考研英语真题-试题

2011年硕士研究生入学考试考研英语真题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughterasyexercise“apreciousbodiltohealth.”But__1___someclaimstothecontrary，laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitnessLaughterdoes__2___short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels，___3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto__4__，agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5___walkingorjoggingdoes.，saybenefitsthewaylaughterasexercisedoes，__6__，insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem，apparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__，studiesdatingbacktothe1930‘sindicatethatlaughter__8___muscles，decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway，theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof___10___feedback，thatimproveanindividual‘emotionalsstate.__11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion，ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14___tears，evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow__15___muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988，socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofwrzburginGermanyuaskedvolunteersto__16apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile一orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea（n）__17___expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirenthusiasticallytofunnycatoonsthandidthosewhosemonthswerecontractedinafrown，19___thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherthephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.wayaround__20__，1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce3.[A]stabilizing[B]boostingimpairing[D]determining4.[A]transmitsustain[C]evaluate[D]observe5.[A]measurablemanageable[C]affordable[D]renewable6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconsciousinternal11.[A]Exceptfor[B]AccordingtoDueto[D]Asfor12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses1/10[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyfulindifferent18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted19.[A]suggesting[B]requiringmentioning[D]supposing20.[A]EventuallyConsequently[C]SimilarlyConverselySectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40points）（Text1ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementoftheresponsehasbeenhisappointmentin2009.Forthemostpart，tosaytheleast.favorable，a”HoorayAtlast！wroteAnthonyTommasini，“！sober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.isthathowever，Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise，whohadadvocated，Gilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasiniGilbert‘sappointmentintheTimes，callshim“anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim.”AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez，thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart，IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure，heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions，butitismetovisitAveryFisherHall，oranywhereelse，tohearnotnecessaryforinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf，orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromiTunes.Devotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime，attention，andmoneyofthepublic，classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperaart-lovinghouses，dancetroupes，theatercompanies，andmuseums，butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Thererecordingsarecheap，availableeverywhere，andveryoftenmuchhigherinartistic‘sliveperformances；moreover，theycanbe“consumed”ataqualitythantodaychoosing'.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchthelistenertimeandplaceofrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenew‘sowninterestinnewmusichasbemusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbertwidelynoted：AlexRoss，aclassical-musiccritic，hasdescribedhimasamanwho“amarkedlydifferent，morevibrantturningthePhilharmonicintoiscapableof”Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference？Merelyexpandingtheorganization.'repertoireswillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretoorchestra2/10succeed，theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica‘soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopstoattract.sappointmenthas‘21.WelearnfromPara.1that

Gilbert[A]incurredcriticism.[B]raisedsuspicion.receivedacclaim.[D]arousedcuriosity.TommasiniregardsGilbertasanartistwho22.isinfluential.[B]modest.[C]respectable.talented.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers23.ignoretheexpensesofliveperformances.[B]rejectmostkindsofrecordedperformances.[C]exaggeratethevarietyofliveperformances.[D]overestimatethevalueofliveperformances.24.Accordingtothetext，whichofthefollowingistrueofrecordings？Theyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinquality.Theyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralpublic.Theyhelpimprovethequalityofmusic.[D]Theyhaveonlycoveredmasterpieces.25.RegardingGilbert‘sinrolerevitalizingthePhilharmonic，theauthorfeels[A]doubtful.[B]enthusiastic.[C]confident.puzzled.Text2WhenLiamMcGeedepartedaspresidentofBankofAmericainAugust，hisexplanationwassurprisinglystraightup.Ratherthancloakinghisexitintheusualvagueexcuses，hecamerightoutandsaidhewasleaving“topursuemygoalofrunningacompany.”Broadcastinghisambitionwas“verymuchmydecision，”McGeesays.Withintwoweeks，hewastalkingforthefirsttimewiththeboardofHartfordFinancialServicesGroup，whichnamedhimCEOandchairmanonSeptember29.McGeesaysleavingwithoutapositionlinedupgavehimtimetoreflectonwhatkindofcompanyhewantedtorun.Italsosentaclearmessagetotheoutsideworldabouthisaspirations.AndMcGeeisntalone.InrecentweekstheNo.2executivesat‘AvonandAmericanExpressquitwiththeexplanationthattheywerelookingforashareholdertoinresponsesuccessionpost.CEOAsboardsscrutinizeplansgetthenodalsomaywishtomoveon.Aturbulent'executiveswhodonpressure，vagueofcautiouslettingmanagershasenvironmentbusinessalsoseniorpronouncementscloudtheirreputations.3/10Asthefirstsignsofrecoverybegintotakehold，deputychiefsmaybemorewillingtomakethejumpwithoutanet.Inthethirdquarter，CEOturnoverwasdown23%fromayearagoasnervousboardsstuckwiththeleaderstheyhad，accordingtoLiberumResearch.Astheeconomypicksup，opportunitieswillaboundforaspiringleaders.Thedecisiontoquitaseniorpositiontolookforabetteroneisunconventional.ForyearsexecutivesandheadhuntershaveadheredtotherulethatthemostattractiveCEOcandidatesaretheoneswhomustbepoached.SaysKorn/FerryseniorpartnerDennisCarey：“Ican‘thinkofasinglesearchI'vedonewhereaboardhasnotinstructedmetolookatsittingCEOsfirst.”Thosewhojumpedwithoutajobhaven‘talwayslandedintoppositionsquickly.EllenMarramquitaschiefofTropicanaadecadeage，sayingshewantedtobeaCEO.ItwasayearbeforeshebecameheadofatinyInternet-basedcommoditiesexchange.RobertWillumstadleftCitigroupin2005withambitionstobeaCEO.Hefinallytookthatpostatamajorfinancialinstitutionthreeyearslater.Manyrecruiterssaytheolddisgraceisfadingfortop

performers.ThefinancialThe“crisishasmadeitmoreacceptabletobebetweenjobsortoleaveabadone.youbtaretha‘tssafertostaywhere，traditionalrulewasitsnbeefundamentally'Thepeoplewhosaysoneheadhunter.“，”invertedvebeenhurttheworstarethose‘”vestayedtoolong.who'hismannercanbestbedescribed26.WhenMcGeeannouncedhisdeparture，asbeing[A]arrogant.frank.[C]self-centered.[D]impulsive.quittingmaybespurredby‘27.AccordingtoParagraph2，seniorexecutives[A]theirexpectationofbetterfinancialstatus.theirneedtoreflectontheirprivatelife.[C]theirstrainedrelationswiththeboards.[D]theirpursuitofnewcareergoals.mostprobably)，“28.Thewordpoached(”Line3Paragraph4means[A]approvedof.[B]attendedto.huntedfor.guardedagainst.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat29.[A]topperformersusedtoclingtotheirposts.[B]loyaltyoftopperformersisgettingout-dated.[C]topperformerscaremoreaboutreputations.ssafertosticktothetraditionalrules.[D]it‘？WhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetextWheretoGo[A]CEOs：？：[B]CEOsAlltheWayUp？4/10TopManagersJumpwithoutaNet[D]TheOnlyWayOutforTopPerformersText3Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.and“longer.Whiletraditionalpaidia-such"medastelevisioncommercialsNocompaniestodaycanexploitmanyprintadvertisements一stillplayamajorrole,alternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreatemediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomers“owned”registeredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachthebroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers，Forearnedmediaresponses.Butin‘-‘somecases,onemarketer'sownedmediabecomeanothermarketerspaidmediawhenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.Wedefine，forinstancesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationswhich，placetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrendeffectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelproviderswebelieveisstillinitsinfancy，for，suchasairlinesandhotelsandwillnodoubtgofurther.Johnson&Johnsonastand-alonemediapropertythatpromoteshascreatedBabyCenter，example，thecomplementaryandevencompetitiveproducts.Besidesgeneratingincome，givescompanies，presenceofothermarketersmakesthesiteseemobjective'opportunitiestolearnvaluableinformationabouttheappealofothercompaniesandmayhelpexpandusertrafficforallcompaniesconcerned.marketing，Thesamedramatictechnologicalchangesthathaveprovidedmarketerswithcommunicationschoiceshavealsoincreasedtheriskthat)more(andmorediverseandmuch，morevisible，passionateconsumerswillvoicetheiropinionsinquickeranmoredamagingways.Suchhijackedmediaaretheoppositeofearnedmedia：or，assetorcampaignbecomeshostagetoconsumers，otherstakeholdersactivistswhomakenegativeallegationsaboutabrandorproduct.Membersofsocialarelearningthattheycanhijackmediatoapplypressurenetworks，，forinstanceonthebusinessesthatoriginallycreatedthem.passionateconsumerswouldtrytopersuadeotherstoboycott，Ifthathappenstheproducts，puttingthereputationofthetargetcompanyatrisk.Insuchacase，andthelearning，‘sresponsemaynotbesufficientlyquickorthoughtfulcompanyalleviatedsomeofthedamageforexamplecurvehasbeensteep.ToyotaMotor，，fromitsrecallcrisisearlierthisyearwitharelativelyquickandwell-orchestratedwhichincludedeffortstoengagewithconsumerssocial-mediaresponsecampaign，directlyonsitessuchasTwitterandthesocial-newssiteDigg.Consumersmaycreatemediawhentheyare”earned

“obscssedwithonlineshoppingatcertainWeb

sites.[A]inspiredbyproduct-promotinge-mails

senttothem.[B]eagertohelptheirfriendspromote

qualityproducts.[C]enthusiasticaboutrecommendingtheirfavorite

products.[D]5/10AccordingtoParagraph2，soldmediafeature[A]asafebusinessenvironment.[B]randomcompetition.[C]strongusertraffic.[D]flexibilityinorganization.TheauthorindicatesinParagraph3thatearnedmediainviteconstantconflictswithpassionateconsumers.canbeusedtoproducenegativeeffectsinmarketing.mayberesponsibleforfiercercompetition.[D]deserveallthenegativecommentsaboutthem.ToyotaMotor‘eratingwithsupportiveconsumers.[D]takingadvantageofhijackedmedia.Whichofthefollowingisthetextmainlyabout？Alternativestoconventionalpaidmedia.Conflictbetweenhijackedandearnedmedia.[B]

Dominanceofhijackedmedia.[C]Popularityof

ownedmedia.[D]Text4sinsightfulprovocativemagazinecover'，snosurprisethatJenniferSeniorIt‘一，”isarousingmuchchatternothingstory,“IloveMyChildren，IHateMyLiferearingisanythinglessthanagetspeopletalkinglikethesuggestionthatchildlife-enrichingexperience.Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrencompletelyfulfilling，Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinemakeparentseitherhappyormiserable，insteadof：happinessthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbyweshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.，moment-to-momentjoy，Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhardtheverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbe“Seniorwritesthat”sourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.ThemagazinecovershowinganattractivemotherholdingacutebabyishardlytheonlyMadonna-and-childimageonnewsstandsthisweek.Therearealsostoriesaswellastheusualandnewlysingle-momSandraBullock,-aboutnewlyadoptivenews.Practicallyeveryweekfeaturesatleastone”JenniferAnistonispregnant“smilingonthenewsstands.，ormom-to-becelebritymom，Inasocietythatsopersistentlycelebratesprocreation，isitanywonderthatadmittingyouregrethavingchildrenisequivalenttoadmittingyousupportkitten-killing？Itdoesn‘tseemquite，fairthen，tocomparetheregretsofparentstotheregretsofthechildren.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn'thavehadkids，butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld：obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.6/10Ofcourse，theimageofparenthoodthatcelebritymagazineslikeUsWeeklyandPeoplepresentishugelyunrealistic，especiallywhentheparentsaresinglemotherslikeBullock.Accordingtoseveralstudiesconcludingthatparentsarelesshappythanchildlesscouples，singleparentsaretheleasthappyofall.Noshockthere，consideringhowmuchworkitistoraiseakidwithoutapartnertoleanon；yettohearSandraandBritneytellit，raisingakidontheir(“readown”：withround-the-clockhelp)isapieceofcake.It‘hardstoimaginethatmanypeoplearedumbenoughtowantchildrenjustbecauseReeseandAngelinamakeitlooksoglamorous：mostadultsunderstandthatababyisnotahaircut.Butit'sinterestingtowonderiftheimagesweseeeveryweekofstress-free，happiness-enhancingparenthoodaren‘tinsomesmall，subconsciouswaycontributingtoourowndissatisfactionswiththeactualexperience，inthesamewaythatasmallpartofushopedgetting“theRachelmightmakeuslookjustalittbitlikeJenniferAniston.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring[A]temporarydelight[B]enjoymentinprogress[C]happinessinretrospect[D]lastingreward37.WelearnfromParagraph2that[A]celebritymomsareapermanentsourceforgossip.singlemotherswithbabiesdeservegreaterattention.[C]newsaboutpregnantcelebritiesisentertaining.[D]havingchildrenishighlyvaluedbythepublic.38.ItissuggestedinParagraph3thatchildlessfolks[A]areconstantlyexposedtocriticism.[B]arelargelyignoredbythemedia.[C]failtofulfilltheirsocialresponsibilities.[D]arelesslikelytobesatisfiedwiththeirlife.39.AccordingtoParagraph4，themessageconveyedbycelebritymagazinesis[A]soothing.[B]pensatory.[D]misleading.40.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph？[A]Havingchildrencontributeslittletotheglamourof

celebritymoms.[B]Celebritymomshaveinfluencedourattitudetowardschildrearing.[C]Havingchildrenintensifiesourdissatisfactionwithlife.[D]Wesometimesneglectthehappinessfromchildrearing.PartBThefollowingparagrapharegiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions：Directionsyouarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextby41-45，choosingfromthelistA-Gtofillingthemintothenumberedboxes.Paragraphs7/10EandGhavebeencorrectlyplaced.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Nodisciplineshaveseizedonprofessionalismwithasmuchenthusiasmasthehumanities.Youcan，MrMenandpointsout，becamealawyerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.Buttheregulartimeittakestogetadoctoraldegreeinthehumanitiesisnineyears.Notsurprisingly，uptohalfofalldoctoralstudentsinEnglishdropoutbeforegettingtheirdegrees.[B]Hisconcernismainlywiththehumanities：Literature，languages，philosophyandsoon.Thesearedisciplinesthataregoingoutofstyle：22%ofAmericancollegegraduatesnowmajorinbusinesscomparedwithonly2%inhistoryand4%inEnglish.However，manyleadingAmericanuniversitieswanttheirundergraduatestohaveagroundinginthebasiccanonofideasthateveryeducatedgeneraleducationshouldlookpersonshouldposses.Butmostfinditdifficulttoagreeonwhata“thegreatbooksarereadbecause“like.AtHarvard，MrMenandnotes，formasortofsocialglue.”theyhavebeenread-theyonlyabouthalfendupwithprofessorshipsforwhich[C]Equallyunsurprisingly，theyenteredgraduateschool.Therearesimplytoofewposts.ThisispartlybecauseuniversitiescontinuetoproduceevermorePhDs.Butfewerstudentswanttostudyinsd：Englishdepartmentsawardedmorebacheloregrees‘humanitiessubjectsat1970-71thantheydid20yearslater.Fewerstudentsrequiresfewerteachers.So，manyhumanitiesstudentsleavethetheendofadecadeoftheses-writing，professiontodosomethingforwhichtheyhavenotbeentrained.Onereasonwhyitishardtodesignandteachsuchcoursesisthattheycan[D]cutacrosstheinsistencebytopAmericanuniversitiesthatliberal-artseducationsandtaughtindifferentschools.Many，professionaleducationshouldbekeptseparatestudentsexperiencebothvarieties.AlthoughmorethanhalfofHarvardundergraduatesfuturedoctorsandlawyersmuststudyanon-，endupinlawmedicineorbusiness，specialistliberal-artsdegreebeforeembarkingonaprofessionalqualification.[E]topAmericanBesidesprofessionalizingtheprofessionsbythisseparation，universitieshaveprofessionalisedtheprofessor.Thegrowthinpublicmoneyforfederalresearchgrantsrosefourfoldacademicresearchhasspeededtheprocess：butfacultyteachinghoursfellbyhalfasresearchtookitstoll.between1960and1990，Professionalismhasturnedtheacquisitionofadoctoraldegreeintoaprerequisiteforaaslateas1969athirdofAmericanprofessorsdidnot：successfulacademiccareerargues，possessone.ButthekeyideabehindprofessionalisationisthatMrMenand，theknowledgeandskillsneededforaparticularspecialization“Sodisciplinesacquireamonopolynotjustoverthearetransmissiblebutnottransferable.”ductionofknowledge，[F]Thekeytoreforminghighereducation，concludesMrMenand，istoalterthewayinwhich“theproducersofknowledgeareproduced.，academics”Otherwiseincreasinglydetachedfromthesocieties，willcontinuetothinkdangerouslyalikewhichtheystudy，investigateandcriticize.“Academicinquiry，atleastinsome8/10fields，mayneedtobecomelessexclusionaryandmoreholistic.”YetquitehowthatMrMenanddosenotsay.happens，[G]ThesubtleandintelligentlittlebookTheMarketplaceofIdeas：ReformandResistanceintheAmericanUniversityshouldbereadbyeverystudentthinkingofapplyingtotakeadoctoraldegree.Theymaythendecidetogoelsewhere.ForsomethingcurioushasbeenhappeninginAmericanUniversities，andLouisMenand，aprofessorofEnglishatHarvardUniversity，captureditskillfully.G—41.—42.—E—43.—44.—45.PartCDirections：ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)creatingourinnercharacter，”Withitsthemethat“Mindisthemasterweaverin-anAllenisThinkingAsaManbyJamesandoutercircumstances，thebookdepthexplorationofthecentralideaofself-helpwriting.scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare-thatbecauseweAllen‘(46)nature.itserroneouscontrolourthoughts-andrevealarenotrobotswethereforewethinkthatthoughtsBecausemost