语言学补充练习(1-3)

第一章 语言学入门知识：名词解释1．culturaltransmission(asadefiningpropertyoflanguage)Answer:Whilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.AnEnglishspeakerandaChinesespeakerarebothabletousealanguage,buttheyarenotmutuallyintelligible.Thisshowsthatlanguageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.Incontrast,animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.Theyarebornwiththecapacitytoproducethesetofcallspeculiartotheirspecies.2．descriptivelinguisticsvs.prescriptivelinguisticsAnswer:Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesfor"correct"behavior.Linguisticstudiesbeforethe204centuryarelargelyprescriptivewhereasmodemlinguisticismostlydescriptive.II.判断正误（TforTrueandFforFalse）Whenlanguageisusedtogetinformation,itservesaninformativefunction.Answer:F(Itservesaninterrogativefunction).精选范本,供参考！2．Mostanimalcommunicationsystemslacktheprimarylevelofarticulation.Answer:F(Theprimaryunitsinthesesystemscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.Sowhattheylackisthesecondarylevelofarticulation.)3．Descriptivelinguisticsareconcernedwithhowlanguageswork,notwithhowtheycanbeimproved.Answer:T填空题1．Bysayingthat"languageisarbitrary",wemeanthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningand_______.Answer:sounds2．ThedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleismadebytheSwisslinguistEdeSaussure.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceismadebytheAmericanlinguist__________.Answer:NoamChomsky3．Anapproachtolinguisticstudywhichattemptstolaydownrulesofcorrectnessastohowlanguageshouldbeusedis_______.Answer:prescriptiveIV.选择题1．Unlikeanimalcommunicationsystem,humanlanguageis______.精选范本,供参考！A.stimulusfreeB.stimulusboundC.underimmediatestimuluscontrolD.stimulatedbysomeoccurrenceofcommunalinterestAnswer：A____hasbeenwidelyacceptedastheforefatherofmodemlinguistics.a.Chomskyb.Saussurec.Bloomfieldd.JohnLyonAnswer:b问答题l.Islanguageproductiveornot?Why?Answer:Firstly,Languageisproductiveorcreative.Thismeansthatlanguageuserscanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.Secondly,Productivityisuniquetohumanlanguage.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemshavealimitedrepertoire,whichisrapidlyexhausted,makinganynoveltyimpossible.Thirdly,Theproductivityorcreativityofhumanlanguageoriginatesfromitsduality.Becauseofduality,thespeakercancombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences.Theproductivityoflanguagealsomeansitspotentialtocreateendlesssentences.Thisismadepossiblebytherecursivenatureoflanguage.2.Commentonthefollowingstatement: “Inlinguistics, ‘language’onl精选范本,供参考！meanswhatapersonsaysorsaidinagivensituation ”.Answer:Thisstatementisincorrect.Inlinguistics,"language"hasseverallayersofmeaning:firstly,thewholeofaperson’language,se.g.Shakespeare’slanguage;secondly,aparticularvarietyorlevelofspeechorwriting,e.g.scientificlanguage,literarylanguage,colloquiallanguage;thirdly,anabstractsystemunderlyingthetotalityofthespeech/writingbehaviorofacommunity,e.g.theEnglishlanguage,theChineselanguage;lastly,thereisanevenmoreabstractsenseof"language",referringtothecommonfeaturesofallhumanlanguagesthatdistinguishthemfromanimalcommunicationsystemsoranyartificiallanguage.Pointoutthreewaysinwhichlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammar.Answer:Firstly,mostlinguisticanalysestodayfocusonspeechratherthanwriting.Secondly,modemlinguisticsismostlydescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarislargelyprescriptive.Thirdly,athirddifferenceisthepriorityofsynchronicdescriptionoverthetraditionaldiachronicstudies.WhatisthemajordifferencebetweenSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleandChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?Answer:Saussure’languesissocialproduct,asetofconventionsforaspeechcommunity.Chomskyregardscompetenceasapropertyofthe精选范本,供参考！mindofeachindividual.SaussurestudieslanguagemorefromasociologicalpointofviewwhileChomskystudiesitmorefromapsychologicalpointofview.第二章 语音学和音位学名词解释1．narrowtranscriptionAnswer:Therearetwowaystotranscribespeechsounds.Oneisthe“broadtranscription----the”transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonly,andtheotheris “narrowtranscrip---tionhetranscription”withletter-symbolsaccompaniedbythediacriticswhich canhelpbringoutthefinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.2.Illustratetheterm “allophone ”withatleastoneappropriateexample.Answer:Allophonesarethedifferentmembersofaphoneme,soundswhicharephoneticallydifferentbutdonotmakeoneworddifferentfromanotherinmeaning.Forexample,inEnglish,thephoneme/l/ispronounceddifferentlyin"let","play"and"tell".Thefirst/l/ismadebyraisingthefrontofthetonguetothehardpalate,whilethevocalcordsarevibrating;thesecond/l/ismadewiththesametonguepositionasthefirst,butthevocalcordsarenotvibrating;andthethird/l/ismadebyraising精选范本,供参考！notonlythefrontbyalsothebackofthetonguewhilethevocalcordsarevibrating.II判断正误（TforTrueandFforFalse）1./o/isamid-highfrontroundedvowel.Answer:F.(/o/isamid-highBACKroundedvowel.)Aphonemeinonelanguageoronedialectmaybeanallophoneinanotherlanguageordialect.Answer:T.填空题：Thethreecavitiesinthearticulatoryapparatusare_____,_______,and_____.Answer:pharynx,thenasalcavity,theoralcavityBythepositionofthe____partofthetongue,vowelsandclassifiedasfrontvowels,centralvowelsandbackvowels.Answer:highest.____referstothechangeofasoundasaresultoftheinfluenceofanadjacentsound.Answer:Assimilation.Youarerequiredtofillintheblanksbelowabidingbytheinstance精选范本,供参考！givenbeforehand.Example:/p/:voicedbilabialstop/s/:________________/g/:_______________/t?/:______________/t/:_______________/f/:_______________Answer:/s/:voicelessalveolarfricative/g/:voicedvelarstop/t?/:voicelessalveo-palatal/post-alveolaraffricate/t/:voiceddentalfricative/f/:voicelesslabiodentalfricativeWhichofthefollowingwordswouldbetreatedasminimalpairsandminimalsets?pat,penmore,heat,tape,bun,fat,ban,chain,tale,bell,far,meal,vote,bet,heel,ten,men,pit,main,hit,eat,manAnswer:pat,fat;pat,pit;pit,hit;pen,ten;ten,men;heat,eat;heat,heel;tape,tale;精选范本,供参考！bun,ban;chain,main;bell,bet;meal,heel;man,men,main.IV.选择题Allsyllablescontaina(n)_______.a.nucleusb.codaonsetAnswer:a2._____isoneofthesupersegmentalfeatures.StopVoicingDeletionToneAnswer:dWhichofthefollowingconsonantsdoesnotexistinEnglish?a.dentalstopb.bilabialstopc.alveolarstop精选范本,供参考！d.velarstopAnswer:a_____isnotanEnglishconsonant.a.Labiodentalplosiveb.Alveolarnasalc.Velarstopd.DentalfricativeAnswer:a辨音选择1.Whatarethedistinctivefeaturesthatgroupthefollowingsoundsinthesesets?/f,v,s//p,f,b//g,z,b//k,g,w//m,n,?/Answer:1)fricative2)obstruent3)voiced4)velar5)nasalThereisonesegmentthatdoesnotbelongtothenaturalclassineachofthefollowinggroupsofspeechsounds.Youarerequiredtoidentifythatsegmentandlabelthenaturalclass,usingadescriptivetermas精选范本,供参考！specificaspossible./m/,/n/,/w/,/?//v/,/w/,/z/,/t//n/,/f/,/l/,/s/,/t/,/d/,/z/Answer:1)/w/isasemi-vowel,andtheothersareallnasals.2)/t/isvoiceless,andtheothersarevoiced.3)/f/islabiodental,andtherestarealveolarVI.问答题1．Circlethewordsthatcontainasoundasrequired:alowvowel:pipe,gather,article,leave,cookabilabialconsonant:cool,lad,leap,bomb,pushanapproximant:luck,boots,word,once,tableafrontvowel:god,neat,pit,lush,cookavelar:god,fast,chat,lake,quick2．Exemplifytherelationshipbetweenphone,phonemeandallophone.Answer:Firstly,a“phoneis”aphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Phonesmayormaynotdistinguishmeaning.Secondly,a"phoneme"isaphonologicalunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Asanabstractunit,aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound.Itisrepresentedor精选范本,供参考！realizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Thirdly,thephonesrepresentingaphonemearecalledits"allophones".Howaphonemeisrepresentedbyaphone,orwhichallophoneistobeused,isdeterminedbythephoneticcontextinwhichitoccurs.Butthechoiceofanallophoneisnotrandombutrule-governedinmostcases.3．Whenwearepronouncingthefollowingphrases,howdoweactuallyarticulatethe"n"soundintheword"ten"?Dowestillpronounceitas/n/?tenhouses2)tenteachers3)tencolleges4)tenpupils5)tenbuildingstenclassesAnswer:1)/n//n//?//m//m//?/4．Howmanyfunctionsdothevocalcordshaveintheproductionofspeechsounds?Answer:Theyhavethreefunctions:tomakeaglottalstop,toproduceavoicedsoundandtoproduceavoicelesssound.精选范本,供参考！第三章 形态学名词解释1．morphemeAnswer:Themorphemeisthesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringitsmeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.Forinstance,theword"barks"in"Thedogbarks"consistsoftwomorphemes―"bark"and"-s",neitherofwhichcanbefurtherdividedintoothersmallermeaningfulunits.2．lexemeAnswer:Theterm"lexeme"ispostulatedtoreducetheambiguityoftheterm"word".Itistheabstractunitunderlyingthesmallestunitinthelexicalsystemofalanguage,whichappearsindifferentgrammaticalcontexts.Forexample,"write"isthelexemeofthefollowingsetofwords:"writes","wrote","writing","written".3．inflectionalmorphemesAnswer:Inflectionalmorphemesarealsocalledinflectionalaffixes.Theymanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsorgrammaticalcategoriessuchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.InEnglish,allinflectionalmorphemesaresuffixes,e.g.-(e)s,-ing,-(e)d,-est.精选范本,供参考！判断正误1．Arootisnotalwaysafreeform.Answer:T(Therearesuchboundrootsas-ceive”.)“填空题1．Polymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundshavetwoparts:therootsandthe____.Answer:affixes2．On,beforeandtogetherare_____words ―theyarewordswhichdonottakeinflectionalendings.Answer:grammatical(functional/form)IV．选择题1．"Radar"isa/an____.acronymblendingcoinageclippingAnswer:a2．Compoundwordsconsistof______morphemes.精选范本,供参考！boundfreebothboundandfreeAnswer:bV.匹配题MatcheachexpressionunderAwiththeonestatementunderBthatcharacterizesit.AB1.anoisycrowa.compoundnoun2.eatcrowb.rootmorphemeplusderivationalprefix3.scarecrowc.phraseconsistingofanadjectiveplusnoun4.thecrowd.rootmorphemeplusinflectionaffix5.crowlikee.rootmorphemeplusderivationalsuffix6.crowsf.grammaticalmorphemefollowedbylexicalmorphemeg.idiomAnswer:1.c2.g3.a4.f5.e6.dVI.问答题1.DividethefollowingwordsintoRoots,IA(inflectionalaffix) and/orDA(derivationalaffix).精选范本,供参考！1)transformations 2)looseleaves3)destructive 4)geese 5)misledAnswer:trans-(DA)form(Root)-ation(DA)s(IA)loose(Root)leave(Root)s(IA)de-(DA)struct(Root)-ive(DA)geese(IA)mis-(DA)led(IA)LabelthemorphologicalcategoryofthemorphemesunderlinedineachoftheEnglishexpressions.a)I'vebeenhere.b)transformc)oxend)recurAnswer:a)boundmorphemeb)derivationalprefixc)inflectionalsuffixd)boundrootEachofthefollowingPersianwordsispoly-morphemic.YouarerequiredtomatcheachofthenotionsgivenbelowwithamorphemeinPersian.(Notethatxarmeans"buy"and-iddesignatesthepasttense).xaridiYou(singular)bought.naxaridam精选范本,供参考！Ididnotbuy.namixaridandTheywerenotbuying.xaridHebought.naxarid