高考英语阅读理解之掌握主旨大意

掌握主旨大意《全日制普通高级中学英语教学大纲〔试验修订版〕》明确规定，高中英语教学目的之一是“侧重提高阅读能力”。据此，历年全国高考英语试题都把阅读能力作为主要考查项目。阅读能力通常指两个方面：理解和速度。阅读速度快、理解正确率高是阅读能力强的标志。提高阅读能力要注重阅读速度，更要注重阅读理解率。只有阅读速度而没有阅读理解率就达不到阅读的目的。提高阅读理解率，不仅需要大量的阅读实践，而且需要掌握阅读的基本技巧。高考阅读理解题要求考生掌握下面六种阅读技巧：1，掌握主旨大意2。理解具体信息3。推测词语意义4。推断深层含义5。理解文章结构6。理解作者的意图和态度这六种技巧提供了解答以多项选择为考查形式的阅读理解题的思路。这样，就可明确考题的考查目的，掌握阅读技巧，从而提高解答阅读理解题的正确率。掌握主旨大意主旨大意题考查对一个段落或一篇文章的主题思想的理解。一个段落或一篇文章通常是围绕一个主题展开的，作者会从不同的角度，围绕这个主题进行阐述、论证和分析。阅读时仅仅注意对句子的理解而忽视从语篇上对文章或段落的整体理解和把握是不够的。如果只理解了各个单句的意思而没有抓住文章或段落的主题，其结果只能是获取了凌乱而不系统的信息，因而也就无法解答有关主旨大意题型的阅读理解题。理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句。一般说来，在英语篇章中，主题句在段落中的位置是有规律可循的。〔一〕主题句在段落中常见的表现形式1。主题句在段首在有主题句的段落中，主题句往往置于段首。英语文章的段落通常用演绎法撰写，遵循从概括到具体的写作程序，即以概述开始，随之详细解说，以支撑段落的主题。例⒈Insectscomeinmanysizes．Somearebigandsomearesmall．Thesmallestonesaresosmal1thatittakesonehundredofthemtoformoneinch．Thebiggestinsectsarenotbig，buttheyareonethousandtimesasbigasthesmallest．Theyareaboutteninchesinlength！第一句即为主题句，概述本段的主题思想“昆虫的大小不同”。接着，在主题句后面的句子里，作者为阐述这个主题，指出昆虫有大有小，并对最小的昆虫和最大的昆虫分别加以陈述。例⒉（NMET2002）Undergroundsystemsarealreadyinplace．Manycitieshaveundergroundcarparks．Insomecities，suchasTokyo，SeoulandMontreal,therearelargeundergroundshoppingareas，The“Chunnel”，atunnel（隧道）connectingEnglandandFrance；isnowcomplete．第一句为主题句，本段中的其他句子都是用未说明“地下设施”是以何种形式在地球上“已经存在”的具体实例。2。主题句在段尾与主题句位于段首的情况相反，主题句位于段尾时，段落是采用归纳法撰写的。表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。位于段尾的主题句往往是基于上文细节得出Ratsarestillalmostasbigadangertopeop1eastheywerelongago.Theystillspreaddiseaseandeatcrops.Muchofthehungerwehavetodayiscausedbyrats.Theyeathalfofthegrainharvestedintheworld.Thisparagraphmainlytellsus.A.thatweareshortofgrainbecauseofratsB.whyratsarestillanenemyofpeopleC.howratsdestroyourfoodD.whyratscausediscase此题是根据本段落的主旨大意而出的。不难看出第一句是本段的主题句，即“老鼠对人类仍旧是巨大的威胁”。其他句子都是具体细节，说明和支撑主题句。选项B的意思〔为什么老鼠仍旧是人类的敌人〕与主题句吻合，只是换了一个说法，而其他选项都是本段的细节，因此选项B是本题的答案。例⒉（NMET2003北京卷〕AnewspaperinHelsinki，Finland，recentlypublishedacartoonofababywithamobilephone，tellinghisparentshisdiaper（尿布）neededchanging.Butit’shardlyajoke.HelsinkiishometoNokia，themobile-phonemaker.It’soneofthemost“mobile”citiesintheworld:About92percentofitshouseholdshaveatleastonemobi1ephone.Andthekidsstartyoung．…….“Oneofthefirstthingswediscusswhenschoolstartsistherulesformobilephones”saysTinaKorppi，ateacher．Amongtherules:Youhavetoputitawayoutofsight.Youcannotturniton.Youcannotsendtextmessagestoyourfriends,orplayamusingtunes（令人发笑的曲调）inclass，Orcallyourparentsorca11forapizzaduringhistory.Thetextismainlyabout.A.differentuscesofmobilephonesB.asuccessfulmobilephonemakerC.effectsofmobilephonesonchildrenD.schoolrulesfortheuseofmobilephones此题是根据本文段的主旨大意而设计的。虽然文中并没有明确的主题句，但是根据具体信息可推断和归纳出主题思想“诺基亚手机在其产地Helsinki，Finland对孩子的影响”。因此选项C是本题的答案。专项训练一阅读下面短文，从各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。AWouldn’titbeterribleifwedidn’thavegrass？Wewouldhavetowalkonbaresoil.Canyouguesswhatourplaygroundswouldlooklike？Onarainyday,wewouldgetallmuddy.Onadrydaywewouldbreathecloudsofdust.1.Theshorttextmainlydealswith.A.whyweneedrain C.howgrasshelpsusB.howgrassiskeptgreen D.whywebreathedustBThewordWaterloohasbecomeaSynonymfordefeat----totaldefeatandcompletedisaster.Waterloo,atowninBelgium,wasthesceneofabattlein1851thatbroughtoverwhelmingdefeattoNapoleonBonaparte,sFrenchArmy.AtstakewerethewholecontinentofEuropeandNapoleon’sdreamofanempire.Inafewdays,overfortythousandFrenchsoldiersdied.Withtheirdeathsanewwordfordisasterwasborn---Waterloo.l.Thesubjectofthetextis.A.whereWaterlooisB.whonamedWaterlooC.whyNapoleonwasdefeatedD.howWaterloocametomeandefeatCWhatarethetallestplantsintheworld?ManypeoplewouldsaythatgiantredwoodtreesofCalifornia.Actually,thetallestplantsareintheoceans.Theseareseaweedsthatgrowalmostsevenhundredfeettall.Comparedtothisheight,thegiantredwoodsarepygmiesofonlyfourhundredfeet.Togetsomeideaoftheseheights,considertheStatueofLiberty.Thishugefigurerisesonlythreehundredfeet.3.ThetextcanbeentitledA.TheTallestPlantsB.TheStatueofLibertyC.PlantsinOceansD.RedwoodsinCaliforniaDWethinkofaf1oodoranearthquakeasanaturaldisaster.Tomanyofnature’sanimals,however,thegreatestdisasteristhecomingoflargenumbersofhumans.WhensettlerscamefromtheEasttoAmerica’sgreatwesternplains,theykilledmillionsofbison,poisonedtheprairiedogs,andshotthecoyotes.Allthisupsetthearea’sbalanceofnature.Fortheanimals,itwasworsethanafloodorearthquake.4.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?A.FloodsandEarthquakeB.Humans--DisastertoNatureC.AmericanSettlersD.NatureBalanceItselfEWhenapieceofpaperburns,itiscompletelychanged.Theashthatisleftbehinddoesnotlookliketheoriginalpieceofpaper.Whendull-redrustappearsonapieceoftinware,itisquitedifferentfromthegleamingtin.Thetarnishthatformsonsilverwareisanewsubstanceunlikethesilveritself.Animaltissueisunlikethevegetablesubstancefromwhichitismade.Achangeinwhichtheoriginalsubstanceisturnedintoadiferentsubstanceiscalledachemicalchange.5.Theauthorwritesthistexttotellus.A.howpaperburnsB.howdull-redrustappearsC.whatanimaltissueisD.whatachemicalchangeisF“Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,”Rubinwrites,“thetwosharelittleabouttheirinnermostfeelings.Whereasawoman’sclosestfemalefriendmightbethefirsttotellhertoleaveafailingmarriage.Itwasn’tunusualtohearamansayhedidn’tknowhisfriend’smarriagewasinserioustroubleuntilheappearedonenightaskingifhecouldsleeponthesofa”6.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisbestsupportedbythelastparagraph?A.Menkeeptheirinnermostfeelingstothemselves.B.Womenaremoreseriousthanmenaboutmarriage.C.Menoftentakesuddenactiontoendtheirmarriage.D.Womendependonothersinmakingdecisions.GRatsarestillalmostasbigadangertopeop1eastheywerelongago.Theystillspreaddiseaseandeatcrops.Muchofthehungerwehavetodayiscausedbyrats.Theyeathalfofthegrainharvestedintheworld.Thisparagraphmainlytellsus.A.thatweareshortofgrainbecauseofratsB.whyratsarestillanenemyofpeopleC.howratsdestroyourfoodD.whyratscausediscaseHAnewspaperinHelsinki，Finland，recentlypublishedacartoonofababywithamobilephone，tellinghisparentshisdiaper（尿布）neededchangin