组织学与胚胎学13 呼吸系统(中英)

RespiratorySystem

1Respiratorytract呼吸道：nose、pharynx、larynx、tracheaandbronchuset.alLung:肺conductingportion：intrapulmonarybronchi→bronchiole→terminalbronchiolerespiratoryportion：respiratorybronchiole→alveolarduct→alveolarsac→pulmonaryalveoli2vestibularregion

前庭部respiratoryregion

呼吸部olfactoryregion

嗅部Nasalcavities

鼻腔epithelium：stratifiedsquamousepithelium复层扁平上皮laminapropria

：denseCT

vestibularregion

前庭部Mucosa（epithelium＋laminapropria）3

Respiratoryregion

呼吸部：Olfactoryregion

嗅部：olfacoryepithelium

（嗅上皮）假复层柱状上皮laminapropria：thinCT，bloodvessels，unmyelinatedolfacorynerves，无髓神经纤维serousolfactorygland（嗅腺），分泌的浆液可溶解气体中的化学物质，刺激嗅毛。epithelium

：pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepitheliumwithlotsofgobletcells假复层纤毛柱状上皮,杯状细胞较多laminapropria：looseCT，withlotsofmixedglands混合腺、venousplexus静脉丛andlymphoidtissue。

4Olfactoryepithelium嗅上皮

pseudostratifiedcolumnarepithelium

（1）olfactorycell嗅细胞：bipolarneuron双极神经元

dendrite：细长，末端膨大为嗅泡，发出10－30根静纤毛，称嗅毛，为嗅觉感受器，浸埋于嗅腺分泌物中。

axon：进入固有层，施万细胞包裹→无髓神经纤维→嗅神经5（2）supportingcell支持细胞：高柱状，微绒毛，胞核位于上部，胞质中含色素颗粒。支持、保护、分隔。（3）basalcell基细胞圆形或锥形，可增殖分化为以上细胞。6Tracheaandbronchus气管和支气管粘膜粘膜下层外膜粘膜粘膜下层外膜7Mucosa:黏膜1.Epithelium:Pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepitheliumwithmuchthickerbasementmembrane.8(1).Ciliatedcell纤毛细胞:

Theciliabeatsimultaneouslytowardslarynx.(2).Gobletcell杯状细胞:Thesecretioncoverstheepitheliumsurface.(3).Basalcell基细胞:Stemcell.Separatedfromtheepitheliumsurface.9(4).Brushcell刷细胞:Sensorycell.

Columnarinshapeandhaslongermicrovilli.Thesynapses突触areformedwhentheirbasalsurfacesareconnectedtonerveendings.(5).smallgranulecell小颗粒细胞:.Containsmanysecretorygranulesinwhichexistmanykindsofbioactivesubstances.BelongstoDNES.10112.Laminapropria固有层:LCTinwhichtheelasticfiberspredominate.B.Submucosa粘膜下层:

LCTcontainingmixedglandsandfewlymphatictissue.IgA,whichissecretedbyplasmacell,willcombinewithsecretoryproteinproducedbyglandsandepitheliumtoformSIgA,anantibodyreleasedtoinnersurfaceofrespiratorytrack.C.Adventitia:外膜LCTcontaining"C"shapedhyalinecartilageProvidessupport.SmoothmuscleElasticfiber12

creviceislinkedbyelasticfiberandbundlesofsmoothmuscles13CoveredbymesotheliumTheparenchymaaresurroundedbyLCTcontainingbloodvessels.etc.bronchialtree支气管树IV.Lung肺14浆膜：胸膜脏层肺实质：肺叶、肺段支气管小支气管

细支气管肺终末细支气管小呼吸性细支气管叶肺泡管呼吸部肺泡囊(换气部)

肺泡肺间质：结缔组织、血管、淋巴神经等导气部15Conductingportion:导气部Conductsairflow.1.loblarbronchiandsmallbronchi

:肺叶、小支气管

Thebranchesoftrachea.Giveriseto2~3lobarbronchi.Laminapropriacontainsmanylymphocytes.Hyalinecartilagesgraduallybecomeirregularandappearasplates.

Smoothmusclesarerelativelyprominent.Richinelasticfibersandglands.①上皮均为假复层纤毛柱状，含有前述几种细胞，但上皮薄，杯状细胞渐少；②腺体逐渐减少；③软骨呈不规则片状，并逐渐减少；④平滑肌相对增多，从分散排列渐成环形肌束环绕管壁

162.Bronchioles:

细支气管Thebranchesofsmallbronchusandhasadiameterabout1mm.Eachbronchiolesuppliesonepulmonarylobule肺小叶.

a.pseudostratifiedciliatedcolumnarepitheliumwithfewgobletcellsgraduallyturnintosimpleciliatedcolumnarepithelium.b.hyalinecartilage

platesandglandsgraduallydisappear.c.Smoothmusclefibersgraduallypredominate.Hasirregularinnersurface.17上皮由假复层纤毛柱状渐变为单层纤毛柱状，也含有前述各种细胞，但杯状细胞减少或消失。腺和软骨也很少或消失，环行平滑肌则更明显

183.Terminalbronchiole:终末细支气管Linedbysimpleciliatedcolumnarcellsorsimplecuboidalepi.andsurroundedbysmoothmusclefibers.Nogobletcell,glandandcartilagecanbefound.Hasirregularinnersurface.“三消失，一环层”Claracells:分泌细胞akindofstemcellsthatarefoundamongciliatedcolumnarcells,arenon-ciliatedandcontainrichsecretorygranules,andareresponsibleformucusclottingclearance.

19细胞顶部呈圆顶状突向管腔，顶部胞质中含分泌颗粒，内含蛋白水解酶，可分解管腔内粘液；胞内还含有较多的氧化酶系，可将毒性物质进行生物转化，降低毒性。Clara细胞（分泌细胞）202122

肺导气部管壁变化规律：管径渐细，上皮由假复层纤毛柱状变为单层纤毛柱状进而到单层柱状杯状细胞逐渐减少直到消失腺体逐渐减少直到消失软骨逐渐减少直到消失平滑肌增多直到成层231.叶支气管小支气管

“三减少，一增多”假复层纤毛柱状上皮，杯状细胞、腺体、软骨减少；平滑肌逐渐增多。2.细支气管

1mm,假复层纤毛柱状单层纤毛柱状上皮，杯状细胞、腺体、软骨减少或消失；平滑肌成层——环形。3.终末细支气管

“三消失，一环层”

0.5mm,单层柱状上皮（Clara细胞和少量纤毛细胞），杯状细胞消失；腺体和软骨消失；平滑肌增多成层呈完整环形。24小支气管：“三减少，一增多”终末细支气管：“三消失，一环层”25Respiratorybronchiole:

呼吸性细支气管a.thewallispopulatedwithmoreandmorealveoli.肺泡b.linedbycuboidalcellswithciliaandClaracells.c.surroundedbythinanddiscontinuouslayerofLCTandafewsmoothmuscleandelasticfibers.2.Alveolarduct:肺泡管a.thewallisdifficulttoseeduetonumerousopeningtoalveolarsacsandalveoli.b.knobsappearinthewallbecauseofthecontractionofsmoothmuscles.B.Respiratoryportion:

Capableofairexchange.26273.Alveolarsac:

肺泡囊Thesharedopeningofseveralsurroundingalveoli.若干肺泡的共同开口28Linedby2typesofsimpleepithelium.Surroundedbyrichcontinuouscapillaries.4.Alveoli:肺泡200μmindiameter,300~400millionTerminalblindendsofthetree.Themainplacewheretheairexchangesoccur.29a.typeIalveolarcellsⅠ型肺泡细胞(squamousalveolarcells):cover95%ofthealveolarsurface.0.1~0.2μmthick.Pinocytoticvesicles吞饮小泡areresponsibleforinnersurfaceclearance,andtightjunctionsamongthem.3031b.typeIIalveolarcells:Ⅱ型肺泡细胞

(Giantalveolarcells):InterspersedamongthetypeIcells.MorethantypeIcells.cuboidalwithmicrovilli.HavetightjunctionsanddesmosomeswithtypeIcells.Haveacidophilicandfoamycytoplasm.3233EM:

osmiophiliclamellarbodies嗜锇性板层小体,whicharecapabletorelease

thepulmonarysurfactant表面活性物质tocoverthealveolarsurfacetolowerthesurfacetension.CandifferentiateintoTypeIcells.分泌表面活性物质，降低肺泡表面张力，稳定肺泡大小；可增殖分化为Ⅰ型肺泡细胞Becomematurein7-month-oldfetus.34嗜锇性板层小体（内成分为二棕榈酰卵磷脂）RERGlogi35C.Interalveolarseptum:肺泡隔ThinlayerofLCTbetweenadjacentalveoli.SeveralstructuresexistinInteralveolarseptum:1.ContinuousCaps:Branchesofpulmonaryartery.TherichestCapnetworkinthebody.2.Abundantelasticandreticularfibers:Functionwhenalveoliareenlarged.3.Alveolarmacrophages:Alsocalleddustcellsorheartfailurecells.4.Alveolarpores:肺泡孔Windowsbetweentheadjacentalveolithatcanequalizetheairpressure.36ElasticfibersAlveolarmacrophages37D.Blood-airbarrier:气－血屏障Thestructurethatthegashastopenetrateduringtheairexchanges.Composedof

typeIcellscoveredbysurfactant,(LCT),fusedbasementmembraneandendothelium.38①

Fluid:

surfactant肺泡表面液体层②

typeIalveolar

cellsandit’sbasementmembraneⅠ型肺泡细胞与基膜③

thinLCT薄层结缔组织④

continuous

capillarybasementmembraneandendothelium连续毛细血管基膜与内皮About0.2-0.5μm.3940Interstit