上午考博英语阅读补充材料

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IdisagreedthenasnowwithmanyofJohnSmith’sjudgments,butalwaysrespectedhim,andthisbookisa ereminderofhisbig,honest,friendly,stubbornality.Q:HowdoestheauthorofthissentencefeelaboutJohnHedislikeshimbutagreeswithhisHeconsidershimtobea HedisagreeswithhisideasbutrespectsHedisagreedwithhimthenbutagreeswithhimConceptslikepassivity,dependence,andaggressionmayneedfurtherresearchiftheyaretocontinuetobeusefulwaysofthinkingabouthuman Q:Whatmightrequiremorehumanthought B)certainC) D)usefulwaysofInorderforyoutofollowtheschedulesetbythepublisher,yourpapermustbelookedoverovertheweekend,revised,andhandedininitsfinalformonMonday.Q:WhatmustyoudoonSaturdayandmeetthe B)examineyourC)handina D)lookovertheTherealreasonwhypriceswere,andstillare,toohighiscomplicated,andnoshortdiscussioncansatisfactorilyexinthisproblem.Q:Whatwordorphrasebestdescribesadequayextoohighinthepast,butlowtoohighinthepastandintheThisisnotjustasad-but-truestory;theboy’sexperienceishorribleanddamaging,yetasenseofloveshinesthrougheveryword.Q:HowdoestheauthorofthissentencefeelabouttheIttransmitsasenseof B)ItisnotC)Itisjust D)ItishorribleandInthepastfiveyearsthemovementhasgrownfromunorganizedgroupsofpoorlyarmedindividualstoacomparativelywell-armed,well-trainedarmyofanywherefrom10,000to16,000members.Q:WhatisthepresentconditionofthisThemembersarepoorly B)ThereareonlyafewpoorC)Thereareover16,000 D)ThemembersareorganizedandwellThefinancialsituationisn’tbadyet,butwebelievethatwehavesomevitalinformationand,ifitiscorrect,unemploymentwillsoon easeriousproblem.Q:WhatdoweknowaboutthefinancialItwon’t B)It easeriousC)Itisnotbad D)ItwillThegeneralthenadded,“Theonlyreasonablesolutiontothesortofproblemscausedbythecurrentunstablepoliticalsituationisoneofdiplomacyandeconomicmeasuresandnottheuseofmilitary.Q:Whattypeofsolutiondoesthegeneraleconomicanddiplomaticdiplomaticandeconomicactionif sonlydiplomaticmilitaryactionsinresponsetopoliticalBecausethesupplyofnaturalgaswasplentifulincomparisontootherchoiceslikecoalandfueloil,andbecauseitburnscleaner,manypeoplechangedtheirheatingsystemstonaturalgas,therebycreatingshortages.Q:WhydidpeoplepreferItwasTherewerenootherTheotherfuelsweredirtierandlessThereis,eventoday,aplentifulsupplyofTheGreenTigerPressbelievesthattherelativelyunknownworksofgreatchildren’sillustratorsaresourcesofvastbeautyandpower,andisattemptingtomakethesetreasuresmoreeasilyavailable.Q:Whatisthegoalofthisprinting topublishmorechildren’stodeveloppowerfultomakechildren’sillustrationsmoreeasilytoencourages echildren’sAlthoughhecallsthe$1,000donation“averygenerousamount,especiallyinthesetimes,”theexpresseshopethattheprojectwillattractadditionalfundsfromcompaniesandothersourcessothatitcancontinuebeyondthisfirstyear.Q:WhatdoestheknowabouttheItwillcostonlyItisverySpecialsourceswillsupportItcannotcontinuewithoutadditionalTheserobustandpersistentsailorsgatheredfromallthenationsofwesternEurope,andsetoutonthevoyagesthatlaidfoundationforfourgreatempireswithnootherpowerthansailandQ:WhywerethesevoyagesSailorscamefrommanycountriesinThevoyageslaidthefoundationsforwesternThefoundationforempireswereWesternEuropelostitsYoungpeopleneedtodevelopthevalues,attitudes,andproblem-solvingskillsessentialtotheirparticipationinapoliticalsystemthatwasdesigned,andisstillbased,ontheassumptionthatallcitizenswouldbesoprepared.Q:WhatisabasicassumptionofthispoliticalAllpeoplewillbecapableofAllpeopleparticipateintheAllpeopleshouldhavethesamevaluesandMostpeoplecannotdeveloptheskillstoparticipateintheWhilewemaybeinterestedinthepossibilitiesofsocialharmonyandindividualfulfillmenttobeachievedthroughnontraditionaleducation,onecannothelpbeingcautiousaboutacceptinganysortofone-sidededucationalprogramasacurefortheworld’sills.Q:Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutnontraditionaleducation?HebelievesthatithasnopossibilityofHedoubtsthatitcancuretheworld’sHefeelsthatitisacurefortheworld’sHebelievesitwillbringsocialThecomplexityofthehumansituationandtheinjusticeofthesocialorderdemandfarmorefundamentalchangesinthebasicstructureofsocietyitselfthansomepoliticiansarewillingtoadmitintheirspeeches.Q:WhatisnecessarytocorrecttheproblemsofbasicchangesinitsfewerpoliticalhonestbasicchangesinpoliticalLikeothertimelesssymbols,flagshavepaniedmankindforthousandsofyears,gainingoverwidermeaning,yetlosingnoneoftheirinherentandoriginal.Inspiteoflosingsomeoftheiroriginal,flagsareatimelesssymbolthathas paniedmankindforthousandsofyears.FlagshaveexistedforthousandsofTimelesssymbolstypicallygainwidermeaningwhilenotlosingtheirinherent.Thousandsofyearsagoflags mankindbutthroughtimetheyhavelosttheir.Becauseflagsareconsideredatimelesssymbol,theyhavegainedcontinuouslywidermeaningwithoutlosingtheirinherentoriginal.Althoughhousewivesstillmakeupthemajorityofvolunteergroups,maleparticipationisreportedontherisenationwideastraditionaldistinctionsbetweenmen’sworkandwomen’sworkbegintofade.Astraditionalsocialroleschanges,moremenareingmembersofvolunteergroups.MostmembersofvolunteergroupsareInthepast,volunteerworkwasdonemainlybyMaleparticipationinvolunteergroupsisincreasinginallcities.TheauthorbelievesthereisarelationshipbetweenthechangingsocietalrolesandtheincreasingwillingnessofmentodoworkpreviousdonebyInthispartoftheworld,thepoliticalandsocialchangesofthepast20yearshavebynoeliminatedtheoldupperclassofroyaltyandfriendsandadvisorsofroyalty,theholdersofstatemonopolies,thegreatlandlordsandlordsofcommercialfiefs,tribalsheikhs,andvillageleaders.Inthispartoftheworld,politicalandsocialchangeshaveeliminatedgreatlandlords,lordsofcommercialfiefs,andvillageleaders.Inthispartoftheworld,theupperclassandtheirfriendsandadvisorshavenotbeeneliminatedbypoliticalandsocialchange.Nomeanscaneliminatetheoldupperclassofroyaltyinthispartoftheworld.Theupperclassofroyaltyhasnotchangedinthepast20yearsinthispartoftheworld.Inthispartoftheworld,villageleadersholdasmuchpowerastheadvisorsofroyalty.Peopleshouldanddochoosetheirelectedrepresentativespartlyonthebasisofhowwelltheybelievetheserepresentatives,onceinoffice,canconvincethemtodoorsupportwhateverneedstobeItistheauthor’sbeliefthatpeopleshouldchooserepresentativeswhomtheybelievewillconvincethemtotakeaction.Peoplechooserepresentativesonthebasisofwhetherornottheybelievetherepresentativescanbeconvincedtodowhatneedstobedone.Althoughpeopleshouldchooserepresentativeswhomtheybelievewillconvincethemtotakeaction,oftentheydonot.Peoplechooserepresentativeswhomtheybelievewillconvincethemtotakeaction.Representativesareelectedonlyonthebasisoftheirabilitytotakeaction.SincetheRomanticperiod,mostmoderntheoryhasdealtwiththepeculiaractofthepoetratherthanhisproductoritseffectontheaudience.Mostmoderntheorydoesnotdealwiththepoemitselforitseffectontheaudience.Mostmoderntheoryofpoetrydealswiththeactofthepoet.SincetheRomanticperiod, rytheoryhaswiththeeffectofpoetryontheTheauthorbelievesthatli rytheoryshouldonlydealwiththepeculiaractofthepoet. RomanticperiodParagraphTheillustrationsinbooksmakeiteasierforustobelieveinthepeopleandeventsdescribed.Themoresensessatisfied,theeasierisbelief.Visualobservationtendstobethemostconvincingevidence.Children,beinglesscapableoftranslating ionsintoactualities,needillustrationmorethanadults.Mostofus,whenweread,tendtocreateonlyvagueandghostlikeformsinresponsetothewords.Theillustrator,whenhereads,mustsee.Thegreatillustratorseesaccuray.Illustrationshelpustobelieveeventsdescribedinwords.Whenmostpeopleread,theydonotpictureeventsasaccura yascanagreatillustrator.ChildrenarelessablethanadultstoeventsdescribedinTheauthorbelievesillustratorsareespeciallyabletoimaginevisualdetailsdescribedwithTheauthorbelievesallillustratorsareaccuraSurveysrevealthatmostadultsconsiderthemselves“wellinformedabouttheaffairsofthenationandtheworld.”YetaregularlytakenRoperpollthatasks,“Fromwheredoyouobtainmostofyourinformationabouttheworld?”hasfoundthepercentageofpeoplewhoreply,“evision”hasbeenincreasingsteadilyoverthepastdecade.Thelatestquestionnairefoundthatwellover60percentoftherespondentschoseevisionoverothermediaastheirmajorsourceofinformation.Thesetwofactsaredifficulttoreconcilesinceevenacasualstudyofevisionnewsrevealitisonlyaheadlineserviceandnotasourceofinformationenablingonetoshapeaworldview.MostadultsobtainmostoftheirinformationworldaffairsfromtheTheauthorofthispassagedoesnotbelieveevisionprovidesenoughinformationtomakepeoplewellinformed.Thenumberofpeopleansweringthequestionnairehasincreased.Sixtypercentofthepeoplequestionedgetalltheirnewsfrom Mostadultsarewellinformedabouttheaffairsofthenationandtheworld.Byvotingagainstmasstransportation,votershavechosentocontinueonaroadtoruin.Ourinterstatehighways,thosepraisedgoldenavenuesbuilttowhisksuburbantravelersinandoutofdowntown,haveturnedintotheworld’smostexpensiveparkinglots.Thatexpenseisnotonlyeconomic–itissocial.Thesehighwayshavecreatedgreatwallsseparatingneighborhoodfromneighborhood,disruptingthecomplexsocialconnectionthathelpmakeacitylivable.Interstatehighwayshavecreatedsocialproblems.B.Highwayscreatecomplexsocialconnections.Byseparatingneighborhoods,highwayshavemadecitiesmorelivable.TheauthorsupportstheideaofmassTheauthoragreeswitharecentvotebytheLikeanytheoryofimportance,thatofsocialorculturalanthropologywastheworkofmanymindsandtookonmanyforms.Some,thebestknownofitsproponents,workedonbroadareasandattemptedtodescribeandaccountforthedevelopmentofhumancivilizationinitstotality.Othersrestrictedtheireffortstospecificaspectsoftheculture,takinguptheevolutionofart,orthestate,orreligion.Socialanthropologyconcernsitselfwithbroadareaswhileculturalanthropologyconcernsitselfwithspecificaspectsofculture.Culturalanthropologists,alsoknownassocialanthropologists,mayworkineitherbroadorrestrictedareas.CulturalanthropologyisanewfieldofAnyimportantareaofstudyrequirestheworkofmanymindsandisthereforelikelytohavedifferentThebest-knownpeopleinculturalanthropologyattemptedtodescribethedevelopmentofhumanInrecentyearstherehavebeenmanyreportsofagrowingimpatiencewithpsychiatry,withitsseemingforeverness,itshighcost,itsdebatableresults,anditsvague,esotericterms.Tomanypeopleitislikeablindmaninadarkroomlookingforablackcatthatisn’tthere.Themagazinesandmentalassociationssaypsychiatrictreatmentisagoodthing,butwhatitisorwhatit plisheshasnotbeenmadeclear.A.Evenmentalhealthassociationshaven’tbeenabletodemonstratethevalueofpsychiatry.TheauthorbelievesthatpsychiatryisofnoPeoplearebeginningtodoubtthevalueofInrecentyearspsychiatryhasbeguntoservetheneedsofblindpeople. believethatpsychiatryisagoodthing.TheIncashadneveracquiredtheartofwriting,buttheyhaddevelopedacomplicatedsystemofknottedcordscalledquipus.Theseweremadeofthewoolofalpacaorllama,dyedinvariouscolors,thesignificanceofwhichwasknowntotheofficials.Thecordswereknottedinsuchawayastorepresentthedecimalsystem.Thusanimportantmessagerelatingtoprogressofcrops,theamountoftaxescollected,ortheadvanceofanenemycouldbespeedilysentbytrainedrunnersalongthepostroads.Becausetheycouldnotwrite,theIncasareconsideredasimplistic,poorlydevelopedsociety.Throughasystemofknottedcords,theIncassentimportantmessagesfromonecommunitytoBecauserunnersweresentwiththecords,wecansafelyassumethattheIncasdidnothavedomesticatedanimals.BoththecolorofthecordsandthewaytheyknottedformedpartofthemessageoftheThequipuswereusedforimportantTherewasatimewhenscholarsheldthatearlyhumanslivedinakindofbeneficentanarchy,inwhichpeopleweregrantedtheirrightsbytheirfellowsandtherewasnoerningorbeingerned.VariousearlywriterslookedbacktothisGoldenAgebutthepointofviewthathumanswereoriginallychildrennatureisbestknowntousinthewritingsofRousseau,Locke,andHobbes.Thesemendescribedtheconceptofsocialcontract,whichtheysaidhadputanendtothestateofnatureinwhichtheearliesthumansweresupposedtohavelived.ForRousseau,Locke,andHobbes,theconceptofsocialcontractputanendtothetimeofbeneficentanarchywhichearlyhumansAccordingtotheauthor,scholarstodaydonotholdthatearlyhumanslivedinastateofOnlyRousseau,Locke,andHobbeswroteaboutearlyhumansaschildrenofnature.TheearlywritersreferredtointhispassagelivedthroughtheAgeofearlyWecaninferthatthe ernmenthavealways III.Passage1Thecaseforcollegehasbeenacceptedwithoutquestionformorethanageneration.Allhighgraduatesoughttogo,saysconventionalwisdomandstatisticalevidence,becausecollegewillhelpthemearnmoremoney, ‘better’people,andlearntobemoreresponsiblecitizensthanthosewhodon’tgo.Butcollegehasneverbeenabletoworkitsmagicforeveryone.Andnowthatclosetohalfourhighschoolgraduatesareattending,thosewhodon’tfitpatternare ingmorenumerous,andmoreobvious.Collegegraduatesaresellingshoesanddrivingtaxis;collegestudentsinterferewitheachother’sexperimentsandwritefalselettersof mendationintheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateschool.Othersfindnostimulationintheirstudies,anddropout–oftenencouragedbySomeobserverssaythefaultiswiththeyoungpeoplethemselves–theyarespoiledandtheyareexpectingtoomuch.Butthat’sacondemnationofthestudentsasawhole,anddoesn’texinallcampusunhappiness.Othersblamethestateoftheworld,andtheyarepartlyright.We’rebeentoldthatyoungpeoplehavetogotobecauseoureconomycan’tabsorbanarmyofuntrainedeighteen-year-olds.ButdisappointedgraduatesarelearningthatitcannolongerabsorbanarmyoftrainedSomeadventuresomeeducatorsandcampuswatchershaveopenlybeguntosuggestthatcollegemaynotbethebest,theproper,theonlycefor afterthecompletionofhighschool.Wemayhavebeenlookingatallthosesurveysandstatisticsupsidedown,itseems,andthroughthecollegedoesn’tmakepeopleinligent,ambitious,happy,liberal,orquicktolearnthings–maybeit’sjusttheotherwayaround,andinligent,ambitious,happy, peoplearemerelytheoneswhohavebeenattractedtocollegeinthefirstce.Andperhapsallthosesuccessfulcollegegraduateswouldhavebeensuccessfulwhethertheyhadgonetocollegeornot.Thisisheresy（）tothoseofwhohavebeenbroughtuptobelievethatifalittleschoolingisgood,moretobemuchbetter.Butcontraryevidenceisbeginningtomountup.Accordingtothepassage, peopleusedtoquestionthevalueofcollegepeopleusedtohavefullconfidenceinhigherallhighschoolgraduateswenttocollegeveryfewhighschoolgraduateschosetogotoInthe2ndparagraph,‘thosewhodon’tfitthepattern’refers A)highschoolgraduateswhoaren’tsuitableforcollegeeducationcollegegraduateswhoaresellingshoesanddrivingcollegestudentswhoaren’tanybetterfortheirhigherhighschoolgraduateswhofailedtobeadmittedtoThedrop-outrateofcollegestudentsseemstogoupbecause youngpeoplearedisappointedwiththeconventionalwayofteachingatmanyyoungpeoplearerequiredtojointheyoungpeoplehavelittlemotivationinpursuingahigheryoungpeopledon’tliketheintensecompetitionforadmissiontograduateAccordingtothepassagetheproblemsofcollegeeducationpartlyarisefromthefact societycannotprovideenoughjobsforproperlytrainedcollegehighschoolgraduatesdonotfitthepatternofcollegetoomanystudentshavetoearntheirowncollegeadministratorsencouragestudentstodropInthispassagetheauthorarguesthat A.moreandmoreevidenceshowscollegeeducationmaynotbethebestthingforhighschoolcollegeeducationisnotenoughifonewantstobecollegeeducationbenefitsonlythe ligent,ambitious,andquick-learning ligentpeoplemaylearnquickeriftheydon’tgotoThe‘surveysandstatistics’mentionedinthelastparagraphmighthaveshownthat college-educatedpeoplearemoresuccessfulthannon-college-educatedcollegeeducationwasnotthefirstchoiceof ligentthelessschooling hasthebetteritisformostpeoplehavesweetmemoriesofcollege2Thelongyearsoffoodshortageinthiscountryhavesuddenlygivenwaytoapparentabundance.Storesandshopsarechokedwithfood.Rationingisvirtuallysuspended,andoverseasrshavebeenaskedtoholdbackdeliveries.Yet,insteadofjoy,thereiswide-spreaduneasinessandconfusion.Whydofoodpriceskeeponrising,whenthereseemstobesomuchmorefoodabout?Istheabundanceonlytemporary,orhasitcometostay?Doesitmeanthatweneedtothinklessnowaboutproducingmorefoodathome?Nooneknowswhattoexpect.(4)Therecentgrowthofexportsurplusesontheworldfoodmarkethascertainlybeenunexpectedlygreat,partlybecauseastrangesequenceoftwosuccessfulgrainharvestsinNorthAmericaisnowbeingfollowedbyathird.MostofBritain’soverseasrsofmeat,too,areofferingmorethisyearandhomeproductionhasalsorisen.Buttheeffectofallthisonthefoodsituationinthiscountryhasbeenmadeworsebyasimultaneousriseinfoodprices,duechieflytothegradualcuttingdownofernmentsupportforfood.Theshopsareoverstockedwithfoodnotonlybecausethereismorefoodavailable,butalsobecausepeople,frightenedbyhighprices,arebuyinglessofit.Moreover,theriseindomesticpriceshascomeatatimewhenworldpriceshavebeguntofall,withtheresultthatimportedfood,withtheexceptionofgrain,isoftencheaperthanthehome-producedvariety.Andnowgrainprices,too,arefalling.Consumersarebeginningtoaskwhytheyshouldnotbeenabledtobenefitfromthistrend.Thesignificanceofthesedevelopmentsisnotlostonfarmers.Theoldergenerationhasseenitallhappenbefore.Despitethepresentpriceandmarketguarantees,farmersfeartheyareabouttobesqueezedbetweencheapfoodimportsandashrinkinghomemarket.Presentproductionisrunningat51percentabovepre-warlevel,andtheernmenthascalledforanexpansionto60percentby1956;butrepeatedMinisterialadviceiscarryinglittleweightandtheexpansionprogramisnotworkingverywell.Whyisthere‘wide-spreaduneasinessandconfusionaboutthefoodsituationinTheabundantfoodsupplyisnotexpectedtoBritainisimportinglessDespitetheabundance,foodpriceskeepBritainwillcutbackonitsproductionofThemainreasonfortheriseinfoodpricesisthat peoplearebuyinglesstheernmentisprovidinglessfinancialsupportfordomesticfoodproductionhasimportedfoodisdrivingpricesWhydon’t ernment’sexpansionprogramworkveryBecausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthefinancialsupportthe BecausethefarmerswereuncertainaboutthebenefitsofexpandingBecausethefarmerswereuncertainwhetherforeignmarketscouldbefoundfortheirBecausetheoldergenerationoffarmerswerestronglyagainsttheThedecreaseinworldfoodpriceswasaresultof asharpfallinthepurchasingpoweroftheasharpfallinthecostoffoodtheoverproductionoffoodinthefood-importingtheoverproductiononthepartofthemainfood-exportingWhatdidthefuturelooklikeforBritain’sfoodproductionatthetimethisarticlewasThefallinworldfoodpriceswouldbenefitBritishfoodAnexpansionoffoodproductionwasatBritishfoodproducerswouldreceive ernmentfinancialItlooksdepressingdespiteernmentShortAnswerQuestions(15minutes1Directions:Inthispartthereisashortpassagewithfivequestionsor pletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords(notexceeding10words).IonceknewadognamedNewtonwhohadauniquesenseofhumour.WheneverItossedoutaFrisbee(飞蝶)forhimtochase,he'dtakeoffinhotpursuitbutthenseemtolosetrackofit.Movingbackandforthonlyayardoftwofromthetoy,Newtonwouldlookallaround,evenupintothetrees.Heseemedgenuinelypuzzled.Finally,I'dgiveupandheadintothefieldtohelphimout.ButnosoonerwouldIgetwithin10ft.ofhimthanhewouldruninvariablystraightovertotheFrisbeegrabitandstartrunninglikemad,lookingoverhisshoulderwithwhatlookedsuspiciouslylikeagrin.Justabouteverypetownerhasastorylikethisandiseagertoshareitwithanyonewhowilllisten.Onveryshortnotice,TIMEreporterscameupwith25storiesaboutwhateachisconvincedisthesmartestpetintheworld.Amongthem:thecatwhoclosesthedoorbehindhimwhenbegoesintothebathroom;thecatwhousesatoiletinsteadofalitterbox...andflushesitafterward;thedogwhogoeswildwhenheseeshisownerputtingonbluensinsteadofadressbecausensmeanitistimetoy;andthecatwhousedtowaitpatientlyatthebusstopeverydayforalittlegirl,thenwalkherthesixblockshome.Andsoon.Thesebehavioursarecertainlyclever,butwhatdotheymean?WasNewtonreallydeceiving?Canacatreallydesireprivacyinthetoilet?Inshort,dohouseholdpetsreallyhaveamentalandemotionallife?Theirownersthinkso,butuntilrecently,animal-behaviourexpertswouldhavegonemadonhearingsuchaquestion.Theworstsinintheirmoralvocabularywasanthropomorphism(拟人化),projectinghumantraitsontoanimals.Adogoracatmightbehaveasifitwereangrylonelysadhappyorconfused,butthatwasonlyintheeyeoftheviewer.Whatwasgoingon,theyinsisted,wasthatthedogorcathadbeenconditioned,throughaperhapsunintentionalseriesofpunishmentsandrewards,tobehavecertainway.Thebehaviourwasamechanicalresultofthetraining.S1.WhatdidNewtonseempuzzledS2.WhydoestheauthorsayNewtonhaduniquesenseofS3.WhatmadeitpossiblefortheTIMEreporterstocomeupwithsomanyinterestingstoriesaboutpets?S4.WhatbeliefaboutpetbehaviorwasunacceptabletoexpertsofanimalS5.Whatistheexnationofanimal-behaviorexpertsforthe"clever"behaviorof2OnesummermywifeChrisandIwereinvitedbyfriendstorowdowntheColoradoRiverinaboat.Ourexpeditionincludedmanyhighlysuccessfulpeople--thekindwhohavestaffstotakecareoflife'sdailywork.Butinthewilderrapids,allofusnaturallysetasideanypretenses(矫饰)andputoutbacksintoeverystroketokeeptheboatfromtumblingover.Ateachnight'sencampment,weallhauledsandcleaneddishes.Afteronlytwodaysintheriver,peopleaccustomedtobeingspoiledandindulgedhad eateam,workingtogethertocopewiththeunpredictabletwistsandturnsoftheriver.Ibelievethatinlife--aswellasonboattripsteamworkwillmakeallourjourneyssuccessfulones.Therhythmsofteamworkhavebeentherhythmsofmylife.Iyedbasketballalongsidefamousyers,andtheteamInowcoach,theNewYorkKnicks,hasrecoveredfromyearsofadversityto eamajorcontenderinthe1990s.I'mpersuadedthatteamworkisthekeytomakingdreamscometrue.Weallyonanumberofteamsinourlives-aspartofafamily,asacitizen,asamemberofanagreement,writtenorunwritten.Itcontainsthevaluesandgoalsforeveryteammember.Forexample,inthelate1970saGeneralMotorsntinFremont,California,wasthesceneofconstantwarfarebetweenlaborandmanagement.Distrustransohigh--atthelaborcontractwashundredsofpagesoftrickylegalterms.GMspentmillionstryingtokeepthefacilityuptodate,butproductivityandqualitywerecontinuallypoor.Absenteeism(旷工wassooutofcontrolthattheproductionlinecouldn'tevenstartuponsomemornings.Finallyintheearly1980s,GMshutdownthent.GMbecameconvincedthatithadtocreatenewproductionsystemsbasedonteamwork.Inthemid1980sitreopenedtheFremontntwithToyota,startingfromscratch(从零开始)withamuchsimplerandshorterlaborcontract.Itpromisedthatexecutivesalarieswouldbereducedandjobsperformedbyoutsidesellerswouldbegiventoemployeesbeforeanylayoffswereconsidered.Overahundredjobclassificationswerecuttojusttwo.Insteadofngoneboringjoboverandover,workersagreedtobepartofsmallteams,spendingequaltimeonvarioustasks.S1.WhatcommentdidtheauthormakeaboutthehighlysuccessfulpeopletravelingwithS2.WhywasiteasyforboatstotumbleoverintheS3.WhathappenedtotheNewYorkKnicksintheS4.WhatcausedthesharpintheGMntinthelateS5.WhatspiritwasencouragedinthereopenedGM3MostAmericansspendfarmoreoftheirleisuretimewiththemassmediathaninanyotheroccupation.Inaddition,mostofushear,see,orreadsomeofthemediawhileengagedinotheractivities.Thusanextremelylargenumberofourwakinghoursarespentwiththemassmedia.Ofallthemedia,evisionisclearlydominant,withnewspapersaclosesecond,atleastasasourceofnewsandotherinformation.Ourexposuretoallmediaisimportant,however,becauseallofthemcontributematerialsfortheconstructionofthatworldinourheads.Formostpeople,increaseduseofonemediumdoesnotdecreaseuseofanother.Infact,incertaincases,andespeciallyforcertainpurposes,themoreoneusesonemedium,themorelikelyoneistouseTherearevariousfactorsthatcancauseyoutoexposeyourselftothemediaavoidingmuchofthematerialwithwhichyoudisagree.Someofthatselectiveexposureisprobablyduetothepsychologicalpressureyoufeeltoavoidthe fortcausedbywithfactsandideascontrarytoyourbeliefs,attitudes,orbehavior.However,someselectiveexposureisnotduetothepressureforconsistencybuttootherfactors,suchasyourage,education,andeventheareainwhichyouliveandthepeoplewithwhomyouassociate.Quiteadifferentsortoffactorthataffectsyourmediaexperiencesisthesocialcontextofexposure:whetheryouarealoneorwithotherswhenyouareexposedtoamedium;