现代大学英语精读6-Lesson-1-How-to-Get-the-Poor-off-Our-Conscience课件

HowtoGetthePooroff

Our

ConscienceJohnKennethGalbraithJohnKennethGalbraith(1908-2006)ACanadian-Americaneconomist,author,professor,presidentialcounselorandU.S.ambassadortoIndia

The“lastAmericanInstitutionalist”anunabashedpopularizerofeconomics

“TheAffluentSociety”(1958)MedalofFreedom,in19462000thePresidentialMedalofFreedom,theU.S.government'shighestcivilianhonor.JohnKennethGalbraithAheterodoxeconomistintheAmericanestablishmentAnacademiccareeratHarvardUniversityWorksindeputyheadoftheOfficeofPriceAdministrationduringWorldWarII，whosedutyistokeepinflationfromcripplingthewareffortParticipationinpolitics;servedintheadministrationsofFranklinD.Roosevelt,HarryS.Truman,JohnF.KennedyandLyndonB.Johnson;takespartincampaignsfordemocratpresidentialcandidatesStevenson,JohnF.Kennedy,EugeneMcCarthy,andMcGovernAmbassadorinIndiaunderKennedy,1961-19634hewasforcedoutinMay1943fromOPAandworkedforFortuneforfiveyearswhereheexpoundedKeynesianismtotheAmericanbusinessleadership.Hewasaverytallman,eventuallygrowingtoaheightof6'8"(203

cm).6PostwarYearsFebruary1946-September1946,workedforaseniorpositionintheStateDepartmentasdirectoroftheOfficeofEconomicSecurityPolicy.NominallyinchargeofeconomicaffairsregardingGermany,Japan,Austria,andSouthKorea,theseniordiplomatsdistrustedhim,andhewasrelegatedtoroutineworkwithfewopportunitiestomakepolicy.favoreddétentewiththeSovietUnion,andwasoutofstepwiththeContainmentpolicythenbeingdevelopedbyGeorgeKennanandtheStateDepartment'spolicymakers.afrustratinghalfyearPoliticalpostsunderKennedyDuringhistimeasanadvisertoPresidentJohnF.Kennedy,GalbraithwasappointedUnitedStatesAmbassadortoIndiafrom1961to1963.rapportwithPresidentKennedyGalbraith,firstfromleft,asUSambassadortoIndia,1961LaterlifeandrecognitiontheMedalofFreedom,in1946fromPresidentTrumanIn1972heservedaspresidentoftheAmericanEconomicAssociationIn1985,theAmericanHumanistAssociationnamedhimtheHumanistoftheYear.TheAssociationforAsianStudies(AAS)conferredits1987AwardforDistinguishedContributionstoAsianStudiesIn1997hewasmadeanOfficeroftheOrderofCanadaIn2000hewasawardedtheU.S.PresidentialMedalofFreedom.awardedanhonorarydoctoratefromMemorialUniversityofNewfoundlandatthefallconvocationof1999.awardedin2000withtheLeontiefPrizeforhisoutstandingcontributiontoeconomictheorybytheGlobalDevelopmentandEnvironmentInstitute.ThelibraryinhishometownDutton,OntariowasrenamedtheJohnKennethGalbraithReferenceLibraryinhonorofhisattachmenttothelibraryandhiscontributionstothenewbuilding.In2001,hewonthePadmaVibhushan,India'ssecondhighestcivilianaward,forhiscontributionstostrengtheningtiesbetweenIndiaandtheUnitedStates.Importantbooks(outofc.60)Americancapitalism:TheConceptofCountervailingPower(1952)TheGreatcrash(1954)TheAffluentsociety(1958)TheNewindustrialstate(1967)Theaffluentsociety(1969)Money:Whenceitcame,whereitwent(1975)Economicsandthepublicpurpose(1973)TheNatureofMassPoverty(1979)TheAnatomyofPower(1983)EconomicsinPerspective:ACriticalHistory(1987)AShortHistoryofFinancialEuphoria(1994)NumerousbooksabouthisMemoirs(egAnnalsofanAbidingLiberal)13A《

liberal》

economistIntheamericansenseof«

liberal

»,whichcorrespondstoaEuropean«

left-wing

»or«

center-left

»Buthighlycriticalofeconomicliberalismandneoliberalism(cfbookonReaganomics,withMcCracken,1983)PositionsagainsttheVietnamwar(breakwiththeDemocratpresidentLyndonJohnson,aftercontributingtothe«

Greatsociety

»project)14InfluencesThorsteinBundeVeblen,(July30,1857

–August3,1929)hisanalysisofconsumption,ofthe«

leisureclass

»,the«

businessentreprise

»andabsenteeownership,hiscriticismof«

neoclassical

»economicsKeynes,histheoryofeffectivedemand,hisskepticalattitudetocapitalism,hisdefenseofstateinterventionintheeconomyAninstitutionaleconomist15TheroleofthestateTheemergenceof«

countervailingpower

»tothepreviousdominationofbigbusiness(tradeunions,government)(Americancapitalism,1952)Asituationof«

privateaffluenceandpublicsqualor

»intheamericaneconomy;essentialroleoftaxationtofinanceinfrastructureandeducation(Theaffluentsociety,1958)Acriticismof«

conventionalwisdom

»ontheself-regulationofmarkets;mainstreameconomicsignorespower,andneglectsinequalities,itworksinfavoroftherich16Thenewindustrialstate(1967)Themodelofperfectcompetitioncorrespondsonlytoasmallpartofamericaneconomy,whatdominatesisthe«

industrialstate

»ofbigcorporationsThesebiglargefirmsplantheirproduction,theytrytoavoidthemarketCorporatepowerisinthehandsof«

technostructure

»,notofdispersedowners;ittriestomakethemarketmorepredictable,itstrivesforgrowth,notforprofitInfluenceofthemilitaro-industrialcomplexConventionaleconomicshidesthepoweroflargecorporations17TheinvertedsequenceInconventionaleconomics,theinfluencegoesfromconsumer’spreferencestoproduction:needsdirectwhatisproducedButincapitalismofgreatcorporationsweobservean«

invertedsequence

»:throughadvertisingandotherwaysofconditioningspecificdemand,producersinfluenceconsumersThe«

sovereigntyoftheconsumer

»isamyth(criticismofSamuelson)18Economicsand

thepublicpurpose(1973)Themoderncapitalisteconomyisnotcorrectlydescribedbyconventional(neoclassical)economics,thatcorrespondsonlytothe«

marketsystem

»ofsmallandmediumentreprisesItmissesthedominantpartoftheeconomy,the«

planning

system»oflargeentreprisesTheactualcapitalisteconomyisadualeconomy,withacoexistenceofmarketandplanningsystems,thelatterbeingmostinfluentTheimageofthemarketasbeingsimilartodemocracy(eachindividual«

voting

»accordingtohisdesires)isafallacy,itignorestheroleofpowerandofthegreatcorporation19Ashorthistory

offinancialeuphoria(1994)Theremarkablerecurrenceoffinancialbubblesandcrashesincapitalisteconomichistory,sincethe17thcenturyTheroleof«

vestedinterestinerrorthataccompaniesspeculativeeuphoria

»Theshortcharacteroffinancialmemory;theideathatauniquenewsituationhasemergedTheessentialroleofleverageinallfinancialbubbles20AtheorycorrespondingtoagivenperiodofthecapitalisteconomyThedominanceofthetechnostructureonshareholdershasbeenchallengedintheperiodofintensivefinancializationofcapitalisteconomies(startinginthe1980s)Owners(shareholders)haveincreasedtheirpowerrelativetomanagersandworkersButGalbraith’stheoryremainsanimportantcontributiontoheterodoxeconomics21“Economicsisextremelyusefulasaformofemploymentforeconomists” JKGalbraith22DiscussionandPre-classWorks:

Whydoyouthinktheauthorchoosethistitle?Whatdoyouthinkofthegapsinwealthbetweentherichandthepoor?Isthereanywaytosolvethisproblem?Detailedstudy:I(1-2):*Getthepooroffourconscience:conscience,asenseofrightandwrong,withanurgetodoright*intellectual:appealingtotheintellectII(3-9):*Thepoorsufferintheworldbut…:inthenext,aftertheydie;whentheygotothenextworld,i.e.heavenorparadise*Thisis,insomeways,anadmirablesolution….:why?Anddoestheauthorreallythinkthatthisisanadmirablesolution?(Discussaboutit)*“theprincipleofutility”:anartionisjudgedbywhetheritwillincreaseordecreasethebenefitsofthosewhoareaffectedbytheaction.*Povertybeingcausedinthebed…:Povertywascausedbyoverproductionofchildren.*overriding:Prevailing*TheAmericanBeautyRosecanbe…:

美国这朵玫瑰花后以其华贵让观众倾倒、赞不绝口。而她之所以能被培植出来，就是因为在早期其周围的花蕾给掐掉了。在经济生活中情况亦是如此。这是自然规律和上帝意志在起作用。III(10-11)WhatwastheRooseveltrevolution?Whydoestheauthorcallitarevolution?Ishefororagainsttherevolution?Howdoyouknow?Howdidpeoplefeelwhenanumberofsocialmeasureswereputintopractice?Weretheyrightinthinkingso?IV(12-20)Whatistheargumentofthefirstdesign?Essence?*Wehavegreatcorporatebureaucraciesrepletewithcorporatebureaucrats,…,(Whenthese…,allbeeninthePantagon.):Whatisthebasicviewoftheauthor?Whatisthetoneofthisstatement?Whatistheseconddesign?Doestheauthoragreetotheargument?

Whatistheargumentofthethirddesign?Howdosetheauthorrefutethisargument?*corporateexecutive:企业经理人员*Beliefcanbetheservantoftruth-butevenmoreofconvenience:Beliefcanbeusedinthesearchfortruth.Butmoreoftenthannotitisacceptedbecauseitisconvenienceandself-serving.Whatisthefourthdesign?*Finally,whenallelsefails,weresorttosimplepsychologicaldenial:

最终，当一切办法都无济于事时，我们就干脆装作没看见。*All,saveperhapsthelast,…:save:(prep.)except*A.F.D.C.:对有未成年子女家