黄金真题29篇-文勇的iBT阅读必读4

文勇的iBT阅读真题［2009年9月8日4.0版本J

俺常常收到同学们的邮件,要我推荐各种各样阅读材料，问我iBT的复习资料中Barron,

Longman,Delta等等哪个更好。我其实很无奈…因为尽管这些机构很大牌，但大牌丝毫都不

意味着文章“质量高••（比如你可以想想三鹿奶粉）--说这些机构的文章质量不高，并不是说文

字写得不好，而是说这些文章的句子结构,论述方式,出题思路叮ETS的并不一致（有时候甚

至大相径庭）：用这样的材料训练，实在是事倍功半。

于是，我们实在应该去找找由ETS出的iBT文章来做：（我们能够找到的I由ETS编纂

的标准iBT文章有）

1.（XT之中的10篇文章2；（其中三篇为TPO2的文章）

2.5次（套）TPCP之中的3*5=15篇文章%

a）2005.11.8真题;（TPO1）

b）2006.8.12真题；（TPO3）

c）2006.10.8真题；（TPO4）

d）（TPO5）

e）（TPO6）

3.早期5报名之时ETS赠送的3篇在线测试题

4.ETS官方给出的模考软件之中抽出的1篇文章；

于是这个文档在我的一时兴起之下，出现了：

OG拿在手上，可以一个个字的敲成电子版；TPO的所有考试都是在自己的计算机进

行，于是可以一边花钱参加考试，一边截图与录像一再利用截下来的图片，逐个的敲下来；

早期的ETS赠送的3篇在线测试题，我也恰好有电子版木；官方的模考软件稍微用点功夫，

就能将文章提取并复制出来。虽然工作有些繁杂，但总算完成了所有文章的敲打工作。再花

了些时间，把这29篇文章都做了答案，附在文章的后面。（由于TPO之中有3篇文章与OG中

完全重复，于是减去3篇,只剩下29篇）

在这29篇由ETS事的文章没有做完之前,我们实在不应该花时间在任何其他的题目

之上。我有时候甚至会对着我的弟兄们高呼：“没有把这29篇做3遍，你好意思上考场么?

你好意思花钱在任何•本垃圾书上面么？6”

另外，如果你正在准备iBT-SAT-GRE的作文部分或者写留学文书，也应该仔细的琢

磨一下这些文章：经过ETS打磨的文章，无一不是精妙绝伦，极具模仿价值。常常有同学

拜托我帮她（他）写PS,也说起自己的句子怎么看都像是小学生写的（尽管用上了GRE里

面的单词），于是会随口问我“勇哥，您的写作能力是怎么训练出来的。"我说，“看呗，看呗:

托福文章看多了，写作能力自然就提高了。”

“这ETS的这些文章真的那么好？每当听到这个问题，我都会装做赵本山的样子来

一句‘谁用谁知道〜〜”文勇

1OfficialGuide官方指南,由ETS提供的iBT考试指南：

2AppliedArtsandFineArts--文属于ETS范例文章，故题目不全；

3TOEFLPracticeOnline:http:〃/（由ETS提供的，要给44.95美刀一次的真题考试）;

4TIMBERLINEVEGETATION一文已经补充上3、4,5、6、7、8,10、11题：

s现在报名之后，赠送的是一套MiniTest,只有1篇文章13道题目；

6大家都知道,我是个温和的人；

Introduction

ManystudentssentmeE-mail,askingmetorecommendsomereadingmaterials.Of

assortediBTpreparingmaterials,Barron,Longman,Delta,etc,whichisthebest?Asoftenas

not,Ifeelataloss:doesbrandequaltoquality?Thesebrandedinstitutionsarehighly

publicized;however,theirpassagesandquestionsarenotnecessarilyofquality.Doesthe

brand"Sanlu"meansomethingtoyou?"QUALITYandsafetyarethefoundationsofsocial

harmony,MproclaimpostersattheheadquartersoftheSanluGroup,untilrecentlyoneof

China'sbiggestproducersofmilkpowder.NowweallknowthatSanluScandalhasbeenmore

thananembarrassment.Tosaythatthese“branded”passagesarenotofqualitydoesnot

meantheyarenotstylish,elegantorcarefully-written;infact,Idiscoveredthatthepassage

types,sentencepatterns,arguingmethods,andarrangementofquestionsarenotquite

consistentwith,andsometimesevenwildlydivergentfromthoseofETS.Ireflectthat

practicingwiththesematerialscannotexpectasatisfactoryresult.Atthis,weshouldcollect

ETS'soriginalpassagesandquestions.Suchpassagesavailableinclude:

1.10passagesinOfficialGuide(OG);

2.5setsfromTPO,with3passagesincludedineachset,15passagesintotal;

3.3passagesprovidedbyETStotheapplicantsforatestonlineintheearlytimeofiBT,

4.1passagesextractedfromthesimulatedexamsoftwareprovidedbyETS;

(29passagesintotal)

Then,Icannotresistthetemptationtomakesuchatext:Itypedeveryletterofthe10

passagesinOGintocomputer;IpaiddollarsfortheTPOandcompleteditmyself,filmingthe

screenandcapturingeverypage.ThenItypedallthepassageswiththehelpofvideosand

capturedpictures.The3passagesintheon-linetesthappenedtobeavailabletome;andas

fortheonepassageinthesimulatedexam,thoughwithalittledifficulty,Inevertheless

succeededmakeanelectronictextofit.Ofcourse,Ifinishedallthesequestionsandattached

theanswertoendofthistext.Eventually,thefinal"deluxe"editionofthistext,including29

passagesinaggregate(3passagesinTPOisabstractedfromOG,sotheyareexactlythe

same.Thentaking3from32leaves29passagesatlast.)Iinsistthatbeforecarefully

finishedandstudiedthese29passages,weshouldnotletourselvesdistractedbyanyother

materials.Sometimes,Iyelledtomystudents,onlyajoke,“Ifyouhadnotstudiedthese

passagesandquestions3timesatleast,howcouldyoubebarefacedenoughtositinthe

examroom?Shameonyoutowasteyourmother'smoneybuyingothercostlybooks!”

Inaddition,haveyougotantsinyourpantseverytimeyoumakeastabatwriting?Do

yougoberserkforyourpersonalstatement?IfyouarepreparingfortheiBT,SATGRE,etc,

writing,essays,oryourpersonalstatement,thesepassagescanalsobeofhelp:polishedby

ETS,words,sentence,andstructuresofthesepassagesare“epic..：,andworthimitatingfor

none-nativeEnglishusers.Frequently,friendsaskedmetohelpwiththeirpersonalstatement,

complainingwhywhattheyhadwrittenlookedsonaive,immatureandawkward,even

litteredwiththose"gloriousnoble"GREwords(Actually,thesewordsmadetheirpersonal

statementevenfreak!).Andtheyasked,"Wenyong,mybrother,howyouforgedyour

impressivewritingskills?"Isaid,uRead!Read!Andreadagain!Themoreyouread,the

betteryouwrite.”“AretheseiBTpassagesreallysoamazing?”Iaffectedatoneofacomedian,

“trythem!”

Howgoodcanthesepassagesbe?“Theyaregolden,theyareprecious,theyare

diamonds!0

Yours

Wenyong

iBT黄金29篇［4.0版］-2009.09.08

（欢迎进行未删节的转载।且不必告诉我你转载到哪里去都是一个战壕里面的弟兄啊...）

嘿，哥们儿：

你好：

如果你经常下载东西的论坛并不是最新版本的话，我能拜托你帮我更新一下么］

［建议大家下载更新后的版本，拼写错误更少,格式更为美观1

4.0版本更新内容

改正了•些排版错误

同学们可以在www.liuwenyonR.com提出对黄金29篇的修改建议，并且进行在线做题。

3.9版本更新内容

删除了背景水印

发布的是word可编辑版本

改正了目录

改正了一些排版错误

38版本更新内容

TIMBERLINEVEGETATION文补充上3、4、5、6、7、8、10、11题；

本文槽由刘文勇出于个人兴趣制作，由陈睿I

李想I陈洋等同学协助制作，该行为并不代表任

何机构；

注意:文章源自ETS,

版权啥的自然都来自ETS,

这一点毫无疑问，

由于教务繁忙，

估计各种错误是少不了的.

如果你发现了错误且有空的话，

就拜托你发邮件告诉我一下吧）

（Mail@）

我会请你吃东西的）

目录

1.THEORIGINSOFCETACEANS（来自OG）7

2.DESERTFORMATION（来自OG）18

3.EARLYCINEMA（来自OG）30

4.AGGRESSION（来自OG）41

5.ARTISANSANDINDUSTRIALIZATION（来自OG）51

6.SWIMMINGMACHINES（来自OG）61

7.NINETEENTH-CENTURYPOLITICSINTHEUNITEDSTATES（来自

OG）71

8.THEEXPRESSIONOFEMOTIONS（来自OG）82

9.GEOLOGYANDLANDSCAPE（来自OG）100

10.GROUNDWATER（2005.11.8M）（TPO1）Ill

11.THEORIGINSOFTHEATER（2005.11.8真题）（TPO1）119

12.TIMBERLINEVEGETATIONONMOUNTAINS（2005.11.8真题）

（TPO1）127

13.ARCHITECTURE（2006.8.12M®）（TPO3）135

14.DEPLETIONOFTHEOGALLALAAQUIFER（2006.8.12瓢）（TPO3）

143

15.THELONG-TERMSTABILITYOFECOSYSTEMS（2006.8.12真题）

（TPO3）152

16.OPPORTUNISTSANDCOMPETITORS（在线测试题）160

17.LASCAUXCAVEPAINTINGS（在线测试题）169

18.ELECTRICITYFROMWIND（在线测试题）178

19.DEERPOPULATIONSOFTHEPUGETSOUND(2006.10.8真题)

(TPO4)188

20.CAVEARTINEUROPE(2006.10.8真题)(TPO4)197

21.PETROLEUMRESOURCES(2006.10.8真题)(TPO4)206

22.APPLIEDARTSANDFINEARTS(来自OG)214

23.METEORITEIMPACTANDDINOSAUREXTINCTION(来自ETS官方

给出的模考软件)220

24.POWERINGTHEINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION(TPO6)229

25.WILLIAMSMITH(TPO6)238

26.INFANTILEAMNESIA(TPO6)248

27.MINERALSANDPLANTS(TPO5)257

28.THEORIGINOFTHEPACIFICISLANDPEOPLE{TPO5)265

29.THECAMBRIANEXPLOSION(TPO5)275

THEORIGINSOFCETACEANS

Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-aremammals.They

breathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Theirstreamlined

bodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofaflukelandblowhole2cannotdisguise

theiraffinitieswithlanddwellingmammals.However,unlikethecasesofseaottersand

pinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonlandandatsea),

itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbutalreadyfullymarine

cetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammaland

aswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,or

transitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.

众所周知，鲸类动物是哺乳动物，如鲸鱼、鼠海豚和海豚。它们用肺呼吸，而不是蛆，属于

胎生。鲸类动物的身体呈流线型，无后肢，它们身上的尾片和呼吸孔的存在也表明了它们和陆栖

哺乳动物之间存在一定联系。然而，想知道世上第一只鲸长什么样并非易事，不像还原海獭及鳍

足类动物(四肢水陆两用如海豹，海狮，海象)的原貌那么简单。一些完全水生的鲸类动物虽然

已经灭绝，但仍可通过化石来对它们进行考察。陆栖哺乳动物和海洋鲸类之间有何联系？近期发

现的化石已经可以很清晰地帮助人们了解这个问题，以及他们之间的过渡关系。

Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikely

originsofcetaceans.In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhat

provedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.ThefossilwasofficiallynamedPakicefusinhonorofthe

countrywherethediscoverywasmade.Pakicetuswasfoundembeddedinrocksformedfrom

riverdepositsthatwere52millionyearsold.Theriverthatformedthesedepositswasactually

notfarfromanancientoceanknownastheTethysSea.

科学家们通过一些令人振奋的发现重现了鲸类动物儿近真实的起源。1979年，在巴基斯坦

北部，一个寻找化石的考察队发掘到了最古老的鲸鱼化石。这块化石被官方命名为Pakicifus,

以纪念人们发现它的地方。这块化石是在一条河的沉积岩中发现的，这条河有5200万年的历史，

离古地中海不远

Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupofancestorsof

moderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovidespreciousdetails

ontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskulliscetacean-likebutitsjawboneslacktheenlargedspace

thatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodernwhales.

Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.Theskull

alsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,show

expertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eatingmammals,

themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishinshallow

waterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgavebirthon

land.

Pakicifus包括一个完整原始动物的头盖骨,它的主人是现代鲸类的祖先。尽管只是个头盖骨，

但它却提供了研究原始鲸类动物起源的珍贵信息。这个头盖骨和鲸类动物的很像，但它的下颌骨

和现代鲸类略有不同，现代鲸类动物的下颌骨中含有额外的空间储存脂肪或者油脂来吸收水下的

声音。Pakicifus的主人可能会像陆生哺乳动物那样通过张开的耳朵来探测声音。另外，这个头盖

骨没有呼吸孔，而鲸类动物有，这便是鲸类动物为了适应水生环境的另一种适应性表现。然而，

专家认为Pakicifus的其它特征表明它们是已灭绝的食肉哺乳动物（中兽科动物）和鲸类动物的

过渡型。有人认为Pakicifus靠吃浅水的鱼类为生，未能适应在辽阔的大海里生活。它们很有可

能在陆地进行生育繁殖。

AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsofanotherearly

whale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnowexposedinthe

Saharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyearsafterPakicefus.

Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimeinanarchaeocyte,

acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswouldhavebeenfartoo

smalltohavesupportedthe50-foot-longBasilosaurusonland.Basilosauruswas

undoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,hindlegs.

1989年，在埃及有了另一个重大发现。人们在古地中海残留的沉积物中发现了另一类早期鲸

鱼Basilosaurus的一些骨骸，这些骨骸如今暴露在撒哈拉大沙漠上。Basilosaurus生活在大约4000

万年前，比Pakicifus鲸鱼晚了1200万年。尽管发现的这些骨骼并不完整，但这是专家们第一次

在原始动物身上发现完整的后肢，它有三个小脚趾作为的足部特征。可这些后肢还太小，远无法

支撑50英尺长的Basilosaurus在陆地行走。因此，Basilosaurus必定是完全水生的鲸鱼，它们的

后肢已经不起任何作用，或者说已经退化

Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.Thenowextinct

whaleAmbulocetusnatans（"thewalkingwhalethatswam"）livedintheTethysSea49million

yearsago.Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbeforeBasilosaurus.

Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrongandendedin

longfeetverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainlyfunctionalboth

onlandandatsea.Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajormeansof

locomotioninmoderncetaceans.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,that

Ambulocetusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown,

eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.On

land,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,Ambulocetusmayhavemovedaroundverymuch

likeamodernsealion.Itwasundoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeatsea

1994年，巴基斯坦报道了一个更令人兴奋的发现。目前已经灭绝的鲸鱼Ambulocetusnatans

（可以步行的鲸类）4900万年前曾在古地中海生活过。比Pakicetus晚大约300万年，比

Basilosaurus早900万年左右。幸运的是，被发现的Ambulocetusnatans保留着完整的后肢。它

的后肢很强壮，底部有长足，非常像现在的鳍足类动物。这些后肢使得他们既能在陆地行走又能

在海里游行。虽然Ambulocetusnatans保留了尾巴，但它们缺少现代水生鲸类动物用于行动的主

要身体部位一一尾片。不过，从Ambulocetus的脊椎结构上可以看出，即使缺少尾片，它们也能

像现代鲸鱼那样通过身体背部的上下摆动来游走。大的后肢通常被当作是水中前行的发动机。在

它们可能交配繁殖的陆地上，Ambulocetus行动起来非常像现代海狮。毫无疑问，鲸鱼是连接着

陆地生命和海洋生命的物种。

Fluke:thetwopartsthatconstitutethelargetriangulartailofawhale

1."Blowhole:aholeinthetopoftheheadusedforbreathing

Paragraph1:Itshouldbeobviousthatcetaceans-whales,porpoises,anddolphins-are

mammals.Theybreathethroughlungs,notthroughgills,andgivebirthtoliveyoung.Their

streamlinedbodies,theabsenceofhindlegs,andthepresenceofafluke3andblowhole4

cannotdisguisetheiraffinitieswithland-dweHingmamnials.However,unlikcthecasesofsea

ottersandpinnipeds(seals,sealions,andwalruses,whoselimbsarefunctionalbothonland

andatsea),itisnoteasytoenvisionwhatthefirstwhaleslookedlike.Extinctbut,already

fullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Howwasthegapbetweenawalking

mammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearly

intermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.

Directions:Markyouranswerbyfillingintheovalnexttoyourchoice.

1.Inparagraph1,whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthepresenceofablowholein

cetaceans?

Oltclenrlyindie-thatcetaceansaremammals.

Oltcannotconcealthefactthatcetaceansaremammals.

Oltisthemaindifferencebetweencetaceansandland-dwellingmammals,

oltcannotyieldcluesabouttheoriginsofcetaceans.

2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutearlyseaotters?

Oltisnotdifficulttoimaginewhattheylookedlike

OThereweregreatnumbersofthem.

oTheylivediniheseaonly.

OTheydidnotleavemanyfossilremains.

Paragraph3:Thefossilconsistsofacompleteskullofanarchaeocyte,anextinctgroupof

ancestorsofmoderncetaceans.Althoughlimitedtoaskull,thePakicetusfossilprovides

preciousdetailsontheoriginsofcetaceans.Theskullisceiacean-likebutitsjawboneslackthe

enlargedspacethatisfilledwithfatoroilandusedforreceivingunderwatersoundinmodern

whales.Pakicetusprobablydetectedsoundthroughtheearopeningasinlandmammals.The

skullalsolacksablowhole,anothercetaceanadaptationfordiving.Otherfeatures,however,

showexpertsthatPakicetusisatransitionalformbetweenagroupofextinctflesh-eating

mammals,themesonychids,andcetaceans.IthasbeensuggestedthatPakicetusfedonfishin

shallowwaterandwasnotyetadaptedforlifeintheopenocean.Itprobablybredandgave

birthonland.

3.Thewordpreciousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OExact

oScarce

oValuable

olnitial

4.Pakicetusandtnoderncetaceanshavesimilar

OHearingstruetures

oAdaptationsfordiving（文中确实提到的概念，但是出现在定位句范围以外）

OSkullshapes

^Breedinglocations（文中确实提到的概念，但是出现在定位句范围以外）

5.Theworditinthepassagerefersto

oPakicetus

oFish

OLife

oocean

Paragraph4:AnothermajordiscoverywasmadeinEgyptin1989.Severalskeletonsof

anotherearlywhale,Basilosaurus,werefoundinsedimentsleftbytheTethysSeaandnow

exposedintheSaharadesert.Thiswhalelivedaround40millionyearsago,12millionyears

afterPakicefus.Manyincompleteskeletonswerefoundbuttheyincluded,forthefirsttimein

anarchaeocyte,acompletehindlegthatfeaturesafootwiththreetinytoes.Suchlegswould

ha\cbeenfarloosmalltohavesupportedihc50-foot-longBasilosuurusonland.

Basilosauruswasundoubtedlyafullymarinewhalewithpossiblynonfunctional,orvestigial,

hindlegs.

6.Thewordexposedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

OExplained

□Visible

oidentified

oLocated

7.ThehindlegofBasilosauruswasasignificantfindbecauseitshowedthat

Basilosaurus

oLivedlaterthanAmbulocetusnatans

oLived-IthesametimePakicelus

oWasabletoswimwell

oCouldnothavewalkedonland

8.ItcanbeinferredthatBasilosaurusbredandgavebirthinwhichofthefollowing

locations

oOnland（与原文叙述相反）

OBothonlandandatsea

Olnshitllowwaler

Olnamarineenvironment

Paragraph5:Anevenmoreexcitingfindwasreportedin1994,alsofromPakistan.The

nowextinctwhaleAmbulocetusnatans（"thewalkingwhalethatswam"）livedintheTethys

Sea49millionyearsago.Itlivedaround3millionyearsafterPakicetusbut9millionbefore

Basilosaurus.Thefossilluckilyincludesagoodportionofthehindlegs.Thelegswerestrong

andendedinlongfeelverymuchlikethoseofamodernpinniped.Thelegswerecertainly

functionalbothonlandandatsea.Thewhaleretainedatailandlackedafluke,themajor

meansoflocomotioninmoderncetaceans.Thestructurenfthebackboneshows,however,

thatAmbuloceiusswamlikemodernwhalesbymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupand

down,eventhoughaflukewasmissing.Thelargehindlegswereusedforpropulsioninwater.

Onland,whereitprobablybredandgavebirth,Ambulocetusmayhavemovedaroundvery

muchlikeamodernsealion.Itwasundoubtedlyawhalethatlinkedlifeonlandwithlifeat

sea

9.WhydoestheauthorusethewordluckilyinmentioningthattheAmbulocetusnatans

fossilincludedhindlegs?

OFossillegsofearlywhalesareararefind.

OThelegsprovidedimportantinformationabouttheevolutionofcetaceans.

oThediscoveryallowedscienlislsloreconslruclacompleteskeletonofthewhale.

oUntilthattime,onlythefrontlegsofearlywhaleshadbeendiscovered.

10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessential

information.

OEventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothavea

backbone.

OThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofits

missingfluke.

oAlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke;itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlike

modernwhales.

OBymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswimina

differentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.

11.Thewordpropulsioninthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

oStayingafloat

OChangingdirection

ODecreasingweight

OMovingforward

Paragraph1:Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.

■Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?HMissing

untilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsand

cetaceans.■Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemost

likelyoriginsofcetaceans.Un1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfound

whatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.

12.Lookatthefoursquares(■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeadded

tothepassage.

Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

OExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.Thisisa

questionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Howwasthegapbetweenawalking

mammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?"Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearly

intermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.■Veryexciting

discoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■

In1979,ateamlookingforfossilinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldest

fossilwhale.

OExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.・How

wasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?Thisisaquestion

thathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearly

intermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.■Veryexciting

discoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■

In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldest

fossilwhale.

OExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.BHow

wasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?■Missinguntil

recentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsand

cetaceans.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.Veryexciting

discoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.

■In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldest

fossilwhale.

OExtinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.HHow

wasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?-Missinguntil

recentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsand

cetaceans.■Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemost

likelyoriginsofcetaceans.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.In

1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossil

whale.

13-14.Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageis

providedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpress

themostimportantideasinthepassage.Someanswerchoicesdonotbelonginthesummary

becausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthe

passage.Thisquestionisworth2points.

Thispassagediscussesfossilsthathelptoexplainthelikelyoriginsofcetaceanswhales,

porpoises,anddolphins.

AnswerChoices

1.Recentdiscoveriesoffossilshavehelpedtoshowthelinkbetweenlandmammalsand

cetaceans.

2.ThediscoveryofAmbulocetusnatansprovidedevidenceforawhalethatlivedbothon

landandatsea.

3.TheskeletonofBasilosauruswasfoundinwhathadbeentheTethysSea,anarearich

infossilevidence.

4.Pakicetusistheoldestfossilwhaleyettobefound.

5.Fossilsthoughttobetransitionalformsbetweenwalkingmammalsandswimming

whaleswerefound.

6.Ambulocetus*hindlegswereusedforpropulsioninthewater.

参考答案

1.。2

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefound

inparagraph1.Choice2isthebestanswer.Itisessentiallyarephrasingofthestatement

inparagraph1thatblowholescannotdisguisecetaceans,affinitieswithothermammals.

Theotherthreechoicesarerefuted,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,bythatparagraph.

2.ol

ThisisanInferencequestionaskingforinformationthatcanbeinferredfromparagraph

1.Choice1isthebestanswerbecauseparagraph1saysthatseaottersareunlikeearly

mammalswhoseappearancesarenoteasytoimagine.Byinference,then,theearly

appearanceofseaottersmustbeeasy(ornotdifficult)toimagine.

3.03

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisprecious.Itishighlightedinthe

passage.Thecorrectanswerischoice3,"valuable.HAnythingthatispreciousisvery

importantandthereforevaluable.

4.03

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefound

inthepassage.Choice3isthebestanswer.Paragraph3describesthedifferencesand

similaritiesbetweenPakicetusandmoderncetaceans.Sentence3ofthatparagraphstates

thattheirskullsaresimilar.Theotherthreechoicesdescribedifferences,notsimilarities.

5.Ol

ThisisaReferencequestion.ThewordbeingtestedisIt.Thatwordishighlightedinthe

passage.Thisisasimplepronounreferentitem.ChoiceI,''Pakicetus''isthecorrect

answer.ThewordItherereferstoacreaturethatprobablybredandgavebirthonland.

Pakicetusistheonlyoneofthechoicestowhichthiscouldapply.

6.02

ThisisaVocabularyquestion.Thewordbeingtestedisexposed.Itishighlightedinthe

passage.Thecorrectanswerischoice2,"visible.nExposedmeans"uncovered."Askeleton

thatisuncoveredcanbeseen.Visiblemeans"canbeseen."

7.04

ThisisaFactualInformationquestionaskingforspecificinformationthatcanbefound

inthepassage.Choice4isthebestanswerbecauseitistheonlydetailabouttheskeleton

ofBasilosaurusmentionedinparagraph4,meaningthatitissignificant.Choice1istrue,

butitisnotdiscussedinthedetailthatchoice4is,anddoesnotrepresentthe

significanceofthediscovery.Choice3isnotmentioned,andchoice2isnot:me.

8.04

ThisisanInferenceques