新视野大学英语第二册课堂笔记

Unit1SectionATime-ConsciousAmericansⅠ.AbstractThispassageshowsthewayofAmericansregardingtime。Americansarefamousfortheirtime-consciousness.His/herbeliefisthatnoonestandsstill.Nomovingaheadmeansfallingbehind.Thisresultsinacountrythatpeopleofitdevotethemselvesintoresearching,experimentingandexploring.TimeisthemostimportantthingforAmericanslives.Ononehand,Americanstrytheirbesttosaveuptimebydifferentways.Theyareinhurrytogettheirdestination,pushtheothersinordertofinishtheirshoppingquickly.RacingthroughdaytimemealsispartofthepaceoflifeinAmerica.Peoplemakefulluseofmodernwaystocommunicatewitheachotherefficiently.Ontheotherhand,peoplemisstherelaxedwayofliving.Theyliketheopeningexchangesofabusinesscall.Theymisstheritualinteractionthatissuitableforawelcomingcupofteaorcoffee.ThepeoplecomingfromdifferentcultureshavedifferentideasfromthoseofAmerican.Ⅱ.CultureNotes1.TheDefinitionofCultureCultureisaverybroadtermusedtodescribethearts,thebeliefs,thevalues,thetraditions,thecustoms,andtheinstitutionsthatareconsideredtobecharacteristicofacommunity,apeople,aregion,oranation.Culturealsoincludesthelanguagesanddialectsthatpeopleusetoexpresstheirfeelingsandtocommunicatewitheachother.Itisoftendifficulttodissociatelanguageandculturesince,inmostcases,languageisthemainmediumthroughwhichcultureistransmitted.Mostpeoplefeelthatitisimpossibletoreallyknowaculturewithoutspeakingthelanguage.InsomeimmigrantpopulationsinNorthAmerica,however,theoriginallanguage(French,German,Chinese,Polish,etc.)hasbeenlostbutcustomsandtraditionsarestillmaintainedTimeOrientationCulturePast-orientatedculturesbelievestronglyinthesignificanceofpriorevents.History,establishedreligions,andtraditionareextremelyimportanttothesecultures,sothereisastrongbeliefthatthepastshouldbetheguideformakingdecisionsanddeterminingtruth.WeseethisorientationinChina,whichbecauseofitslongandsplendidhistorycontinuestorespectthepast.Present-orientatedculturesholdthatthemomenthasthemostsignificance.Forthem,thefutureisvague,ambiguous,andunknownandwhatisrealexistsIthehereandnow.Future-orientatedcultures,suchastheonefoundintheUnitedStates,emphasizethefutureandexpectittobegranderandnicerthanthepresent.Ⅲ.NewWords:v.planthespendingof(time,money,etc.),orprovide(time,money)intheplanvt.编入预算;设计使用vi.安排开支n.预算a.便宜的，廉价的Shebudgetedforbuyinganewcar.她为了买新汽车而计划节省开支。

Itisimportanttobalancethisyear'sbudget.[词组]balanceone’sbudget平衡预算within/belowbudget在预算之内budgetfordoingsth.为做……做预算:adj.fine,sharp,severe,verygreat(1)敏锐的；灵敏的;(2)剧烈的；厉害的;(3)严重的;(4)急性的（疾病）Hestillhasveryacutehearing,thoughheis80yearsold.Sheissufferingacutepain.[辨析]acute；keen；sharp意思都含“锐利的”(包括它的引伸义)意思。用于物时,(1)sharp指“尖或刃”,如:asharppoint锐利的尖。(2)keen一般指“刃”,如:akeenedge锋刃。(3)acute只用于学术语中,如:anacuteangle锐角。用于人时,(1)sharp表示“有洞察力的,精明的,机警的”,着重“狡猾”“不易受骗”,如:Youwon'tcatchhim.He'sverysharp.你骗不了他,他精明极了。(2)keen表示人的“锐敏”、“聪明”、“善于思索”,如:He'sakeenmind.他头脑灵敏。(3)acute侧重指“人观察事物的深刻性以及分辨问题的细致性。”如:Hehasgivenanacuteanalysisofthesituation.他对形势做了深刻的分析。vt.（常与with,by连用）用…代替[辨析]replace;supersede;supplant都含“代替”的意思。(1)replace指“代替某人”或“取代已经失去的、毁坏的或用坏的东西”,如:Wereplacedefectivetubes.我们更换有毛病的管子。(2)supersede系正式用语,指“用更好的、最新的东西替换过时的或无用的东西”,如:Thesailingshipsweresupersededbythesteamships.帆船已被汽船所取代。(3)supplant指“以武力、欺骗等手段替代原来的人或其职位”,如:Theprimeministerwassupplantedbyhisrival.首相被他的政敌赶下台了。4.restlessadj.得不到休息的,不平静的,不安宁的restlessly:ad.impatiently

Themanrepeatedlylookedathiswatchwhilewalkingupanddownrestlesslyintheroom.:vt.Topushorjostle(anotherorothers)withtheelbow.用肘推挤（另一人或另一些人）n.Thejointorbendofthearmbetweentheforearmandtheupperarm.肘关节上臂与前臂之间的关节或胳膊弯曲处[词组]outatelbow(s)衣衫褴褛的,破旧的；千疮百孔的elbowone’sway用肘挤出路来elbowsb.aside(off)推到一边Sheelbowedherwaythroughthecrowd.她从人群中挤了过去。6.abrupt:a.

1)(ofbehavior)rough粗鲁无礼的；唐突的

WhenIaskedherabouthernewjob,shewasquiteabruptwithme.

2)suddenandunexpected突然的

Themeetingcametoanabruptend.会谈突然结束。

[辨析]sudden;abrupt意思都含“突然的”。(1)sudden指“事先未料到、无准备而迅速发生的”,强调“先未警告的”,如:asuddenoutburstoftemper突然大发雷霆。(2)abrupt指“突然的”、“出其不意的”、“事先未告知的”,如:Hetookanabruptdeparture.他突然离去。:a.shortandnotcontainingtoomanydetailsHisremarkswerebriefandtothepoint.他的话很简洁，而且说到了点子上。

[词组]inbrief=inshort简单地说；简明扼要的Noticetheuseofthephrase"inbrief",whichmeans"inasfewwordsaspossible".

thenewsinbrief新闻提要Inbrief,takenoriskswhatever.简而言之,千万不要冒险。[派生词]brevityn.简短:

1)a.ofordoneregularlyfollowedinexactlythesamewayeachtime通常的,习惯的

Everydaytheworkbeginswiththeritualphrasesofgreeting.每天，工作以例行的相互问候开始。

2)n.[C,U]methodfollowedrepeatedlyinthesamewayeverytime例行仪式;例行习惯

Wivesmakearitualoftheirhouseholdduties.家庭主妇把家务作为自己每天的例行公事。

:n.

1)communication交流

informalinteractionsamongadults成年人之间非正式交流

2)actingoneachother;workingtogether互相作用；互相影响

Increasedinteractionbetweenthepoliceandcitizenswillimprovetherateofsolvingcrimes.警民之间加强合作将有助于提高破案率。inter-[构词成分]表示“在…中”“相互”[派生词]interactv.互相作用interacton作用,影响,制约,配合interactwith与...相合:n.

1)general,usu.unspoken,agreementabouthowpeopleshouldactorbehaveincertainsituations;customarypractice习俗,惯例

Itistheconventionformentowearsuitsonformaloccasions.男子在正式场合穿西装是一种惯例。

2)meetingofmembersofaprofession,politicalparty,etc.会议；协议；契约

Conventionsareusuallyheldinlargecities,whichhavegoodtransportationsystemsandinterestingsightstosee.会议通常在大城市里举行，那里有完善的交通和观光的地方。

[词组]accordingtotheconvention照惯例[辨析]convention,congress,conference,assembly会议，集会convention意为“会议，大会，年会”常指某一团体或政党为某一特殊目的所召开的会议。.Theywerearrangingtheentertainmentatthecompany’sannualdealerconvention.他们正在安排公司经销商年会上的招待问题。congress意为“代表大会，会议”，指各社会团体或国家的代表的正式会议，以交流情况和意见。.AcongressofheartspecialistsismeetinginChicago.一个心脏病专家会议正在芝加哥召开。conference会议；谈判；协商.Heheldconferencewithhisassistantsuntillateontothenight.他和他的助手们一直磋商到深夜。Assembly与会者为一共同理由，如为立法的，宗教的，教育的或社会目的聚集在一起的人.Theassemblyofdoctorsdiscussedthelatestmedicalresearch.医生们举行会议讨论医学研究的最新动态。Meeting会议；集会.Manypeoplecametothemeetinginthehall.很多人来参加在大厅里举行的会议。n.空闲,闲暇,悠闲,安逸leisurely:a.withouthurry.Noticethatitisanadjective,notanadverb.Ihadaleisurelyglassofbeer.我慢悠悠地品了一杯啤酒。[语法]*InEnglish,"noun+-ly"usuallyresultsinanadjective.

"Friendly"and"brotherly"arebothadjectives.[词组]at(one's)leisure当某人有自由时间时；在某人方便时：I'llreturnthecallatmyleisure.我有空就会来拜访atleisure有空,闲着无事；从从容容地waitsb.'sleisure等待某人有空时[辨析]leisure和ease都有“空闲，闲暇”之含义，但它们又有细微的区别。(1)leisure通常指各种工作或任务之余的空闲或闲暇，也可指无事的悠闲或安逸。.Ihaveveryleisuretimeinthisjob.我干这工作很少有空闲时间。(2)ease指无牵无挂、轻松自在的状态。.She’srichandleadsalifeofease.她富有并且过着悠闲自在的生活。:vt.judgethequality,importance,orworthof

It'stooearlytoassesstheeffectsofthenewlaw.要评价新法令的效果现在还为时过早。[辨析]assessvt.估定,评定;assn.驴傻瓜；笨蛋【复数】asses;accessn.进入；通道;使用；接近;vt.存取,接近:n.(pl.)thethingsintheneighborhoodof,ortheconditionsaffectingapersonorthingThehouseisinbeautifulsurroundings.这座房屋四周的环境优美。[辨析]surroundings复数，表示具体环境environment不用复数，抽象的总称，指自然环境或生活条件:ad./ingeneral

1)usually

TheygenerallygotoFrancefortheirholidays.他们通常去法国度假。

2)bymostpeople,widely

Itisgenerallyagreedthatsmokingisbadforhealth.人们普遍认为吸烟有害健康。

[辨析]Common;ordinary;general都含“普通的”意思。(1)common强调“常见的”、“不足为奇的”，如：Coldsarecommoninwinter.感冒在冬天很常见。(2)ordinary强调“平常的”、“平淡无奇的”，如：Hisordinarysupperconsistsofonlybreadandmilk.他通常的晚餐不过是面包和牛奶。(3)general意为“普遍的”、“一般的”，如：Thisbookisintendedforthegeneralreader,notforthespecialist.这本书是为一般读者写的，不是为专家写的。n.(1)探针(2)外太空探测器；探测飞船(=spaceprobe)(3)探索；查究v.examineclosely

Thepoliceareprobing(into)tradingwhichbreaksthelaw.警方正在调查非法交易活动。vt.(1)探查；探寻；深挖(2)调查；刺探[辨析]都含“调查”、“研究”、“探索”的意思。(1)investigate指“详尽的,通常是正式的或官方的调查,以弄清事实的真相”,如:theinvestigationofacrime调查罪行。(2)probe指“广泛而彻底的调查”,如:mountamassiveprobeofsb.'sdeath广泛调查某人之死。(3)research指“科学家或学者为了发现新的事实或获得新信息而从原始资料开始进行坚韧不拔的调查或研究”,如:Hemadearesearchintothecauseofcancer.他对癌症病因进行了研究。(4)inquest指“法律调查”,如:a2-yearinquestintothecase对该案进行历时两年的调查。(5)examine强调“详细观察或检验某人或某事以求了解其真实情况”,如:Hehadaphysicalexamination.他进行了一次体检。(6)inquiry强调“以询问方式进行调查”,如:Counselorsbegananinquiryintoindustrialneeds.顾问们开始调查工业方面的需要。.(ofaclock,etc.)makeasequenceofquietshortregularlyrepeatedsounds

Whilewewaitedthetaxi'smeterkepttickingaway.在我们等待时,出租车上的计程表一直在滴滴答答地响着。tickoff责备；责骂；斥责delaystickedmeoff.反复地耽搁使我很生气tickover(1)（内燃机等）怠速转动(2)（工作等）接近停滞，慢吞吞地进行，死气沉沉:ad.asaresult,so[同义词]accordingly,asaresult,hence,therefore[词组]beconsequenton/upon因...而引起的，随...而发生的，是...的后果Thebankrefusedtohelpthecompany;consequentlyitwentoutofbusiness.银行拒绝帮助这家公司，公司因此倒闭了。:n.meaning,importance

Whatisthesignificanceofthisspeech这个讲话有什么意义？

Thesignificanceforcollegestudentsofdoingapart-timejobismorethanmoneyandexperience.大学生打工的意义还不仅在于钱和经验。

[词组]oflittle/nosignificance无关紧要的[派生词]significanceinsignificancesignificantinsignificant[辨析]importance;consequence;significance都含“重要性”或“显要”的意思。(1)importance为一般用语,着重指“本身具有重大价值、意义、影响等”,如:newsofimportance重要新闻。(2)consequence侧重指“具有或可能具有重要或深远的后果”,如:Ifyoubehavesofoolishly,youmustbereadytotaketheconsequences.如果你这样愚昧下去,你必须准备自食其果。(3)significance指“马上显示其特殊重要意义”,如:aneventofsignificance具有重要意义的事件。:n.行为；举止；举动；品行vt.1)organizeandcarryout

AteamfromtheUnitedNationswillobservetheelectiontobesurethatitisfairlyconducted.一个联合国代表团将观察这次选举，以保证它公正地进行。

2)actasthepathfor(electricity,heat,etc.)

Plasticandrubberwon'tconductelectricity,butcopperwill.塑料和橡胶不导电,但是铜导电。:vt.get,achieve

.Thenewswriterimmediatelysetouttoobtaintheimportantfacts.那位新闻记者立即着手去设法了解这些重要的事实。[辨析]get,obtain,gain,win,earn·obtain较正式用语，包含着“努力”、“希望”或“决意”去获得某物的意思。Heobtainedexperiencethroughpractice.他通过实践获得了经验·get是最普遍、使用范围最广的词，指"以某种方法或手段得到某种东西"Isatinthefrontofthebustogetagoodviewofthecountryside.·gain强调目的物需要努力奋斗或有意识行动才能得到，而且这种东西具有价值，特别是物质价值。Ihopeyouwillgainstillgreatersuccess.我希望你们能获得更大的成就。Apennysavedisapennygained.省一文是一文。(谚语)·win虽然常常可以和gain换用，但win具有gain所不能表达的含义。如：获得者具有有利的品质Itseemedcertainthathewouldwintheprize.·earn包含着获得物与所花的气力是相互成比例的Heearnshisbreadbyhishands.·acquire强调"经过漫长的努力过程而逐渐获得",如:Weshouldtrytoacquiregoodhabits.我们应该努力养成良好的习惯。:conj.but,incontrast:while有鉴于出于…事实，鉴于;同时;然而；但是；相反

Wethoughtshedidnotlikeus,whereasinfactshewasveryshy.我们以为她不喜欢我们，然而事实是因为她很害羞。[语法]while和whereas可以引导让步从句，突出对比主句和从句所表示的两种差异的情况。.Heisexperiencedwhile(whereas)heisyoung.他虽然年轻，但却很有经验。Ipreferworkinglateintothenight,while(whereas)hewouldratherworkearlybeforedawn.我喜欢工作到深夜，而他却宁愿凌晨干活。:vi.(fml.)(oftime)passFouryearshaveelapsedsinceheleftcollegeandstillhehadn'tfoundajob.大学毕业已四年过去了,可他还没有找到工作。n.过去；逝去：Metagainafteranelapseofmanyyears.多年后又相逢23.skilfuladj.（常与at,in连用）有技巧的；熟练的Heisaskilfulandeffortlessmechanic.他是一位很有技巧、驾轻就熟的机械修理工。[派生]unskilful,skilfully;:a.(ofpeople)havingthenecessaryability,skill,knowledge,etc.有能力的；能干的competentcompetent{capableofsth./doingsth.abletodosth.forsth.forsth.todosth.be{IfyouwanttolearnEnglish,youmustfirstfindacompetentteacher.你如要学习英文,首先得找一位称职的教师[辨析]able；capable；competent；qualified都含“有能力的”意思。（1）able一般指人,表示“现在实有做某事的能力”,有时意味着“高超的能力或技艺”,如:amarvelouslyableauthor一位才华出众的作者。（2）capable指人或物均可,表示有“潜在的或能达到一般要求的能力”,如:Heishardlycapableofexecutingsuchadifficulttask.他仅能勉强地完成这样艰巨的任务。（3）competent指具有“胜任某一工作的条件”,强调对某项工作有足够的技能及其它所需条件,如:Heisacompetent,butnotabrilliantmusician.作为音乐家,他能胜任,但缺乏才华。而（4）qualified指具有“做某工作的必需条件”、“合格的”,所表示的能力则更有“保留(最低限度)”的意思,如:Aqualifiedstenographerisnotnecessarilyacompetentsecretary.一个合格的速记员不一定就是个称职的秘书。:vt.

1)doorperform履行,实现,完成(计划等)

Theyfulfilledtheirworkaheadoftimeaswedidours.同我们一样,他们也提前完成了任务。

2)supplyorsatisfy(aneed,demandorrequirement)满足；实现；达到

Thecompanyshouldbeabletofulfillourrequirementsforproductquality.这家公司必须能满足我们对产品质量的要求。Ⅳ.Phrases1.resultin:haveasaresult;cause致使，导致，造成…的结果

Theaccidentresultedinthedeathoftwopeople(or:...resultedintwopeoplebeingkilled).这场意外事故造成两人死亡。

Compare:resultfrom:becausedby由...产生

Nothinghasresultedfromhisefforts.他的努力终成泡影。

Thechild'sillnessresultedfromeatinguncleanfood.他那孩子的病是由于吃了不洁净的食物。but:only只有，除......以外什么也不

Iwantnothingbutthebestformychildren.我只希望能把最好的给予我的孩子们。

for:explainthecauseofsth.解释，说明

Howdoyouaccountforlosingsuchalargesumofmoney你怎样说明为什么损失了这么大一笔钱arush:inahurry匆忙的

Everybodyisalw