材料概论陶瓷双语课件

Chapter3Ceramics

陶瓷材料龙志庆理工大学材料科学与工程学院《材料概论》IntroductiontoMaterialsChapter3Ceramics

陶瓷材料重庆理工大2InorganicNon-metallicMaterials2InorganicNon-metallicMateri材料概论陶瓷双语ppt课件陶瓷材料的概念与分类 Conceptandclassification陶瓷的结构StructureofCeramics陶瓷材料的制作工艺 Manufactureandprocessingtechnologies陶瓷材料的性能及应用 Propertiesandapplications2.1陶瓷材料的概念与分类2.11陶瓷的概念和分类

ConceptandClassifications

1.1概念

Concept陶瓷Ceramic:

烧过的粘土。是陶器

(pottery)和瓷器(porcelain)的总称。定义:陶瓷指经过高温处理所合成的无机非金属材料(Inorganic&nonmetallicmaterials),简称无机材料。3.1Introduction1陶瓷的概念和分类3.1IntroductionWhatistheceramicTheword“ceramic”canbetracedbacktoGreekterm“keramos陶器”whichisrelatedtoanoldSanskrit（梵语）rootmeaning“toburn”.Canbedefinedasinorganiccompoundsmadebyheatingclayorothermineralmattertoahightemperatureatwhichtheypartiallymeltandbondtogether.Ceramiccanbedefinedasinorganic,nonmetallicmaterials.WhatistheceramicTheword“c陶器---瓷器比较表面效果制作材料烧制温度敲击声音陶器---瓷器比较表面效果制作材料陶瓷之别陶器瓷器胎料普通的粘土瓷土（高岭土）温度一般<1000度一般>1100度表层不施釉或低温釉多施釉吸水性胎质粗松，断面吸水率高胎体坚固致密，断面基本不吸水，敲之发出清脆的金属声响陶瓷之别陶器瓷器胎料普通的粘土瓷土（高岭土）温度一般<1009Ceramicsarerefractorypolycrystalline（多晶）compoundsHighlyinert(惰性);biocompatible(生物适应性的）Hardandbrittle（脆性）Highcompressivestrength（耐压强度）Generallygoodelectricandthermalinsulators(绝缘)Goodaestheticappearance美观9CeramicsarerefractorypolycUsuallycompound化合betweenmetallicandnonmetallicelementsAlwayscomposedofmorethanoneelementBondsarepartiallyortotallyionic,andmayhavecombinationofionic离子键andcovalentbonds共价键Majority多数hasionic(insaltcompounds)ormetallicandnonmetallicelements(asinoxidesAl2O3,MgO,SiO2)Usuallycompound化合betweenmet主要组分：硅酸盐化合物在美国，陶瓷泛指硅酸盐材料，又称为传统陶瓷或普通陶瓷。包括日用陶瓷、工业用陶瓷、一般玻璃、水泥、耐火材料等。

先进无机材料(advancedinorganicmaterials):

用氧化物、氮化物、硅化物、碳化物以至各种无机非金属化合物经过

特殊的先进工艺制成的材料。

主要组分：硅酸盐化合物1.2分类Classification12Ceramicstraditionalceramics:derivedandprocessedfromclayornonclaymineralsincludingrefractories（耐火材料),whitewares,cement(水泥),porcelain(瓷器),andstructuralclayceramics.advancedceramics:highpurity,bettermechanical,electrical,magnetic,andopticalproperties

1.2分类Classification12Cerami1.2.1传统陶瓷Traditionalceramics：又称普通陶瓷，主要是指以天然无机物如粘土等为主要原料、经高温处理得到的制品，主要用于制造日用器皿、生活洁具等生活用具。瓷器Porcelain;Chinaware：细密的陶瓷器皿，质硬、半透明、白色、发声清脆以及无孔，以长石(Feldspar)、石英（Quartz）和高岭石(Kaolin)为基本原料经一次烧成。131.2.1传统陶瓷Traditionalceramic1414TraditionalCeramics15TraditionalCeramics15艺术陶瓷16艺术陶瓷16材料概论陶瓷双语ppt课件材料概论陶瓷双语ppt课件材料概论陶瓷双语ppt课件材料概论陶瓷双语ppt课件1.2.2先进陶瓷Advancedceramics：又称为精细陶瓷、新型陶瓷、高技术陶瓷、特种陶瓷等。New、technical、engineering、advancedceramics是指以精制的高纯天然无机物或人工合成无机化合物为原料，采用精密控制的制造加工工艺烧结，得到的具有独特性能的高功能陶瓷。211.2.2先进陶瓷Advancedceramics：AdvancedceramicsAdvancedceramicsare

developedformrathersimplechemicalcompounds,andadvancesinprocessingwhichhaveprovidedgreatercontrolovertheirstructures.Advancedceramic:thescaleoftherawmaterialsandmicrostructures,includingthecrystalgrains,crystalinterface,poresanddefectsisatthelevelofmicrons.先进陶瓷，从原料、显微结构中所体现的晶粒、晶界、气孔、缺陷等在尺度上都是处在微米级的水平。AdvancedceramicsAdvancedceraClassificationbasedonapplicationsAdvanced(New)CeramicmaterialsOxidesNitridesCarbidesAbrasivesRocketEnginesAbrasives研磨料

BioceramicsGasTurbiness燃气涡轮机ResistanceHeating电阻加热

ElectricalCuttingToolsSteelAdditives(Steel)CuttingToolsHighTemperaturesRefractoryBrickSubstrates基板CuttingTools(cermets)

耐火砖ForICChips

GlassAdditivescoatingsArmorCeramicMatrixCompositesNuclearFuelsReinforcingFibersClassificationbasedonapplicAdvancedCeramicsCuttingtoolsZirconiatoughenedalumina氧化锆增强氧化铝24AdvancedCeramicsCuttingtools25红色陶瓷系列黑色陶瓷系列黄色陶瓷系列25红色陶瓷系列黑色陶瓷系列黄色陶瓷系列密封环陶瓷系列26密封环陶瓷系列26点火头系列27点火头系列271.2.3先进陶瓷的分类组成composition：氧化物oxide、氮化物nitride、硅化物silicide、碳化物carbide

性能properties&applications：结构陶瓷structuralceramics、功能陶瓷functionalceramics281.2.3先进陶瓷的分类组成composition：2结构陶瓷:以力学、机械性能为主。Mechanicproperties功能陶瓷:利用材料的电、磁、光、声、热等性能及其耦合效应，如铁电、压电陶瓷、敏感陶瓷、快离子导体陶瓷等。主要从电性能上考虑有绝缘陶瓷、介电陶瓷、半导体陶瓷、导体陶瓷以至高临界温度的超导陶瓷。29结构陶瓷:291.3陶瓷的发展30陶器

瓷器（传统陶瓷）高铝质粘土和瓷土的应用釉的发明原料纯化陶瓷工艺的发展

陶瓷理论的发展

先进陶瓷（微米级）纳米陶瓷高温技术的发展

显微结构分析的进步性能研究的深入无损评估的成就相邻学科的推动1.3陶瓷的发展30陶器瓷器（传统陶瓷）高铝1.4ApplicationsThermalBarrierCoatings:热屏蔽涂层Lowthermalconductivity传导性reducesmetaltemperatures311.4ApplicationsThermalBarriElectronicsPackaging电子封装:Ceramics:ProvidehightemperatureperformanceandthermalexpansioncoefficientmatchtoSiliconHighthermalconductivitydesired32ElectronicsPackaging电子封装:CeCeramicArmour装甲33CeramicArmour装甲3334Someotherexamples34Someotherexamples1.4陶瓷的发展趋向纳米陶瓷nano-ceramic特性：原材料粉末rawmaterialspowder颗粒为纳米级nano-levelgrains；微观结构microstructures,晶粒grains,晶界interfaces，气孔pores以及晶体缺陷defects同样在纳米级nano-level。351.4陶瓷的发展趋向纳米陶瓷nano-ceramic35两种晶型复合的复相陶瓷：同一化学组成的物质经适当的工艺控制,得到不同晶型和不同的颗粒形貌的复相陶瓷，达到自补强的目的。有机和无机复合的复相陶瓷：介于有机与无机材料之间，不需要高温处理而获得的一种新型材料。金属陶瓷：金属与陶瓷复合的复相陶瓷。36

两种晶型复合的复相陶瓷：同一化学组成的物质经适当的工艺控3.2StructureofCeramicsCrystallinesolidscomposedofmetallicandnonmetallicmaterialsCeramicsarecrystalstructuresmadeofmetallicionsandInorganicmaterialsBondingiseitherpartiallyorcompletelyionic离子键.（还有共价键covalentbonds）

VariablesincludeThemagnitude量级oftheelectricalcharge电荷ontheions;Therelativesizeoftheions离子373.2StructureofCeramicsCrysPropertiesofCeramicsCorrosionresistance抗腐蚀,chemicalinertness惰性,thermalshockresistance抗热震性,wear-resistance耐磨Electricalproperties:solidelectrolytesinexperimentalbatteriesandfuelcells燃料电池Otheruses:includeautomotivesensors,packagingforintegratedcircuits,electronic/opticaldevices,fiberoptics,microchips,andmagneticheads38PropertiesofCeramicsCorrosi3.2.1Structureofceramics普通陶瓷的结构Microstructureofordinaryceramics陶瓷是由金属（类金属）和非金属元素之间形成的化合物，其中的原子（离子)主要以共价键或离子键相结合。陶瓷通常是一种多晶多相的聚集体。393.2.1Structureofceramics普通陶普通陶瓷的显微结构主要由晶相、玻璃相、气相及晶界构成。40普通陶瓷的显微结构主要由晶相、玻璃相、气相及晶界构成。40晶相

crystalphaseCrystalphase:themainphaseinceramicmaterials,andcomposedofsomesolidsolutionsandcompoundsh化合物.Itsstructureandmorphology形态decidethemicrostructure,propertiesandapplicationsofceramics.41晶相crystalphaseCrystalphase:IntroductionStructureofceramics:mostvariesfromrelativelysimpletohighlycomplex.Beingcompounds,ceramicsaremadeofdifferenttypesofatomsofvaryingsizes.42IntroductionStructureofceraSilicate硅酸盐Thebasicstructureunit:SiO4tetrahedron四面体.Oxygen(O)and

silicon(Si)together

accountforabout

75%oftheearth’s

crust.43Silicate硅酸盐ThebasicstructurTypes:>1000differentsilicatesoccurnaturally,dependingonthedifferentwaystheSiO4tetrahedracanbelinked.44Types:>1000differentsilicatClayClay:acomplexmixtureofsilicates.Silicates:arecomplexioniccompoundsthatareexceedinglynumerous数目众多.Clays:have

sheetsoflinkedSiO4

tetrahedrawhichslideover

eachother,givingtheir

mineralsacharacteristicsoftfeeling.45ClayClay:acomplexmixtureoCharacteristicsoflayeredstructuresLayeredstructure:asalubricant润滑剂,watercanpenetrate,producingamaterialthatispliable(柔软的)andslippery.Whenheated:>1100oCinakiln(窑),thewaterinclayisremoved;thelayeredsheetsbondorlockintoarigid

structure.Thematerialwithsuchasolidstructureiscalledaceramic.46CharacteristicsoflayeredstrStructuresofsilicatesChainorringstructures:linkbysharingtheatomsintwocornersoftheSiO4tetrahedrons.Layeredsilicates:sharingthreecorneratoms.Suchas:talc滑石,kaolinite高岭石clay,mica云母.Framework框架silicates:sharingfourcorneratoms.47StructuresofsilicatesChainoSilica二氧化硅Puresilica:threepolymorphs晶型cristobalite方石英tridymite鳞石英:hightemperaturequartz石英:lowtemperatureItisthebasicstructureforglassesandmanyceramics.48Silica二氧化硅Puresilica:threeStructures~PropertiesAtoms原子areheldstrongly:theatomsaredifficulttomoveorslipinrelationtoeachother.theductility延展性ofceramicsisverylowandtheyarebrittle.HighshearstressesLowductilityHighcompressivestrength抗压强度Lowtensilestrength抗张强度.49Structures~PropertiesAtoms原Bendstrength:themaximumbendingstressintensionoffailure.MetalsVSceramics:atroomtemperature:theyarecompetitive;>850oC,metalsweakenwhileceramicsretainmuchoftheirstrength.Ceramics:goodheatresistance.alumina:1800oCsiliconcarbide:1700oCBendstrength:themaximumbenCeramicPhaseDiagramsMicrostructures:dependingonthecompositions,andthevariablesoftemperatureandpressure.Thedesiredmicrostructure:comingfromtheprocessing.Asthecompositionbecomesmorecomplex,themorethenumberofphasespresentthemselves.51CeramicPhaseDiagramsMicrosphasediagram相平衡状态图，相图Thephasediagram,equilibrium,orconstitutionaldiagram:Themapthatshowsthedifferentcompositionsandthetemperaturesunderequilibriumconditions.（Mullite莫来石3Al2O3-2SiO2）52phasediagram相平衡状态图，相图Thepha莫来石（或莫乃石）是一系列由铝硅酸盐组成的矿物统称，

这一类矿物比较稀少。莫来石是铝硅酸盐在高温下生成的矿物，人工加热铝硅酸盐时会形成莫来石。天然的莫来石晶体为细长的针状且呈放射簇状。莫来石矿被用来生产高温耐火材料。耐火度:

1800oC时仍很稳定,1810

oC分解为刚玉和液相莫来石是一种优质的耐火材料，它具有膨胀均匀、热震稳定性极好、荷重软化点高、高温蠕变值小、硬度大、抗化学腐蚀性好等特点，目前主要有高纯电熔莫来石、普通电熔莫来石、全天然铝矾土精矿烧结莫来石和轻烧莫来石。适用于石油裂介炉、冶金热风炉、陶瓷辊道窑、隧道窑、电瓷抽屉窑、玻璃坩埚窑及各种电炉的内衬，可直接接触火焰53莫来石（或莫乃石）是一系列由铝硅酸盐组成的矿物统称，

这一类3.2.2MicrostructuresofCeramicsPorosityandDensityMassdensity质量密度,whichusesthemassofamaterialdividedbyitsvolumereferstothistheoreticaldensityAtomicweightisamajorfactorindeterminingthedensityofamaterialClose-packed密实的metalsaremoredensethanopen-structuredmaterials.543.2.2MicrostructuresofCeramBrittleFractureofCeramics脆性断裂Defects缺陷inceramicscandevelopduetointernalstresses(内应力)

andporosityThermalstressesduetoan-isotropicthermalexpansion（各向异性热膨胀）tendtocrackweakgrainboundaries5596%densealuminaBrittleFractureofCeramics脆56PoresinpartiallysinteredAlumina部分烧结氧化铝中的孔隙56PoresinpartiallysinteredGreendensity压坯密度isthebulkdensity体积密度ofacompactpriortoitsdensification密实化.Inpreparingparticlesfortheproductionofpowderedmetalsorceramics,thepackingofsphericalshaped球形,monosized单一尺寸(0.1μm)particles,evenwhenvibrated振动tosettletheparticles,doesnotachieveadensitylevelmuchhigherthan60%.57Greendensity压坯密度isthebulkDespitetappingorvibrating,theseparticlesdonotrearrangethemselvescompletelytoeliminate除去pores.Theoptimumdensityofsphericalparticlescanbereachedbyvaryingthesizedistributionofparticlestopermitsmallerparticles(50nmorless)tolocateintheinterstices(空隙)ofthelargerones.58

Despitetappingorvibrating,Ceramicsare,bynature,generallyporous孔隙的materialswithvaryingdegreesofporosity.Bulkdensity体积密度isusedinthisinstancetorefertoaceramic’sdensity,anditincludesthematerial’sporosityandthefactthatmostceramicscontainbothacrystallineandanoncrystallinephase.59Ceramicsare,bynature,generOpenporosity开口孔referstothenetworkofporesinamaterialthatisopentothesurfaceandintowhichaliquidsuchaswatercanpenetrate渗透ifthepartweresubmerged浸入init.Closedporosity闭口孔referstothoseporesthathavebecomesealedwithinthegrainstructure.60Openporosity开口孔referstothePoresaffectthestrengthofceramicsintwoways：First，theyproducestressconcentrations应力集中.Oncethestressreachesacriticallevel,acrackwillformandpropagate扩展.Second，poresreducethecross-sectionalareasoverwhichaloadcanbeappliedand,consequently,lowerthestressthatthesematerialscansupport.61PoresaffectthestrengthofcTheamount,size,distribution分布,andthecontinuity连续性ofvoids空隙inaceramicaretheprincipalfactorsthatdetermineitspropertiesIngeneral，porosityisdetrimental有害的toceramicsproperties.Grainboundary晶粒界线sliding,creeprate,andchemicalreactionsthatattacktheceramicorreduceitsmeltingpointaremoreadverse不利的conditionsproducedbyimpuritiesandporosity.62Theamount,size,distribution63收缩a收缩b收缩无气孔的多晶体c说明：a:颗粒聚集b:开口堆积体中颗粒中心逼近c:封闭堆积体中颗粒中心逼近63收缩a收缩b收缩无气孔的c说明：3.3CeramicProcessingTraditionalProcessingstructuralclayproductsandthewhitewares.Formation→Drying→Firing3.3CeramicProcessingTraditio成型Forming：将粉料直接或间接地转变成具有一定形状、体积和强度坯体，称为素坯或生坯(roughcast)。成型的方法有很多，主要有可塑法、注浆法与压制法。成型Forming：将粉料直接或间接地转变成具有一定形状可塑成型利用泥料的可塑性。将粉料与一定水份或塑化剂混合均匀，使之成为具有良好塑性的料团，再用手工或机械成型制成坯体。可塑成型利用泥料的可塑性。将粉料与一定水份或塑化剂混合均匀，注浆成型即浆料成型法，是将原料配制成胶状浆料注入具有所需形状的模具中成型，又可分为注浆成型和热压注浆成型。注浆成型即浆料成型法，是将原料配制成胶状浆料注入具有所需形状压制成型将粉料填充在模型中，施加压力，制成具有一定现状和强度的坯体。分类：普通压制成型和等静压制成型。适宜于干料(含水3～7％)或半干料(含水8～15％)。压制成型将粉料填充在模型中，施加压力，制成具有一定现状和强度DryingandFiring/SinteringDrying:decreaselayersizeandspacingDryingandFiring/SinteringD常规烧结、热压烧结、气焚烧结、放电等离子烧结、微波烧结造粒成型烧结加工检测配料预烧根据确定的化学组成干压、注模、注浆、挤塑等平整度材料性能粘接剂（PVA等），喷雾干燥Schematicillustration示意图常规烧结、热压烧结、气焚烧结、放电等离子烧结、微波烧结造粒成Sintering/firing梭式窑Sintering/firing梭式窑Therolesofclayminerals:Hydroplasticity含水塑性:byaddingwater,theclaysbecomeveryplastic.Dense&strongceramics:clayfuses融合ormeltsoverarangeoftemperatures;then,producingadenseandstrongceramicsduringfiringwithoutcompletemeltingsothatthedesiredshapeismaintained.Therolesofclayminerals:Hyd等离子放电烧结过程示意图等离子放电烧结过程示意图AdvancedCeramicProcessing制备工艺：不再以熔炉为主要烧结工具,如真空烧结、气氛烧结、热压烧结、气压烧结等。性能：高强度、高硬度、耐腐蚀、导电、绝缘以及磁、电、光、生物相容性等。AdvancedCeramicProcessing制备工ChemicalprocessesSol-gelprocessingMeltprocessingProducingsingle-crystalmaterialsVaporprocessingDirectedmetaloxygenprocessChemicalprocesses固相法：包括热分解法(thermaldecomposition)；非晶合金退火结晶法（在玻璃转变温度下结晶）；自蔓延高温合成方法（制备金属复合材料）。液相法：包括沉淀法；水解法；溶胶-凝胶法（通过水解金属醇盐或金属无机盐来合成氧化物的一种化学方法）。固相法：包括热分解法(thermaldecomposi气相法：包括气相合成法；气相热分解法。机械法：球磨、振动磨、高能球磨、气流粉碎。溶剂蒸发法：酒精干燥法、冷冻干燥法、热石油工作法、喷雾工作法液相法和气相法是制备超细粉的主要方法。气相法：包括气相合成法；气相热分解法。3.4PropertiesofCeramicsMechanicalpropertiesPhysicalpropertiesChemicalPropertiesFabricabilityOtherproperties3.4PropertiesofCeramicsMecMechanicalpropertiesNoyieldstrength:ceramicsdonotplasticallydeformbeforereachingtheirtensilestrength.Nopermanentelongationorreductioninarea:ceramicscannotbeplasticdeformedbyroomtemperature.MechanicalpropertiesNoyieldMechanicalpropertiesCompressivestrength:excellent,betterthanmetals,plastics,andcomposites.Hardness:highestintheengineeringmaterials.Thelong-termservicecharacteristicsofceramics:Fatigueresistanceandcreepstrength:goodTensilefatiguestrength:poor.MechanicalpropertiesCompressiSpecialMechanicalproperties:GoodincompressionVeryhighhardnessandgreaterstiffnessthanotherengineeringmaterials.Weakness:brittlenessSpecialMechanicalproperties:PhysicalpropertiesComparedtometals:ceramicsarelightweight,butlowdensitymayalsobeanindicatoroftoomuchporosityinaparticulargrade.Asastructuralmaterial:thedesignershouldselectaceramicwithhightheoreticaldensity(99%).PhysicalpropertiesComparedtoThemeltingpointsofceramics:areamongthehighestofallengineeringmaterials.Thethermalconductivityandelectricalconductivity:coveralargespectrum.Mostceramics:electricalinsulators,butsomearesemiconducting.Thermalexpansion:lowerthanmetalsandplastics.ThemeltingpointsofceramicsChemicalPropertiesResistanttochemicalattack:theengineeringceramics,aluminumoxide,siliconcarbide,zirconia,siliconnitride,andothers,areveryresistanttochemicalattackinawidevarietyofsolutes.ChemicalPropertiesResistantFabricabilityTheycannotbeplasticallydeformedtoshapesatroomtemperatures.Ceramicscannotbemeltedandcasttoshapeslikemetals,mostlybecauseoftheirhighmeltingtemperatures.Themachiningofceramicsissocostlythatitisnotanoptionformanymachineparts.FabricabilityTheycannotbeplOtherpropertiesWearResistanceThermalShockResistanceOtherpropertiesWearResistancApplicationsofCeramicsCanwithstandvolatileandhigh-