美国国家地理课程标准

GEOGRAPHYFORLIFENATIONALGEOGRAPHYSTANDARDS

1994

K-4

GeoaraphvforLife

NationalGeoaraphvStandards1994(Gr.K«4)

TheSixEssentialElementsofGeographyandtheEighteenGeography

Standards

Byessentialwemeanthateachpieceiscentralandnecessary:Wemustlookattheworldin

thisway.Byelementwemeanthateachpieceisabuildingblockforthewhole.Eachessential

elementcontainsanumberofgeographystandards.Eachstandardpresentsasetofideas

andapproachesthatageographicallyinformedpersonneedstoknowandunderstand.

THEWORLDINSPATIALTERMS

Geographystudiestherelationshipsbetweenpeople,places,andenvironmentsbymapping

informationaboutthemintoaspatialcontext.

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeoaraphvStandard1:Howtousemapsandotheraeoaraphicrepresentations,tools,

andtechnoloaiestoacquire,process,andreportinformationfromaspatialperspective

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.Thecharacteristicsandpurposesofgeographicrepresentations-suchasmaps,gloves,

graphs,diagrams,aerialandotherphotographs,andsatellite-producedimages

2.Thecharacteristicsandpurposesoftoolsandtechnologies-suchasreferenceworksand

computer-basedgeographicinformationsystems

3.Howtodisplayspatialinformationonmapsandothergeographicrepresentations

4.Howtouseappropriategeographictoolsandtechnologies

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.Identifyanddescribethecharacteristicsandpurposesofgeographic

representations,tools,andtechnologies,asexemplifiedbybeingableto:

Examineavarietyofmapstoidentifyanddescribetheirbasicelements(title,legend,cardinal

directions,

intermediatedirections,grid,principalparallels,meridians,scale)

Interpretaerialphotographsorsatellite-producedimagetolocateandidentifyphysicaland

humanfeatures(e.g.mountainranges,rivers,vegetationregions,cities,dams,reservoirs)

Designamapthatdisplaysinformationselectedbythestudent,usingsymbolsexplainedina

key

B.Showspatialinformationongeographicrepresentations,asexemplifiedbybeing

ableto:

Readanarrativeandthencreateasketchmaptoillustratethenarrative(e.g.,makeamap

showingthemovementofafamilyofducksasdescribedinMakeWayforDucklings;orafter

readingtheLittleHouseseriesbyLauraIngallsWildermakeamapofwheretheIngallsfamily

lived)

Reportregionaldatainbothatwo-dimensionalformat(e.g.,byusingproportionalsymbols

drawnonamap)andathree-dimensionalformat(e.g.,stackingaproportionatenumberof

countersoneachregion)

Constructdiagramsorchartstodisplayspatialinformation(e.g.,constructabargraphthat

comparesthepopulationsofthefivelargestcitiesinaUSstate)

C.Usegeographicrepresentations,tools,andtechnologiestoanswergeographic

questions,asexemplifiedbybeingableto:

Useamapgrid(e.g.,alphanumericsystem)toanswerthequestion-Whatisthislocation?-

asappliedtoplaceschosenbytheteacherandstudent(e.g.latitude/longitude)

Usethematicmapstoanswerquestionsabouthumandistributions(e.g.,Whatexplainsthe

distributionofthehumanpopulationonEarth?)

Usedifferenttypesofmapscales(linear,fractional,andwordscale)tomeasurethedistance

betweentwoplacesinresponsetothequestion-HowfarislocationAfromlocationB?

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeoaraphvStandard2:Howtousementalmapstooraanizeinformationaboutpeople,

places,andenvironmentsinaspatialcontext

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.Thelocationsofplaceswithinthelocalcommunityandinnearbycommunities

2.ThelocationofEarth'scontinentsandoceansinrelationtoeachotherandtoprincipal

parallelsandmeridians

3.ThelocationofmajorphysicalandhumanfeaturesintheUnitedStatesandonEarth

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.Identifymajorphysicalandhumanfeaturesatavarietyofscales(localtoglobal)

usingmaps,globes,andothersourcesofgraphicinformation,asexemplifiedbybeing

ableto

Usesymbolstolocate,identify,andmarkfeaturesofthelocalcommunity(e.g.shoppingareas,

restaurants,firestations,schools,postoffices)onapreparedbasemap

Uselabelsandsymbolstolocateandidentifyphysicalandhumanfeatures(e.g.largestcities,

rivers,recreationareas,historicsites,landforms,powerplants)onapreparedbasemapofthe

stateorUnitedStates

Identifyphysicalandhumanfeaturesalongagreatcircleroutebetweentwoplaces(e.g.,Los

AngelesandMoscow,SingaporeandBuenosAires)usingaglobe,maps,andothersources

ofgraphicinformation

B.Useamentalmaptoidentifythelocationsofplaces,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Drawasketchmapfrommemoryofthelocalcommunityshowingtheroutetoandfromschool,

toandfromstores,andtoandfromrecreationalfacilities

Prepareasketchmaptoindicatetheapproximatelocationsofplaces,bothlocalandglobal,

featuresinanewspaperortelevisionnewsstory

Answerquestionsaboutthelocationsofplaces(e.g.,IsMainefarthereastthanFlorida?Is

SingaporeclosertoEuropeorNorthAmerica?TheSuezCanalconnectstheRedSeawith

whatothersea?)

C.Sketchanaccuratemaptoanswerquestionsaboutthelocationsofphysicaland

humanfeatures,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Sketchamapshowingthelocationofthelocalcommunityinrelationtomajorlandmarks(e.g.,

amajorriver,city,orlandform)

Useasketchmapindicatingtheapproximatelocationofmajormountainrangesintheworldto

川ustrateageographicidea(e.g.,toexplaintherain-shadoweffectofmountains,ortoshow

howmountainscanaffecttransportationroutes)

Markandlabelthelocationsofplacesdiscussedinhistory,languagearts,science,andother

schoolsubjects(e.g.,usesketchmapsregularly,asamatterofhabit,toplacehistoricevents

intheirspatialcontextsordepictcountriesorregionsreadaboutinlanguagearts)

D.Describeselectedgeographicfeaturesonthebasisofusingmentalmaps,as

exemplifiedbybeingableto

Writeashortaccountfrommemoryillustratedwithasketchmap,describingthelocationofa

shoppingmall,aneighboringcity,thedowntownareaofthecommunity,andotherimportant

featuresofthelocalregion

Writeadescriptionfrommemoryofthephysicalandhumancharacteristicsofthestatein

whichthestudentlivesandcreateasketchmaptoIllustratetheaccount

Writeabriefsummaryfrommemoryofthedistributionofphysicalandhumanfeaturesin

differentregionsoftheUnitedStatesandworld(e.g.,thedistributionofpopulationin

mid-latituderegionsoftheworld)

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeoaraphvStandard3:Howtoanalyzethespatialorqanizationofpeople,places,and

environmentsonEarth'ssurface

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.Thespatialelementsofpoint,line,area,andvolume

2.Thespatialconceptsoflocation,distance,direction,scale,movement,andregion

3.ThatplacesandfeaturesaredistributedspatiallyacrossEarth'ssurface

4.ThecausesandconsequencesofspatialinteractiononEarth'ssurface

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.AnalyzeEarth'ssurfaceintermsofitsspatialelementsofpoint,line,area,and

volume,asexemplifiedbybeingableto:

Useasimplemaptoidentifyphysicalandhumanfeaturesintermsofthefourspatialelements

(e.g.,locations[point],transportationandcommunicationroutes[line],regions[area],lakes

filledwithwater[volume].)

Preparesimplediagramsofvariousplaces,usingthefourspatialelements(e.g.,adiagram

showingtheschoolandstudenthomes[points],roadsthatconnectthem[lines],andthe

schoolattendanceregion[area]).

Useamapofthelocalregionthatshowstransportationlinksbetweencommunitiestodecide

thebestroutesforgettingtoeachcommunity,theeasiestcommunitytogetto,andthemost

difficultcommunitytogetto

B.Usethespatialconceptsoflocation,distance,direction,scale,movement,and

regiontodescribethespatialorganizationofplaces,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Writedescriptionsofthespatialorganizationofplacesfeaturedinstories(e.g.,useachildren's

storysuchas"LittleRedRidingHood"toexamineconceptsofdistance,direction,and

location-therelativelocationofthetwohouses,thedistancebetweenthem,andthedirection

andmovementofthewolfandLittleRedRidingHood)

Locatethehomesofclassmatesandtheschoolonamap,measurethedistancefromeach

hometoschool,determinethedirectionfromeachhometoschool,identifytheroutetraveled

byeachstudent,andoutlineonthemaptheregioncreatedbythelocationsofthehomes

Measurethedistancebetweentwolocationsinmiles,kilometers,time,cost,andperception,

anddrawconclusionsaboutdifferentwaysofmeasuringdistance(e.g.,contrasttheamountof

timeandthecostoftravelingfromonelocationtootherlocationsusingdifferentmeansof

transportation)

C.ObserveandcomparethepatternsanddensitiesofplacesonEarth'ssurface,as

exemplifiedbybeingableto

Observethedistributionoffeaturesonmapsoraerialphotographstoidentifyspatialpatterns

andassociations(e.g.,therelationshipsbetweenfast-foodlocationsandaccessibility)

Calculatethedensityofspecificfeatureswithinagridplacedoveramap(e.g.,useagridto

plotandcountthelocationsofstudents5homesandcoloreachgridsquareaccordingto

density)

Usemapsofphysicalfeaturestoobservepatternsproducedbyphysicalprocesses(e.g.,the

drainagebasinofariversystem,theridge-and-valleypatternoftheAppalachians,or

vegetationonthewindwardandleewardsidesofamountainrange)

D.Analyzethelocationsofplacesandsuggestwhyparticularlocationsareusedfor

certainhumanactivities,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Createasketchmaporscalemodelofthecommunitylocatingkeyplacesandexplainthe

locationsofserviceandcommercialactivities,housing,publicutilities,firestations,and

schoolsusingtheconceptofaccessibility

Identifywhysomelocationsarebetterthanothersforspecificactivities(e.g.,whygasstations

andconveniencestoresareoftenattheintersectionsofmajorstreetsanddoctors5officesnear

hospitals)

Observeandmapthelocationsofessentialservicesinthecommunity(e.g.,streetlights,

phonebooths,mailboxes,firehydrants),andsuggestreasonsforthelocationsoftheservices

E.Identifyconnectionsamongplacesandexplainthecausesandconsequencesofspatial

interaction,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Identifyculturalcharacteristicsthatoriginatedinotherculturesandtracethespreadofeach

characteristicandthemeansbywhichitspread(e.g.,tracethemovementfromAfricato

Americaofculturalcharacteristicssuchasfoods,language,music,andcustomsasaresultof

theslavetradebetweentheseventeenthandnineteenthcenturies)

Uselabelsonclothing,cannedgoods,andotherconsumeritemstomaplinkswithlocationsin

differentregionsofthecountryandworldandthenwriteabriefaccountsuggestingreasonsfor

thepatternsobservedonthemap

Writeastoryorplayabouttheconsequencesofacommunitybeingcutofffrominteraction

withtheoutsideworldforthreedays-anaccountoflifeinthecommunitywithoutfuel,fresh

fruitsandvegetables,truckdeliveries,mailservice,andotherformsof

community-to-outside-worldinteraction

PLACESANDREGIONS

Theidentitiesandlivesofindividualsandpeoplesarerootedinparticularplacesandinthose

humanconstructscalledregions.

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeographyStandard4:Thephysicalandhumancharacteristicsofplaces

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.Thephysicalcharacteristicsofplaces(e.g.,landforms,bodiesofwater,soil,vegetation,and

weatherandclimate)

2.Thehumancharacteristicsofplaces(e.g.,populationdistributions,settlementpatterns,

languages,ethnicity,nationality,andreligiousbeliefs)

3.Howphysicalandhumanprocessestogethershapeplaces

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.Describeandcomparethephysicalcharacteristicsofplacesatavarietyofscales,

localtoglobal,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Observeanddescribethephysicalcharacteristicsofthelocalcommunityinwordsand

sketches,usingadata-retrievalcharorganizedbyphysicalfeatures(e.g.,landforms,bodiesof

water,soils,vegetation)

useavarietyofvisualmaterialsanddatasources(e.g.,photographs,satellite-produced

images,pictures,tables,charts)todescribethephysicalcharacteristicsofaregion,noting

itemsthathavesimilardistributions(e.g.,treesinrivervalleys)

usecardboard,wood,clay,orothermaterialstomakeamodelofaregionthatshowsits

physicalcharacteristics(e.g.,landforms,bodiesofwater,vegetation)

B.Describeandcomparethehumancharacteristicsofplacesatavarietyofscales,

localtoglobal,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Observeanddescribethehumancharacteristicsofthelocalcommunityinwordsandsketches,

usingadata-retrievalchartorganizedbyhumanfeatures(e.g.,typeofeconomicactivity,type

ofhousing,languagesspoken,ethnicity,religion)

Useavarietyofvisualmaterials,datasources,andnarratives(e.g.,photographs,pictures,

tables,charts,newspaperstories)todescribethehumancharacteristicsofaregionandto

answersuchquestionsas;Wheredopeoplelive?Whatkindsofjobsdotheyhave?Howdo

theyspendtheirleisuretime?

Usecardboard,wood,clay,orothermaterialstomakeamodelofacommunitythatshowsits

humancharacteristics(e.g.,land-usepatterns,areasofsettlement,locationsofcommunity

services)

C.Describeandcomparedifferentplacesatavarietyofscales,localtoglobal,as

exemplifiedbybeingableto

observeanddescribethephysicalandhumancharacteristicsofthelocalcommunityand

comparethemtothecharacteristicsofsurroundingcommunitiesorofcommunitiesinother

regionsofthecountry

useavarietyofgraphicmaterialsanddatasources(e.g.,photography,satellite-produced

images,tables,charts)todescribethephysicalandhumancharacteristicsofaregion,noting

itemsthathavesimilardistributions(e.g.,communitiesarelocatedonmajorhighways)

Usecardboard,wood,clay,orothermaterialstomakeamodelofacommunitythatshowsits

physicalandhumancharacteristics(e.g.,landforms,bodiesofwater,vegetation,land-use

patterns,areasofsettlement)

D.Describeandexplainthephysicalandhumanprocessesthatshapethe

characteristicsofplaces,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

usemapsandothergraphicmaterialstodescribetheeffectsofphysicalandhumanprocesses

inshapingthelandscape(e.g.,theeffectsoferosionanddepositionincreatinglandforms,the

effectsofagricultureinchanginglanduseandvegetation,theeffectsofsettlementonthe

buildingofroads)

Drawmapstoshowthedistributionofpopulationinaregionwithrespecttolandforms,climate,

vegetation,resources,historicevents,orotherphysicalandhumancharacteristicstosuggest

factorsthataffectsettlementpatterns

Keepadailyweatherlogofwinddirection,temperature,precipitation,andgeneralconditions

overtimetoexplainsomeofthefactorsthataffectweatherinthelocalcommunity

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeoaraphvStandard5:ThatpeoplecreatereaionstointerpretEarth'scomplexity

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.theconceptofregionasanareaofEarth*ssurfacewithunifyinggeographiccharacteristics

2.Thesimilaritiesanddifferencesamongregions

3.Thewaysinwhichregionschange

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.Defineregionsbybeingabletousephysicalandhumancriteria,asexemplifiedby

beingableto

Identifyanddemarcateareasthatarealikeanddifferentandformregionsfromtheseareas

(e.g.,residentialneighborhoods,parks,industrialareas,regionsofdenseandlessdense

settlement)

Identifyanddescribeavarietyofregionsthatresultfromspatialpatternsofhumanactivityor

humancharacteristics(e.g.,politicalregions,populationregions,economicregions,language

orotherregions)

Identifyanddescribephysicalregions(e.g.,landformregions,soilregions,vegetationregions,

climateregions,waterbasins)bystudyingthephysicalenvironmentatavarietyofscalesand

usingfieldnotes,maps,andothersources

B.Compareandcontrastregions,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Comparethewaysinwhichoneneighborhoodissimilartoanddifferentfromanother

neighborhood(e.g.,housesize,styleofstreetlight,presenceofsidewalks,vegetationtype,

andatleastonepopulationcharacteristic,suchasageofresidents)andexplainwhyboth

neighborhoodscanbedefinedasregions.

Comparethestudenfsownregionwitharegiononanothercontinentandexplainhowthey

aresimilaranddifferent

Usegraphicmaterials,primarydocuments,narratives,anddatasourcestocomparethe

geographiccharacteristicsofregionsoftheworldatsimilarlatitudes(e.g.,gulfCoastalplainin

theNewOrleans,area,theNileRiverValleyintheCairoarea,andtheYangtzeRiverValleyin

theShanghaiarea)

C.Describechangesinthephysicalandhumancharacteristicofregionsthatoccur

overtimeandidentifytheconsequencesofsuchchanges,asexemplifiedbybeingable

to

Prepareadisplaycontrastinglifeinaregioninthepastwithlifeinthesameregioninthe

present-intermsofpopulationsize,ethniccomposition,cuisine,ormeansofrecreation-to

identifywaysinwhichtheregionhaschanged

Identifychangesintheinternalstructureorfunctionofaregion(e.g.,constructionofanew

shoppingcenter,newhospital,ornewmanufacturingplant)

Developasetofquestionstoaskseniorcitizensaboutregionalchangeduringtheirlifetimes

(e.g.,changesintransportation,shopping,habits,howpeopleearnaliving,environmental

conditions)andwriteasummaryoftheanswers.

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeoaraphvStandard6:Howcultureandexperienceinfluencepeople'sperceptionsof

placesandreqions

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.Howtodescribethestudenfsowncommunityandregionfromdifferentperspectives

2.Waysinwhichdifferentpeopleperceiveplacesandregions

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.Describeplacesandregionsindifferentways,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Makeaposterorcollageoruseanothermodeofexpressionthatreflectsthestudenfs

perception(mentalmap)ofaplaceorregion(e.g.,myhometown,historicsites,recreation

areas)

makeandexchangedrawingsandsketchmapswithaclassmatetocompareandcontrast

perceptionsofthesameplace(e.g.,similaritiesanddifferencesindetailsremembered,

emphasesdepicted,positiveornegativereactions)

Writeahistoricalaccountofthelocalcommunityasseenfromthestudenfsownperspective,

withemphasisonhowthestudenfsviewsandvalueshavechangedovertime

B.Comparethedifferentwaysinwhichpeopleviewandrelatetoplacesandregions,as

exemplifiedbybeingableto

Describehowdifferentpeopleperceiveplacesandregions(e.g.,howchildren,mothers,

joggers,andcity-parkworkersviewapark)throughtheuseofroleplaying,simulations,and

otheractivities

Conductinterviewstocollectinformationonhowpeopleofdifferentage,sex,orethnicityview

thesameplaceorregionandthenorganizetheinformationbysubject(e.g.,medicalfacilities),

typeofinterviewee(e.g.,African-Americanmaleteenager,middle-agedfemaleChicano,

elderlywhitefemale),andresponse(e.g.,like/dislike,important/unimportant)

Analyzesongs,poems,andstoriesaboutplacestomakeinferencesaboutpeople'sfeelings

regardingtheplacesfeaturedinthoseworks

PHYSICALSYSTEMS

PhysicalprocessesshapeEarth'ssurfaceandinteractwithplantandanimallifetocreate,

sustain,andmodifyecosystems.

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeoaraphvStandard7:ThephysicalprocessesthatshapethepatternsofEarth's

surface

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.ThecomponentsofEarth'sphysicalsystems:theatmosphere,lithosphere,hydrosphere,

andbiosphere

2.howpatterns(location,distribution,andassociation)offeaturesonEarth'ssurfaceare

shapedbyphysicalprocesses

3.HowEarth-SunrelationsaffectconditionsonEarth

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.identifyanddescribethephysicalcomponentsofEarth'satmosphere,lithosphere,

hydrosphere,andbiosphere,asexemplifiedbybeingableto:

Usepicturesfrominstructionalmaterialsandhand-drawnsketchestodistinguishbetween

differentcomponentsofEarth'sphysicalsystems(e.g.,lithosphericfeatures[landforms]such

asmountains,hills,plateaus,plains,rivervalleys,andpeninsulasandhydrosphericfeatures

suchasoceans,lakes,andrivers)

Describedifferentclimatesintermsofprecipitationandtemperatureandthetypesofplants

andanimalsassociatedwitheach,usingpictures,maps,andgraphs

Constructamodelofthehydrologiccyclefocusingonsurfaceandsubsurfacewaterfeatures

(e.g.,rivers,lakes,oceans,runoff,groundwater,aquifers,watertables)

B.ExplainhowphysicalprocesseshelptoshapefeaturesandpatternsonEarth's

surface,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Describethephysicalenvironmentofthestudentsownregionandthephysicalprocessesthat

actonit(e.g.,weather,tectonicforces,waveaction,freezingandthawing,gravity,soil-building

processes)

Compareandinterpretmapsandphotographstoexplainhowphysicalprocessesaffect

featuresofEarth'ssurface(e.g.,theeffectsofclimateandweatheronvegetation,erosionand

depositiononlandforms,mudslidesonhills)

Compareclimaticconditionsindifferentregionsoftheworld,takingintoconsiderationfactors

suchasdistancefromtheEquator,elevation,anddistancefromcoldandwarmocean

currents.

C.DescribehowEarth'spositionrelativetotheSunaffectseventsandconditionson

Earth,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

PrepareamodelordesignademonstrationtoshowthetiltofEarthinrelationtotheSunin

ordertoexplainseasonsatdifferentlocationsonEarth

Explainhowthelengthofdaycaninfluencehumanactivitiesindifferentregionsoftheworld

(e.g.,useofdaylightsavingstime,schoolschedulesintheUnitedStates,summerandwinter

activitiesinareasnorthoftheArcticCircle)

RelateseedandgardencatalogdescriptionsofgrowingseasonstotheUnitedStates

DepartmentofAgriculturehardinesszonemaps

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeoaraphvStandard8:thecharacteristicsandspatialdistributionofecosvstemson

Earth'ssurface

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.Thecomponentsofecosystems

2.Thedistributionandpatternsofecosystems

3.Howhumansinteractwithecosystems

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.Describeandillustratethecomponentsofecosystemsatavarietyofscales,as

exemplifiedbybeingableto

Collectsamplesofcomponentsofalocalecosystemandarrangetheminadioramamodelof

theecosystem

Illustrateafoodchainorwebsoffoodchainsbysequentiallyorderingpicturesorsamplesofa

varietyoflivingthings(e.g.,fungi,insects,plants,animals)

Identifyandcomparecommunitiesofplantsandanimalsandthephysicalenvironmentsin

whichtheylive(e.g.,fishandmarinevegetationincoastalzones;grasses,birds,andinsects

ingrasslandareas)

B.Identifyandexplainthedistributionandpatternsofecosystems,asexemplifiedby

beingableto

Writedescriptionsofgroupsofplantsandanimalsassociatedwithvegetationandclimatic

regionsonEarth(e.g.,theplantandanimallifesupportedinamid-latitudeforestinNorth

AmericaandthekindsofplantsandanimalsfoundinatropicalrainforestinAfrica)and

illustratethemwithpicturesandothervisualimages

Placepicturesofdifferentvegetationregionsontheappropriateportionsofaworldclimate

map,aworldtemperaturemap,andworldprecipitationmap

Usesketchmapsofthestudenfsregionandstatetoshowthelocationsofdifferent

associationsofplantsandanimals(e.g.,animalsthatliveinforests,animalsandtreesthat

thriveincities,animalsandplantsthatlivenearthecoast,alake,orariver)

C.Explainhowhumansinteractwithecosystems,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Compilealistoftheresourcesusedbythestudentinatypicaldayandtracetheresources

backtotheiroriginalnicheinanecosystemtounderstandhowhumansinteractwithand

dependuponecosystems

Listwaysinwhichhumanscanchangeecosystems(e.g.,clearingforests,wideningchannels

ofwaterways,drainingwetlands,settingorsuppressingfires)

Describehowvegetationandsoilcanaffecthumansettlement(e.g.,goodsitesforbuildingor

farming)andwaysinwhichhumanscanaffectvegetationandsoil(e.g.,changingvegetation

orpracticingsoilconservation)

HUMANSYSTEMS

peoplearecentraltogeographyinthathumanactivitieshelpshapeEarth'ssurface,human

settlementsandstructuresarepartofEarth*ssurface,andhumanscompeteforcontrolof

Earth'ssurface.

Thegeographicallyinformedpersonknowsandunderstands...

GeographyStandard9:Thecharacteristics,distribution,andmiqrationofhuman

populationsonearth'ssurface

Bytheendofthefourthgrade,thestudentknowsandunderstands:

1.Thespatialdistributionofpopulation

2.Thecharacteristicsofpopulationsatdifferentscales(localtoglobal)

3.Thecausesandeffectsofhumanmigration

Therefore,thestudentisableto:

A.Describethespatialdistributionofpopulation,asexemplifiedbybeingableto

Studythedistributionofpopulationonamapofthestudenfslocalcommunityorstateand

suggestreasonsforthepatternsobserved(e.g.,morepeopleliveclosertodo