全球应对粮食危机网络-2021年全球粮食危机报告（英文）-2021.5-307正式版

FSINFoodSecurityInformationNetwork2021GLOBALREPORTONFOODCRISESJOINTANALYSISFORBETTERDECISIONSContentsFOREWORD................................................................................................2Eswatini.....................................................................................................135Ethiopia.....................................................................................................140Guatemala..................................................................................................145Haiti........................................................................................................150Honduras....................................................................................................155Kenya.......................................................................................................160Lesotho......................................................................................................166Madagascar.................................................................................................171Malawi......................................................................................................177Mali.........................................................................................................182Mozambique................................................................................................187GRFC2021INBRIEF......................................................................................3Acknowledgements............................................................................................5Howtousethisreport..........................................................................................6Acronyms......................................................................................................71.GLOBALOVERVIEWOFFOODCRISES...............................................................9Introduction..................................................................................................10TheGRFC2021methodologyataglance.....................................................................11Globalfoodcrisesoverview,2020.............................................................................14Majordriversofglobalfoodcrisesin2020...................................................................22Foodcrisesforecastfor2021.................................................................................25Tableofacutefoodinsecurityestimates,2019–2021.........................................................29Niger........................................................................................................192Nigeria(15statesandFederalCapitalTerritory)..............................................................197Pakistan(KhyberPakhtunkhwa)..............................................................................203Palestine....................................................................................................208SierraLeone.................................................................................................213Somalia.....................................................................................................2182.REGIONALOVERVIEWSOFFOODCRISES.........................................................33CentralandSouthernAfrica..................................................................................34EastAfrica...................................................................................................45WestAfricaandtheSahel(incorporatingCameroonandLibya)................................................56CentralAmericaandHaiti....................................................................................66Eurasia–EasternEurope,MiddleEastandSouthAsia.........................................................77SouthSudan................................................................................................224Sudan.......................................................................................................231SyrianArabRepublic........................................................................................236Uganda......................................................................................................241UnitedRepublicofTanzania.................................................................................247Yemen......................................................................................................2523.COUNTRY-LEVELOVERVIEWSOFMAJORFOODCRISES........................................88Afghanistan..................................................................................................90Angola.......................................................................................................95Bangladesh(Cox'sBazar).....................................................................................99BurkinaFaso................................................................................................104Burundi.....................................................................................................110Cameroon...................................................................................................115CentralAfricanRepublic.....................................................................................120Chad........................................................................................................125DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo...........................................................................130Zambia......................................................................................................258Zimbabwe...................................................................................................263TECHNICALNOTES.......................................................................................268BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................287GLOBALREPORTONFOODCRISES2021|1ForewordThefindingsofthefiftheditionoftheGlobalReportonFoodCrisesmakegrimreading.Thenumberofpeoplefacingacutefoodinsecurityandrequiringurgentfood,nutritionandlivelihoodsassistanceisontherise.Conflictisthemainreason,combinedwithclimatedisruptionandeconomicshocks,aggravatedbytheCOVID-19pandemic.Conflictandhungeraremutuallyreinforcing.Weneedtotacklehungerandconflicttogethertosolveeither.Theycannotberesolvedseparately.Hungerandpovertycombinewithinequality,climateshocksandtensionsoverlandandresourcestosparkanddriveconflict.Likewise,conflictforcespeopletoleavetheirhomes,landandjobs.Itdisruptsagricultureandtrade,reducesaccesstovitalresourceslikewaterandelectricity,andsodriveshungerandfamine.Wemustdoeverythingwecantoendthisviciouscycle.Addressinghungerisafoundationforstabilityandpeace.Ourblueprintisthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,andpartiularlySDG2onzerohunger.Accordingly,weneedtotransformourfoodsystemstomakethemmoreinclusive,resilientandsustainable.MobilizingambitiousactioninthatregardisthegoaloftheFoodSystemsSummitthatIwillconvenelaterthisyear.Thereisnoplaceforfamineandstarvationinthe21stcentury.Together,wecanendhunger.AntónioGuterresSecretary-GeneraloftheUnitedNationsGRFC2021inbriefThemagnitudeandseverityoffoodcrisesworsenedinꢀꢁꢀꢁasprotractedconflict,theeconomicfalloutofCOVID-ꢂ9andweatherextremesexacerbatedpre-existingfragilities.Forecastspointtoagrimoutlookforꢀꢁꢀꢂ,withthethreatofFaminepersistinginsomeoftheworld’sworstfoodcrises.In2020Childrenlivinginfood-crisiscountries/territoriesareespeciallyvulnerabletomalnutrition.Theprimarydriversofacutefoodinsecurityinꢁꢂꢁꢂwereconflict/insecurity,economicshocks–includingthoseresultingfromCOVID-ꢃ9–andweatherextremes.Driversoftenco-existandreinforceoneanother.155Mpeopleinꢅꢅcountries/territorieswereinCrisisorworse(IPC/CHPhaseꢄorabove)orequivalent–anincreaseofaroundꢁꢂmillionpeoplefromꢁꢂꢃ9.15.8Mchildrenunder5yearsinthe55food-crisiscountries/territorieswerewasted.75.2Mchildrenunder5yearsinthe55food-crisiscountries/territorieswerestunted.CONFLICT/INSECURITYECONOMICSHOCKSWEATHEREXTREMESꢉꢉ.1Mpeoplein23countries/territoriesꢈ0.5Mpeoplein17countries15.7Mpeoplein15countries133ꢆ000peopleinBurkinaFaso,SouthSudanandYemenwereinCatastrophe(IPC/CHPhaseꢅ)andneededurgentactiontopreventwidespreaddeathandtotalcollapseoflivelihoods.Forecast2021Whileconflictwillremainthemajordriveroffoodcrisesinꢁꢂꢁꢃ,theeconomicrepercussionsofCOVID-ꢃ9willexacerbateacutefoodinsecurityinfragileeconomies.28Mpeopleinꢄꢇofthe43countries/territorieswithIPC/CHanalyseswereinEmergency(IPC/CHPhase4)andneededurgentactiontosavelivesandlivelihoods.1ꢈ2MpeopleareprojectedtobeinCrisisorworse(IPC/CHPhaseꢄorabove)orequivalentin4ꢁcountries/territoriesforwhichforecastsareavailable.66%oftheꢃ55millionpeopleinCrisisorworse(IPC/CHPhaseꢄorabove)orequivalentwereinꢃꢂcountries/territories–DemocraticRepublicoftheCongo(21.8M),Yemen(13.5M),Afghanistan(13.2M),SyrianArabRepublic(12.ꢈM),Sudan(ꢉ.6M),northernNigeria(ꢉ.2M),Ethiopia(8.6M),SouthSudan(6.5M),Zimbabwe(ꢈ.3M)andHaiti(ꢈ.1M).155ꢆ000peoplewilllikelyfaceCatastrophe(IPC/CHPhaseꢅ)intwoofthesecountriesthroughmid-ꢁꢂꢁꢃ,with108ꢆ000inSouthSudanandꢈ7ꢆ000inYemen.65%oftheworld's4ꢃꢀmillioninternallydisplacedpeopleInthreecountries,morethanhalfofthepopulationanalysedwasinCrisisorworse(IPCPhaseꢄorabove)orequivalent.inꢁꢂꢁꢂwereinDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo,Yemen,Afghanistan,SyrianArabRepublic,Sudan,northernNigeria,EthiopiaandSouthSudan.InSouthSudan,fourpayamsofPiborcountywillcontinuetofaceFamineLikely(IPCPhase5).60%55%51%InnorthernNigeria,althoughnopopulation/areaisprojectedtobeinCatastrophe/Famine(CHPhase5),someindicatorssuggestthataproportionofthepopulation(<ꢃꢂ%)mayfacesuchconditions.38%oftheworld'sꢄꢁ.ꢅmillionrefugeesandasylumseekersoriginatefromthreefood-crisiscountries–SyrianArabRepublic,AfghanistanandSouthSudan.SYRIANARABREPUBLICSOUTHSUDANCENTRALAFRICANREPUBLICInformingtheworkoftheGlobalNetworkAgainstFoodCrisesFoundedbytheEuropeanUnion,FAOandWFPatthe2016WorldHumanitarianSummit,theGlobalNetworkAgainstFoodCrisesisanallianceofhumanitariananddevelopmentactorsworkingtogethertoprevent,preparefor,andrespondtofoodcrisesandsupporttheSustainableDevelopmentGoaltoEndHunger(SDG2).Itseekstoreducevulnerabilitiesassociatedwithacutehunger;achievefoodsecurityandimprovednutrition;andpromotesustainableagricultureandfoodsystems,usinga‘3x3approach.’Thisinvolvesworkingattheglobal,regionalandnationallevelstosupportpartnershipswithinexistingstructuresandtoimproveadvocacy,decision-making,policyandprogrammingalongthefollowingthreedimensions:The3x3approachtoaddressingfoodcrisessirtNadugiNotIOTHEGOALLong-lastingiDimension1|UnderstandingfoodcrisesEnidan2tamTheworkwithinthisdimensionaimstobuildgreaterconsensusandpromoteevidence-basedfoodsecurityandnutritionanalysesandreportinginordertostrengthenthecollection,qualityandcoverageofthefoodsecurityandnutritiondataandanalysis,andinformdecision-makingandaction.ThiswillbeachievedthroughthecontributiontotheGlobalReportonFoodCrises,aunique‘globalpublicgood’underthecoordinationandleadershipoftheFoodSecurityInformationNetwork(FSIN),aswellasthecoordination,synthesis,andpublicationoftechnicalanalyses,includingforward-lookinganalysesoffoodcrises.solutionstofoodcrisesthroughimprovedcoordinationandintegrationofactionsalongtheHDPrunexusGoooNIONDimension2|Leveragingstrategicinvestmentsinfoodsecurity,nutritionandagricultureTheworkwithinthisdimensionaimstoadvocatefor‘fitforpurpose’financingthatdrawsonthefullrangeofresourceflows(publicandprivate,internationalanddomestic)tobetterpreparefor,preventandrespondtofoodcrises.Itseekstoimprovecoherencebetweenhumanitarian,developmentandpeaceactions(theHDP‘nexus’)tobuildresiliencetoshocksandpromotelonger-termself-reliance.Activitiesincludeastrongfocusonsupportingcapacitystrengtheningofcountry-levelactorsandinstitutions,aswellasstrengtheningcoordinationattheregionalleveltoensurethatinvestmentsarefocusedontherightplace,attherighttime.Dimension3|GoingbeyondfoodTheworkwithinthisdimensionaimstofosterpoliticaluptakeandcoordinationacrossclusters/sectorstoaddresstheunderlyingmulti-dimensionaldriversoffoodcrisesincludingenvironmental,political,economic,societalandsecurityriskfactors.Itseekstoimproveunderstandingandpromotelinkagesbetweenthedifferentdimensionsoffragilitythroughknowledgesharing,advocacyandintegratedpolicyresponses.AcknowledgementsThisfifthannualGlobalReportonFoodCrises(GRFCꢀ2021)resultsfrommonthsofcollaborationamongnumerousmembersoftheinternationalhumanitariananddevelopmentcommunity.PardieꢀKaramanoukian,HeqianꢀKuang,BrendaꢀLazarus,JoséꢀLopez,WilliamsꢀMassaoud,AurélienꢀMellin,BrunoꢀMinjauw,NickꢀMinot,NaserMohmand,Anne-ClaireꢀMouilliez,GiampieroꢀMuci,SarahꢀMuir,CharityꢀMumbua,MilitezeggaꢀMustafa,PaulꢀNforneh,MaryꢀNjenga,SaulꢀGuerreroꢀOteyza,KrishnaꢀPahari,CinziaꢀPapavero,MattiaꢀPinzone,JonathanꢀPound,HasinaRakotomanana,Anna-LeenaꢀRasanen,BrendanꢀRice,JoyseeꢀRodriguez-Baide,JoséꢀRuizꢀEspí,CarlosEstevezReyes,LucaꢀRusso,DomenicaꢀSabella,MohamedꢀSalem,DuncanꢀSamikwa,AndreasꢀSchuetz,EdgarScrase,PontshoꢀSepoloane,RicardoꢀSibrián,JungEunSohn,KostasStamoulis,VictoriaꢀSauveplaneꢀStirling,FarshadꢀTami,GenevieveꢀTheodorakis,TerryTheuri,Anne-ClaireꢀThomas,PeterꢀThomas,PhilippeꢀThomas,MonikaTothova,LevꢀTurner,PatriciaꢀVelasco,JoseLuisꢀVivero-Pol,RobꢀVos,KatyꢀWilliams,MarioꢀZappacostaandAnnaꢀZiolkovska.TheFoodSecurityInformationNetwork(FSIN)coordinatesthisprocess,facilitatingmultiplepartnersatglobal,regionalandnationallevelstosharefoodsecurityandnutritiondata,analysisandvaluableinsights.Withoutthecommitment,contributionsandexpertiseof16agenciesandmanyindividualsthisvaluableworkwouldnothavebeenpossible.Wewouldliketothanktheseniorcommitteemembersfortheirvitalguidanceandfeedback,theFSIN-coordinatedfoodsecurityandnutritiontechnicalworkinggroupsforprovidinganalysis,editing,proofreadinganddisseminatingthereportandthecontributorstothesessionsofthetechnicalconsultationsheldfromNovember2020toMarch2021.Wewouldliketoextendaspecialthankstofoodsecurityandnutritionanalystswhocontinuedtoproduceanalysesatthecountryandregionallevels,despiteexperiencingexceptionallychallengingcircumstancesin2020.Inparticular,wewouldliketothankthefollowingindividuals(inalphabeticalorder):MahamaneRabiouAlmadjir,LaviniaꢀAntonaci,IssoufouꢀBaoua,SophieꢀChotard,LynnꢀClark,ElenaConte,CristinaCoslet,AlessandroꢀCostantino,AntenehꢀDobamo,PanduleniꢀElago,GwenaelleꢀGarnier,ValerieꢀGatchell,MeganꢀGayford,SimoneꢀGie,LauraꢀGlaeser,MahalmoudouꢀHamadoun,TimꢀHoffine,ArifꢀHusain,PiaꢀHussein,SergioꢀInnocente,AreejJafari,AbdiꢀJama,DouglasꢀJayasekaran,MarianneꢀJensby,DamienꢀJoud,Wewouldliketothanktherepresentativesofthedonorcommunityforsharingtheirinformationneedsandprovidingthoughtfulviewsandfeedback,andtheEuropeanꢀUnionandUSAIDforprovidingvaluablefundingfortheGRFC2021.GlobalFEWSNETNUTRITIONCLUSTERFAMINEEARLYWARNINGSYSTEMSNETWORKPLEMGLOBALREPORTONFOODCRISES20215HowtousethisreportRefertoChapter1forthe2020globaloverviewoffoodcrisesand2021forecast.Page9RefertoChapter2forregionaloverviewsoffoodcrisesin2020andaforecastfor2021.Page33RefertoChapter3forcountry-leveloverviewsof34majorfoodcrisesin2020andforecastsfor2021.Page88Technicalnotes.Page268RefertothissectionforexplanationsofprocessesforproducingtheGRFC2021;keyterminology;keyindicatorsandclassificationtablesforacutefoodinsecurityandmalnutritionindicators.ItprovidesthekeyfindingsoftheGRFC2021,examiningthevaryingaspectsoffoodcrises,theirseverityandmagnitudeandidentifiestheworld’s10worstfoodcrisesin2020.Aneasy-to-navigatetablesummarisestheacutefoodinsecurityestimatesfor2019to2021.Text,infographicsandmapsillustratetheevolutionoffoodcrisesinthefollowingfiveregions:CentralandSouthernAfrica;EastAfrica;WestAfricaandtheSahel;CentralAmericaandHaiti;Eurasia(includingtheMiddleEastandSouthAsia).ThefoodcrisesarepresentedinalphabeticalorderfromAfghanistantoZimbabwe.Eachoverviewprovidesdetailedlocal-levelacutefoodinsecurity,malnutritionanddisplacementdata,andinformationondriverspresentedthroughinfographics,mapsandtext.Abibliographyisprovidedattheendofthereport.6|GLOBALREPORTONFOODCRISES2021Acronyms3RP............RegionalRefugeeandResiliencePlanACAPS..........AssessmentCapacitiesProjectACF............ActionContreleFaimFAO-GIEWS......FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations................–GlobalInformationandEarlyWarningSystemonFoodandAgricultureFAW............FallarmywormACLED..........ArmedConflictLocationandEventDataProjectAfDB...........AfricanDevelopmentBankFCS............FoodConsumptionScoreFCT............FederalCapitalTerritoryALPS............AlertforPriceSpikesindicatorALG............Liptako–GourmaAuthority(AutoritédeDéveloppementIntégrédelaRégiondu................LiptakoGourma)AMN............AcutemalnutritionAML............AfricanmigratorylocustsASAL............Aridandsemi-aridlandsBAY............Borno,AdamawaandYobestatesCADC...........CentralAmericaDryCorridorCAFOD..........CatholicAgencyforOverseasDevelopmentCARI............ConsolidatedApproachtoReportingIndicatorsofFoodSecurityCFSA...........CropandFoodSupplyAssessmentCFSAM..........CropandFoodSecurityAssessmentMissionCFSVA..........ComprehensiveFoodSecurityandVulnerabilityAnalysisCH.............CadreHarmoniséFEWSꢁNET.......FamineEarlyWarningSystemsNetworkFSC............FoodSecurityClusterFSIN............FoodSecurityInformationNetworkFSNAU.........FoodSecurityandNutritionAssessmentUnitFSNMS..........FoodSecurityandNutritionMonitoringSystemFSNWG.........FoodSecurityandNutritionWorkingGroupFSTS............FoodSecurityTechnicalSecretariat(Yemen)GAM............GlobalAcuteMalnutritionGDP............GrossDomesticProductgFSC............GlobalFoodSecurityClusterGDP............GrossDomesticProductGHO............GlobalHumanitarianOverviewGHRP..........GlobalHumanitarianResponsePlanGIFMM.........InteragencyGrouponMixedMigrationFlows–................Colombia(GrupoInteragencialdeFlujosMigratoriosMixtos)GNAFC..........GlobalNetworkAgainstFoodCrisesGNC............GlobalNutritionClusterCholera/AWD....CholeraandAcuteWateryDiarrhoeaCILSS...........PermanentInterstateCommitteeforDroughtControlCONASUR.......ConseilNationaldeSecoursd'UrgenceetdeRéhabilitation,Ministèredel'ActionSocialeet................delaSolidaritéNationalCOVID-ꢀ9.......Coronavirusdisease2019CPI............ConsumerPriceIndexDEVCO..........InternationalCooperationandDevelopmentoftheEuropeanCommissionDHS............DemographicandHealthSurveyDRC............DanishRefugeeCouncilGRFC...........GlobalReportonFoodCrisesHDP............Humanitarian-Development-PeacenexusHDI............HumanitarianDevelopmentIndexHIV/AIDS........HumanImmunodeficiencyVirusInfectionandAcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndromeHNO............HumanitarianNeedsOverviewHRP............HumanitarianResponsePlanICRC............InternationalCommitteeoftheRedCrossIDMC...........InternalDisplacementMonitoringCentreIDP............InternallyDisplacedPeopleIFAD............InternationalFundforAgriculturalDevelopmentIFPRI...........InternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstituteDTM............DisplacementTrackingMatrixECHO..........EuropeanCivilProtectionandHumanitarianAidOperationsoftheEuropeanCommissionECDC...........EuropeanCentreforDiseasePreventionandControlEC-JRC..........EuropeanCommission–JointResearchCentreECLAC..........UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanECOWAS........EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStates(CommunautééconomiquedesÉtats(orCEDEAO)....del'Afriquedel'Ouest)IFRC............InternationalFederationoftheRedCrossIGAD...........IntergovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopment(inEasternAfrica)ILO.............InternationalLabourOrganizationEFSA............EmergencyFoodSecurityAssessment(EvaluacióndeSeguridadAlimentariadeEmergencia)EHES...........EswatiniHouseholdIncomeandExpendituresurveyENA............EssentialNeedsAssessmentIMF............InternationalMonetaryFundIOM............InternationalOrganizationforMigrationIPC............IntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseClassificationIPCAMN........IntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseClassificationAcuteMalnutritionFAO............FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsGLOBALREPORTONFOODCRISES2021|7ACRONYMSIPCFRC.........IntegratedFoodSecurityPhaseClassificationFamineReviewCommitteeISCG............InterSectorCoordinationGroup(Bangladesh)ISIL............IslamicStateofIraqandtheLevantIYCF............InfantandYoungChildFeedingJME............JointMalnutritionEstimatesJMP............JointMonitoringProgrammeSAM............SevereAcuteMalnutritionSDG............SustainableDevelopmentGoalSENS..........StandardisedExpandedNutritionSurveySICA............CentralAmericanIntegrationSystem(SistemadelaIntegraciónCentroamericana)SISAAP..........Systèmed'InformationsurelaSécuritéAlimentaireetd'AlertePrécoceSMART..........StandardizedMonitoringandAssessmentofReliefandTransitionsSMEB..........SurvivalMinimumExpenditureBasketJRP............JointResponsePlanLGA............LocalgovernmentareaMAD............MinimumAcceptableDietMAM...........ModerateAcuteMalnutritionSNNPR..........EthiopianSouthernNations,Nationalities,andPeoples'RegionSOFI............TheStateofFoodSecurityandNutritionintheWorldTWG............TechnicalWorkingGroupMCN