》JeremyCollier（1650-1726）AShortViewoftheImmoralityandProfa