生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释教学提纲

生理学基本概念的中英文名词解释精品文档绝对不应期 absoluterefractoryperiodThetimeintervalduringwhichacellisincapableofinitiatingasecondactionpotential.动作电位 actionpotentialAnactionpotentialisarapidchangeinthemembranepotential.Eachactionpotentialbeginswithasuddenchangefromthenormalrestingnegativepotentialtoapositivemembranepotential(depolarization)andthenendswithanalmostequallyrapidchangebacktothenegativepotential(repolarization).主动转运 activetransportThemovementofsubstancesacrossthemembraneoccursagainsttheelectrochemicalgradientwiththenecessityofconsumptionofmetabolicenergy后负荷 afterloadAfterloadistheloadthatisgiventothemuscleafterthebeginningofthecontraction.自身调节 autoregulationIncertaincases,atissueororgancanresponddirectlytotheenvironmentalchanges,dependingneitheronnervousnoronhumoralcontrol.Thisformofregulationiscalledauto-regulation.完全强直收缩 completetetanusWhenthefrequencyofstimulationreachesacriticallevel,thesuccessivecontractionsaresorapidthattheyliterallyfusedtogether,andthecontractionappearstobecompletelysmoothandcontinuous.Thisiscalledcompletelytetanus.去极化 depolarizationThechangeinmembranepotentialawayfromtherestingpotentialandtowardthesodiumequilibrium.入胞 endocytosisVerylargeparticlesenterthecellbyaspecializedfunctionofthecellmembranecalledendocytosis.Theprincipleformsofendocytosisarepinocytosisandphagocytosis.平衡电位 equilibriumpotentialElectrochemicalequilibriumisasteadystate,asintherestingmembranepotentialofacell,inwhichanelectricalpotentialandchemicalpotentialgradientareinbalanceandnonetmovementofchargedparticlesoccurs.兴奋性 excitabilityExcitabilityistheabilityofcertainkindsofcells(excitablecell)togenerateactivechangesintheirmembranepotential.Excitabilityisafundamentalpropertycommontoalltissuesandcells.兴奋 excitationExcitationsignifiesandincreasesinactivity,suchascontractionofamuscle,accelerationoftheheartbeat.出胞 exocytosisAstimulustosecretecausestheintracellularvesiclestofusewiththeplasmamembraneandtoreleasethevesiclescontentsiscalledexocytosis.易化扩散 facilitateddiffusionInfacilitateddiffusion,transportproteins(carrierandchannelproteins)hastenthemovementofcertainsubstancesacrossamembranedowntheirconcentrationgradients.以通道为中介的转运 facilitateddiffusionviaionchannelChannelsaremembraneproteinsthatcontainsmall,highlyselectiveaqueouspores.Channelsusuallyallowspecificion,eg,Na+,K+,Ca2+orCl-tomovedowntheirelectrochemicalgradientsacrossthemembrane.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档反馈 feedbackFeedbackisaflowofinformationalongaclosedloop.Usually,aconstancyofphysiologicalvariablerequiresafeedbackmechanismthatfeedstheoutputinformationbacktothecontrolsystemsoastomodifythenatureofcontrol.稳态 HomeostasisHomeostasisisthemaintenanceofaconstantstatewithspecialreferencetotheinternalmedium.体内 invivoExperimentsperformedonthewholebody.内环境 internalenvironmentAllcellsofthebodyliveintheextracellularfluid,extracellularfluidiscalledtheinternalenvironmentofthebody.等长收缩 isometriccontractionTensionincreasesbutthelengthofthemuscledoesnotchangewhenamusclecontracts.等张收缩 isotoniccontractionTensionremainsconstantbutthemuscleshortenswhenamusclecontracts.负反馈 negativefeedbackAregulatedvariableissensed,informationissenttoacontroller,andactionistakentoopposechangefromthedesirevalue.神经肌肉接头 neuromuscularjunctionThecomplexstructureresponsibleforsignaltransmissionfromnervetoskeletalmuscle.正反馈 positivefeedbackWithpositivefeedback,avariableissensedandactionistakentoreinforcechangeofthevariable,soitpromotesachangeinonedirection.前负荷 preloadPreloadistheloadthatisgiventothemusclepriortoitscontraction.相对不应期 relativerefractoryperiodAperiodfollowstheendoftheabsoluterefractoryperiod,duringwhichitispossibletoelicitasecondactionpotential,butthethresholdstimulusintensityishigherthanusual.复极化 repolarizationShortlyafterdepolarization,thesodiumchannelsbegintocloseandthepotassiumchannelsopenmorethantheynormallydo.Then,rapiddiffusionofpotassiumionstotheexteriorre-establishesthenormalrestingpotential.Thisiscalledrepolarizationofthemembrane.静息电位 restingpotentialThedifferenceinelectricalpotentialacrossthemembraneofanundisturbedcell,havingapositivesignontheoutsidesurfaceandanegativesignintheinterior.跳跃传导 salutatoryconductionConductionofanerveimpulsedownamyelinatednervefiberbyskippingfromnodetonode.单纯扩散 simplediffusionDiffusionmeanssimplymovementthroughthemembranecausedbyrandommotionofthemoleculesofthesubstances,movingeitherthroughcellmembraneporesorthroughthelipidmatrixofthemembrane.钠-钾泵 sodium-potassiumpumpThesodium-potassiumpumpisresponsibleforthecoupledactivetransportofNaせoutofcellsandKせintocells.Sodium-potassiumpumpisalsoanadenosinetriphosphatase,anenzymethatcatalyzesthehydrolysisofATPtoadenosinediphosphate(ADP).收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档凝集 agglutinationDuringbloodtransfusion,theredbloodcellsaggregatedtogetherinclumpswhichweresufficientlylargetoblockminorbloodvessels.Thisclumpingisknownasagglutination.血液凝固 bloodcoagulationThecoagulationsystemconsistsofcofactorsandaseriesofzymogenswhichsequentiallyactivateoneanother,leadingtoformationoffibrinatasiteofvascularinjury.血型 bloodgroupBloodgroupsaresystemofgeneticallydeterminedantigenicsubstancesonthemembraneofredbloodcells.血压 bloodpressureBloodpressuremeanstheforceexertedbythebloodagainstanyunitareaofthevesselwall.交叉配血 cross-matchtestSerumfromrecipientistestedagainstthedonor'scells,andserumfromdonoristestedagainsttherecipient'scells,thistestiscalledcross-matchingtest.红细胞沉降率 erythrocytesedimentationrateWhenbloodtowhichananticoagulanthasbeenaddedstandsinanarrowtube,theredcellsgraduallysediment,leavingaclearzoneofplasmaabove.Theerythrocytesedimentationrateismeasuredasthelengthtocolumnofclearplasmaafteronehour.红细胞生成素 erythropoietinErythropoietinisahormonesecretedbythekidneyswhichstimulateshemoglobinsynthesisanderythropoiesis.纤维蛋白溶解 fibrinolysisInmanycasesfibrinwithinbloodvesselsisrapidlydissolvedtorestorethefluidityoftheblood,andinothersthefibrinbecomeshyalinizedorisremovedbyphagocytesandreplacedbyconnectivetissue.Theprocessofliquefactionoffibrinisknownasfibrinolysis.血红蛋白 hemoglobinHemoglobinisachromoproteinfoundintheredbloodcellsandhavingagreataffinityforoxygen.自动节律性 autorhythmicityAutorhythmicityistheabilitytoinitiateitsownbeat.Manycardiactissuesarefoundtohaveautorhythmicity,forexamplesinoatrialnode,intraventriculartractsandPurkinjecells.Inadditiontothecardiactissue,thesmoothmuscleofthegastrointestinaltracthasalsoautorhythmicity.容量血管 capacitancevesselsTheveinshavewidelumenandcontainagreatervolumeofbloodthananyothersectionofthecirculationdoes,thustheveinsarereferredtoasthecapacitancevessels.心动周期 cardiaccycleThecardiaceventsthatoccurfromthebeginningofoneheartbeattothebeginningofthenextarecalledacardiaccycle.Cardiaccycleiscomposedoftwoperiods:systoleanddiastole.心指数 cardiacindexCardiacindexisthecardiacoutputpersquaremeterofbodysurfacearea.心输出量 cardiacoutputTheproductofthefrequencyofpumping(heartrate)andthestrokevolumeisthecardiacoutput;itisalsocalledminutevolume.心力储备 cardiacreserveTheabilityofthehearttoadaptneedoforganismforexpellingalargerquantityofbloodabovethebasallevel.心血管中枢 cardiovascularcenter收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档Thecardiovascularcentersareresponsibleforintegrationofsensoryinformationandsubsequentmodificationofefferentautonomicnerveactivitytotheheartandbloodvessels.中心静脉压 centralvenouspressureThevenouspressureasmeasuredattherightatrium.代偿间歇 compensatorypauseThepausebetweentheextrabeatandthenextnormalbeatisslightlylongerthantheusualbeatinterval,whichiscalledcompensatorypause.舒张压 diastolicpressureDiastolicpressureisthelowestbloodpressureinanarteryduringthediastoleoftheheart.有效不应期 effectiverefractoryperiodThedurationfromthebeginningofphase0to-60mVofrepolarizationfailstoproduceactionpotentialtoanystimulus,nomatterhowstrong.ThisdurationiscalledERP.IntheERP,theexcitabilityisalmostzero.射血分数 ejectionfractionTheproportionoftheend-diastolicvolumethatisejected(i.e.strokevolume/enddiastolicvolume).心电图 electrocardiogramThesynchronizeddepolarizationsspreadingthroughtheheartcausecurrentsthatestablishfieldpotential,whosedifferencescanbeamplifiedanddetectedbyelectrodesplacedonthebodysurface.Therecordproducediscalledelectrocardiogram.交换血管 exchangevesselThecapillariesaretubesformedbyasinglelayerofendothelialcells,.Theycreateaverylargeareawherethematerialexchangesbetweenbloodandthetissuecellstakeplace.心音 heartsoundWhenthevalvesclose,thevanesofthevalvesandthesurroundingfluidsvibrateundertheinfluenceofthesuddenpressuredifferentialsthatdevelop,givingoffsoundthattravelsinalldirectionsthroughthechest.Thesesoundsarecalledheartsounds.异常自身调节 heterometricautoregulationRegulationofcardiacoutputasaresultofchangesincardiacmusclefiberlengthiscalledheterometricregulation.平均动脉压 meanarterialpressureThemeanarterialbloodpressureisthepressureinthearteries,averageovertime.微循环 microcirculationMicrocirculationisthecirculationbetweenarteriolesandvenules.Inthemicrocirculation,themostpurposefulfunctionofthecirculationoccurs:transportofnutrientstothetissuesandremovalofcellularexcreta.起搏点 pacemakerTheautomaticcellsthatordinarilyfireatthehighestfrequencywhicharelocatedinthesinoatrialnode,excitationoftheheartnormallybeginsinthesinoatrial(SA)node.期前收缩 prematuresystoleWhenasecondactionpotentialistriggeredattheverystartoftherelativerefractoryperiod,thesecondcontractionissuperimposedonthesemirelaxedphaseofthefirstcontraction.Thisphenomenoniscalledprematuresystole.脉压 pulsepressureThepulsepressureisthedifferencebetweenthesystolicpressureanddiastolicpressure.每搏输出量 strokevolume收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档Strokevolumeisreferredtothevolumeejectedateachcontractionbyonesideoftheheart.每搏功 strokeworkThestrokeworkoftheheartistheamountofenergythattheheartconvertstoworkduringeachheartbeatwhilepumpingbloodintoarteries.收缩压 systolicpressureThepressurerisesduringcardiacsystoleandfallsduringdiastole.Thepeakpressurevaluereachedduringsystoleistermedthesystolepressure.Usually,atrestsystolicpressureofthehealthyyoungadultis100~120mmHg.肺泡通气量 alveolarventilationTheamountofairreachingthealveoliperminute,atrestitgenerallyamountsto4.2L/min.解剖无效腔 anatomicdeadspaceThespaceintheconducingzoneoftheairwaysoccupiedbygasthatdoesnotexchangewithbloodinthepulmonaryvessels,suchasinthenose,pharynx,andtracheasincetheseareaisnotusefulthegasexchangeprocessbutinsteadgoestofillrespiratorypassages.波尔效应 BohreffectTheincreasedoxygenreleasebyhemoglobininthepresenceofelevatedcarbondioxidelevels(theeffectsshifttheoxygenhemoglobindissociationcurvetotheleftandupward).Byforminghydrogenions,carbondioxideloadingfacilitatesoxygenunloading,i.e.,thedecreaseinO2affinityofhemoglobinwhenthepHofbloodfalls,whichiscloselyrelatedtothefactthatdeoxygenatedhemoglobin(deoxyhemoglobin)bindsH+moreactivelythandoesoxyhemoglobin.顺应性 complianceDistensibility,theabilityofthelungstotoleratechangesinvolume,apropertythatreflectsthepresenceofelasticfibers.Itisdefinedasthechangeinvolumeperunitchangeinpressure(△V/△P),thereciprocalofthecompliance.弹性阻力 elasticresistanceAtermusedtodescribetheelasticpropertiesofthelungandchestwall;theresistanceorelastance(△V/△P),thereciprocalofthecompliance.机能余气量 functionalresidualcapacityItequalstotheexpiratoryreservevolumeplustheresidualvolume.Thisistheamountofairthatremainsinthelungsattheendofnormalexpiration(about2300ml).何尔登效应 HaldaneeffectTheincreaseincarbondioxideunloadingfromhemoglobininresponsetothecombinationofoxygenwithhemoglobin,i.e.,whenoxygenbindswithhemoglobin,carbondioxideisreleased.补吸气量 inspiratoyreservevolumeTheairinspiredwithamaximalinspiratoyeffortinexcessofthevolume.i.e.,themaximumextravolumeofairthatbeinspiredoverandabovethenormaltidalvolume,itisusuallyequaltoabout3000ml.胸内压 intrapleuralpressureThepressurewithinthepleuralcavityiscalledintrapleuralpressure.肺内压 intrapulmonarypressureThepressurewithinthealveoliofthelungs,alsocalledintrapulmonarypressure.氧含量 oxygencontentTheoxygencontentisusedtoindicatehowmuchO2perliterofbloodisattachedtothehemoglobininnormalarterialblood,describedaspercentsaturated.氧离曲线 oxygendissociationcurveThegraphoftherelationshipbetweenthepartialpressureofoxygenandthedegreeofhemoglobin收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档saturationwithoxygen,whichhasacharacteristicsigmoidshape表面活性物质 pulmonarysurfactantAdetergent-likemixtureofphospholipidsandlipoproteinsthatlowersthesurfacetensionofwater,producedbysurfactant-secreting(Type-II)cells.Itisamixtureofdipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine(DPPC),otherlipids,andproteins.肺通气 pulmonaryventilationThetotalamountofnewairmovedintotherespiratorypassageseachminute;equaltothetidalvolumetimestherespiratoryrate.Theminuterespiratoryvolumegenerallyamountsto6L/min.余气量 residualvolumeTheairleftinthelungsafteramaximalexpiratoryeffort.Thisvolumeaveragesabout1200milliliters.潮气量 tidalvolumeTheamountofairthatmovesintothelungswitheachinspiration(ortheamountthatmovesoutwitheachexpiration)i.e.,thevolumeofairinspiredorexpiredwitheachnormalbreath;itamountstoabout500ml.肺总容量 totallungcapacityThemaximumvolumetowhichthelungscanbeexpandedwiththegreatestpossibleeffort(about5800ml);itisequaltothevitalcapacityplustheresidualvolume.通气-血流比 ventilation/perfusionratioTheratioofpulmonaryventilationtopulmonarybloodflowforthewholelung,atrestabout0.8(4.2L/minventilationdividedby5.5L/minbloodflow).吸收 absorptionAbsorptionistheprocessoftransportingsmallmoleculesfromthelumenofthegutintobloodstream.基础代谢率 basalmetabolicrateThebasalmetabolicrateisthemetabolicratedeterminedunderbasalconditionswhichincludescompletementalandphysicalrelaxationinaroomoracomfortabletemperatureand12~14hoursafterthelastmeal.体温 bodytemperatureThebodytemperatureisoftenreferredtocoretemperature.Thecorereferstothecentralareaofthebody,includingthebrainandviscera,whicharemaintainedataconstanttemperature.消化 digestionDigestionisaprocessessentialfortheconversionoffoodintoasmallandsimpleform.能量代谢 energymetabolismTheenergymetabolismmeanstheliberation,transformationandutilizationofenergyproducedbythematerialmetabolisminthebody.胃排空 gastricemptyingGastricemptyingispromotedbytheintenseperistalticcontractionsinthestomachantrum.Atthesametime,emptyingisopposedbyvaryingdegreesofresistancetothepassageofchymeatthepylorus.胃泌素 gastrinGastrinisaguthormonesecretedbytheendocrineGcellsinthegastricpyloricmucosaandduodenummucosa.Gastrinissecretedintwoforms,alargeformcalledG-34,andasmallerform,G-17.调定点 setpointAtacriticalbodycoretemperature,drasticchangesoccurintherateofbothheatlossandheat收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档production.Thatis,allthetemperaturecontrolmechanismscontinuallyattempttobringthebodytemperaturebacktothisset-pointlevel.慢波 slowwaveIfanelectrodeisinsertedintoasmoothmuscle,itrecordsarecurringdepolarization,theyarecalledslowwavesorbasicelectricalrhythm(BER).Slowwavesarenotactionpotential,butshowundulatingchangesintherestingmembranepotential.出汗 sweatingSweatingisanactivesecretoryprocessfromeccrinesweatglandswhicharewidelydistributedoverthesurfaceofbody.醛固酮 aldosteroneAldosteroneisasodium-retaininghormoneoftheadrenalcortex.Aldosteronereducessodiumexcretionandincreasespotassiumexcretionbythekidneys,thisincreasingsodiumanddecreasingpotassiuminthebody.抗利尿激素 antidiuretichormoneAproductofneurohypophysealwhich,throughitsactiononkidneys,promotestheconservationofbodywater.皮质肾单位 corticalnephronThenephronshavetheirglomerularlocatedintheouterandmiddleportionoftherenalcortexarecalledcorticalnephrons.肾小球有效滤过压 glomerulareffectivefiltrationpressureTheeffectivefiltrationpressureofglomerularrepresentsthesumofthehydrostaticandcolloidosmoticforcesthateitherfavororopposefiltrationacrosstheglomerularcapillaries.肾小球滤过分数 glomerularfiltrationfractionTheglomerularfiltrationfractionisthefiltrationrateaspercentageofthetotalrenalplasmaflowthatpassesthroughbothkidneys.球管平衡 glomerulotubularbalanceOneofthemostbasicmechanismsforcontrollingtubularreabsorptionistheintrinsicabilityofthetubulestoincreasetheirreabsorptionrateinresponsetoincreasedtubularinflow.Thisphenomenonisreferredtoasglomerular-tubularbalance.渗透性利尿 osmoticdiuresisAnincreaseinurineflowduetoexcretionofanosmoticactivesolute.肾糖阈 renalglucosethresholdWhentheplasmaglucoseconcentrationincreasesuptoavalueabout180to200mgperdeciliter,glucosecanfirstbedetectedintheurine,thisvalueiscalledtherenalglucosethreshold.肾素 reninAnenzymeofrenaloriginthatcatalyzestheconversionofangiotensinogentoangiotensinI.水利尿 waterdiuresisThevolumeofurineincreaseswhenwaterintakeexceedsbodyneeds,itisresultedfromsuppressionofADHsecretion适应 adaptationWhenamaintainedstimulusofconstantstrengthisappliedtoareceptor,thefrequencyoftheactionpotentialinitssensorynervedeadensovertime.Thisphenomenonisknownasadaptation.适宜刺激 adequatestimulusThestimulusthatareceptorisspecializedtoreceiveandtransduce.Inthecaseoftheeye,theadequatestimuluswouldbevisiblelight,intheearitwouldbesoundwaves,andsoon.收集于网络，如有侵权请联系管理员删除精品文档暗适应 darkadaptationOngoingfromalightenvironmentintoadarkerone,thereisagradualincreaseinsensitivityallowingdimmerlightstobeseen,amechanismknownasdarkadaptation.简化眼 reducedeyeIfalltherefractivesurfacesoftheeyearealgebraicallyaddedtogetherandthenconsideredtobeonesinglelens,theopticsofthenormaleyemaybesimplifiedandrepresentedschematicallyasa"reducedeye".视敏度 visualacuityVisualacuityisdefinedastheratioofthedistanceoftheindividualfromthecharttothedistanceatwhichthedetailsofthecorrectlyreadlinesubtend1'ofarc.视野 visualfieldThefieldofvisionistheareaseenbyaneyeatagiveninstant.Theareaseentonasalsideiscalledthenasalfieldofvision,andtheareaseentolateralsideiscalledthetemporalfieldofvision.胆碱能神经纤维 cholinergicfiberAkindofneuronthatliberatesacetylcholineatitssynapticknobswithactivity.条件反射 conditionedreflexAconditionedreflexisareflexresponsetoastimulusthatpreviouslyelicitedlittleornoresponse,acquiredbyrepeatedlypairingtostimulatewithanotherstimulusthatnormallydoesproducetheresponse.去大脑僵直 decerebraterigidityWhenthebrainstemissectionedbelowthemidlevelofthemesencephalon,therigidityoccursintheantigravitymuscles.Thisphenomenoniscalleddecerebraterigidity.脑电图 electroencephalogramTheminuteelectricalcurrentsspontaneouslygeneratedbyneuronalactivitywhichrecordedfromthescalpordirectlyfromthecorticalsurface.诱发电位 evokedpotentialThevariousdiscreteelectricalchangesintheencephalonorthespinalcordwhichcanbeproducedbystimulationofsenseorgansorofsomepointalongtheascendingpathwaystoit.兴奋性突触后电位 .excitatorypostsynapticpotentialTheexcitatorypostsynapticpotentialisthelocalpostsynapticdepolarizationduetoreleaseofexcitatorytransmitterfrompresynapticterminals.EPSPbringsthemembraneclosertothresholdandmakesitmorelikelythatanactionpotentialwillbetriggered.抑制性突触后电位 inhibitorypostsynapticpotentialAhyperpolarizingpotentialatasynapsethatreducedtheexcitabilityofthepostsynapticcell.运动单位 motorunitAmotoraxon,togetherwithalloftheskeletalmusclefibersitinnervates.非特异性传导系统 nonspecificprojectionsystemDiffuseprojectionsfromthenonspecificthalamicnucleiconnectingtheascendingreticularactivatingsystemtowidespreadareasofcortexhavearoleinmodifyingthestatesofconsciousnesswhichiscallednonspecificprojectionsystem.突触后抑制 postsynapticinhibitionThepresynapticneuronliberatesaninhibitorytr