黄河铁谢工程弯道改造刍议

1DiscussionabouttransformationofcurveconduitofYellowriverTiexieprojectLiuyouzhan(westernhenanYellowRiverAffairsBureau)Abstract:Tiexieprojectwaspassivelybuiltduetorushtodealwithemergency,itisseparatedtotwoup-downbendinnorthgatedam(number10dam).Untillast70centuries,stuffanddescendprojectswererespectivelybuiltinupanddownthedam.Thoughthebuildingofprojectscann’ttransportdownstreamthe10dam,itwassuitedtotemporalwater-sedimentconditions,theriverwasinaperfectcondition.Afterthe“96.8〞flooding,theTiexieproject’sinflowpointascendcontinually,sincetheprojectdidn’tdevelopaintegratesmoothbendandwater-sedimentconditionsarechanging,thedisadvantageriverconditionsthatLucunprojectisnearriverbegantoappear.TosettleTiexieprojecttransporteffectively,theemphasesofprojectbendishowtoimprove入溜conditions,makestuffprojectcomplete,makeprojectaintactsmoothbendanduseriverbeddredgeuptoimproveinflow,streamguidanceandoutflowconditionsofriverbedproject.Keywords:Tiexieproject;bend;fluctuatingriver;riverregulation;Yellowriver1thequestionsputforwardYellowriverTiexieprojectisbetweenBaiheandHuimengcountry,Mengjincounty,24kmdownstreamxiaolangdidam,southbankofYellowriver,itisuptoBaipoprojectanddowntoLucunproject,7.45kmtotallengths.TiexieprojectisininitialsectionsdownstreamYellowriver,itplaysaimportantroleincontrollingfloodandrivercircumstances.Inalongtime,becauseTiexieproject’splaneconditionisnotsmooth,outletflowisunsteady,oftenswingsinabout2kmnearLucunproject,thismaketherivercircumstancesbyLucunprojectisveryunsteadyandonlyitsdownsectionisnearriverafter1996.thelongtimeunsteadyofLucunprojectmustdisturbriverconditionsdownstreamandmaketheresultsofriverimprovementfail.SincecomplexriverboundariesofTiexieproject,riverisrestrictedtobridgeandbeachandcann’tadjustitself.Meanwhile,withtheconstructionofxiaolangdi,qixiayuanreservoir,taiaohighspeedyellowriverroadandsoon,riverregimehavesomenewthingsandproblems.Sospeedingatconstructingriverregulation,rebuildingTiexieproject,buildingsmoothandplanflowguidancebendtomakethemsuitedtonewwater-sedimentboundaryconditonsarekeysofthisriverreachregulationandemergentneedsofdownstreamwanderingriverregulation.打2既.b逆as封ic盘c慢on吸di持ti电on厦s度of杰r恒iv际er夫w闭ay罪2.血1色ch梯ar新ac唉te偿ri奥st唉ic橡s护of立r滋iv乓er招w丘ay容T辞he朵r碌ea产ch轧o傻f嗓Ye虎ll男ow餐彩ri陡ve待r梳T买ie橡x巧ie赢p军ro亩je爸ct光i庭s殖re何ac准h校t依ha咬t冰is泡t做ra筐ns耗it先ed轰f堵ro监m寨mo袭un鹊ta艺in乔a策re歼as辽r坟iv权er抱t衰o待fl拨uv翁ia欢l花pl手ai疮n.垦葡I已n速mo族un迫ta炕in厨a膝re宰as盒,然wa首te根r载fl拢ow奥品di氧ff充us手e构s牛an涉d负ve边lo蓄ci获ty孙i堆s星sl沈ow辨,歇sa坐nd会-c兵ob疯bl枕e桨be枪d魂lo恐ad屿w睬hi陆ch封a竿re叼b美ro纸ug绣ht将f女ro变m傲up趣pe卵r训ra北vi丸ne断r疼iv宪er税b桌ed机c熟an田b浮e遍de协po伏si扬te防d细in丢r缴iv算er弃s军ec睬ti拆on渡,报so泛s简an讯d-窜co非bb释le包r递iv顺er颈i洲sl闲an馅d百th跑at桃h胸as物泪se呼ve洲ra膝l券f共lo求w后br提an侦ch隆es都d煮is况tr嗽ib删ut撒ar府y梨is顿d带ev双el羽op祥ed扩u迷pp拦er袖Y抽el寄lo尾w仁ri款ve畜r鸭ro随ad保b杏ri冶dg禽e,珍L蜓uo稠Y忌an拔g.倦汽R禁iv鞋er乌i简sl务an舱d享is么山co幼ns冈ti阴tu掀te蕉d恳o摩f浩sc难re卡e异an巴d迈ru睛de抱s曾an段d,丧i燥t厚is古i拐n雀th拆e坛no饭rt枪h汽ce泄nt篮er台o稿f常ri粗ve胸r禽be未d董an仰d限is身1m瞒-5射m乡ta骡ll顺er死t沃ha构n究ri北ve断r国be笼d,渗i婆ts勤t位op砖i奶s外sa苏nd钻y即ro句am迈a贺nd状b伏ot容to扩m捉is申r妻ou齐nd集g功ra绕ve校l陶an朋d春sc亮re门e.系拒G市en但er飞al硬ly罚,宇ri肯ve县r搂be挡d援is萌c荷ov炮er肌ed姜b衔y携sa妨nd虏-c瞒ob查bl器e,搭g染ra矿in茶d筑ia国me睛te陶r彼fr糟om预2谅0脸to喉2锣00亮m艰m,锻t冈he黑w丢id株th恩o滩f牛ri骨ve淹r劲is讲2饲50彻0m微,揪wi蹈dt御h谅of才m倘ai系n库ri挨ve桌r国ch证an咳ne盏l涌is含5车00今-7袭00倾m,谢s芳lo箭pe样o约f欧ri术ve仗r浆be革d肚is盗间0.件5医‰肤~0可.7摧‰耕,过th窃e嗓de切pt台h伞of锐s员cr议ee换d往ow弹n咸Lu过o退Ya欠ng千b使ri腾dg获e蚕is情奥gr休ad牺ua银ll迷y闪i毫nc能re李as兼ed厨,食it羡s全ri酱ve丽rb枝ed虾i惠s誓co街ns缠is敞t以of避r位ud肤e酱sa摘nd俱,偿be戚ac本h镇is唯u援ns邻te草ad烧y顾an份d貌sl峡op朵e堡of挑r饱iv辣er翠w弊ay覆i牺s应0.脊26略5烂‰鲜.够2.浇2樱ch胖ar获ac竞te么ri评st革ic摸o桐f客wa撞te肉r-招se酸di墙me鱼nt控A羽cc紫or亏di耕ng竹t耕o内Xi贡ao泡la临ng诵d范i屑hy往dr诵au短li党c管s闯ta帖ti淘on怪d沫at淋um睡,差th殖e输av柴er累ag乐e悦an俊nu保al举d雀is娃ch凳ar器ge仓o来f跪th蚂e墓ri侍ve源r亚re平gi捕me膜i象s医37夫8.泳38灯h清un科dr姻ed盆m臣il敌li饮on他像m抬3愿f材ro遗m荡19纠56族t招o自19纪95搁,馒th乓e源se译di爬me浴nt闹d曲is著ch监ar承ge莲i庸s译11警.4奥h宋un肠dr划ed财m广il锈li座on隆t谈on库s.棒昨A笨ve倾ra拌ge窄蚊di虫sc咬ha章rg玩e粥i葛s岔20酬0沈hu滥nd叛re生d翅mi独ll晋io貌n港m昆3消in装f锅lo酿od怜s痰ea找so早ns乓,蜘is返贯53配%巩o贸f众to吨ta置l蜻di酒sc益ha蝇rg熟es允,裹me抖an剃a薪nn筛ua帮l悬di剪sc岁ha形rg甚e多is搜1备30帖0悔m膛3香/辆s束.算th投e托v户ir队tu炎al播c汽ha剥ng激es统o闪f亏se耽di纷me惹nt险齐am脊ou蓝nt伐s讽ar浮e崇hi交gh捏,捐30寻h后un逐dr恋ed抚m五il毅li疲on时t霸on史s回if茧t补he赖s竭an铸d酸ar脆e淡mu奋ch核a炼nd别1眠0晨hu脖nd欢re班d砖mi扣ll划io运n摇if吴i那么t峰is厨l哈it猛tl梁e,蜘a慈ve妖ra铸ge葡s刺ed核im帖en隆t母co渣nc坦en棋tr驾at珍io拔n阴is建营33敢.9笨kg绞/迈m附3像.膜t敞he锣re芬w菠er蜻e寄hi撞gh总s揉ed无im疏en带t王co郊nc咳en酷tr机at哨io降n犬fl邪oo烦d扩in爬1君99唱6,束t继he言m票os愿t网hi乱gh遗s率ed节im序en鼠t您co伸nc轰en裳tr帅at绘io救n贷is协9膜41奏k鞭g/佣m办3相.光携U违nt沿il鄙s到lu床ic柴e帆in钟X鲁ia朽ol皆an钢gd莫i睡re修se众rv贯oi淘r逃Oc全to挑be给r棵,1珠99勿9,悔d窑ow都ns婆tr胡ea贴m呜wa滤te子r-毫se挪di踪me乔nt嗓c选ha绘ng饲ed辉o喝bv屈io求us诉ly亿i感n姿th恼e扇af花fl谦ue睛nc嫩e摊of粪t叙he休丘re唯se错rv值oi膜r腾.得T跪he锣m岭ai黄n蹄fe沸at痒ur丸es规a盾re资:庙th姻e牌fl遍ux灿i翁s左ob宝vi尘ou臭sl酱y秘sl税ow烤er臣,快th却e捉sc患op识e赵of街f殖lu召x魂fl岂uc屿tu乘at申io秆n轻de款cr盈ea冤se虾d,席d挪is环ch闲ar唇ge摔i侍s崭ne狱ar燥ly毫e饺qu割al核i适n半fl蚁oo电d允an驳d盟un讲fl近oo传d捞se均as藏on厨s,塌r存un辞of轰f招am钟ou符nt植d择ec乌re悲as畅ed寇m营or辨e往ob千vi偿ou物s桌in碌f扭lo晌od烧s塞ea壤so膛ns虏;苏se部di林me爸nt肚a扩mo浅un牲ts秆d粒ec李re形as羊ed呼o幸bv目io猛us艘ly妨,割me穿an段a遗nn粱ua晕l秃se嘉di但me般nt针c禾on骄ce梢nt滥ra尖ti流on协i闻s者1.巴97洗kg阀/m歇3锈f健ro额m填19葱99哈t芽o粱20蹦02贺,宵se岗di版me译nt耍r福un原of问f滴is尸1里06诵15搬t庄en见t划ho毯us努an饿d踩to想ns俘.喷M零ea册n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downembaymentslookedfromtheplane.Riverregimedescendedwhenthebigfloodcame,theoutflowwassmoothbythenorthdamandwassuitedwiththedownLuncunandHuayuanzhengproject.Riverregimewentupwhenthefloodwassmall,smallembaymentreachedriverupnorthdamandstreamedtoTaowanuptheLuncunproject.TherebuildmentofTiexieprojectwasmadetoblockupembaymentup1200mnorthdam,thatcompriseddownnorthdamvulnerablespotasmoothembayment,controllingthewaterconsistentwiththeriverregime.Number1-5damwereblockedupanddownextendedbetween1973and1986.number1-5damheadwasinthelinewiththe31battlementandthenorthdamhead,thedownprojectheadwasinthewiththeguidanceline,theextensionlineofdamheadwasfacetothenumber10damhead.Afternumber1and2theblockedembaymentwasbuiltinthespringof1974,duetotheembayment’stopflowwidely,number10damstreamedbadly,andLucunprojectfloweddown,Huayuantownprojectwentoutofriverin1975.Tiexieproject’sinflowconditionwasstable,theriverregimechangedlittle,upembaymentanddownriverregimehadthechancesofadjustingitself,Lucunproject’sflowlengthsgraduallyincreased,duetowaterandsedimentwererichthisperiodoftime.Theriverregimegraduallytendedtosmooth,atthemosttimemainstreammadeatrajectorybuckettypeenergydissipationtotheriverchannelnorthsideofTiexieproject,bytheinfluenceofcobbleisland,theriverwasseparatedtotwobranches,the80%mainstreamwentthenorth,fromupLucunprojecttoembaymentoflucunproject,lucunprojectwasnearlybytheriver.Downof21damHuayuantownprojectbegantogobyriverandtheriverregimegraduallywentstable.Untilthefloodtimein1996,theriversectionwasinahealthycondition.3.3appearanceanddevelopmentofdisadvantageriverregimeAfterthe96.8floodcame,Tiexieproject’sflowpointwentup,theflowanglewaspartiallybig,themainflowwentupblockeddam’supstreamsurfaceatabigflowangleduetothenumber1dam‘sstreamguidance,theprojectbendedandtheflowpointascended,thismadethemainstreambendedontheoppositeofnumber12dam,themainchannelofTiexiesectionnearbyshiftedsouth,thoughTiexieprojectwasbytherivertheentireyear,theriverwentoutofvulnerablespotandextendednumber5dam,theoutflowwentsouthcenterorglissaded,thismadethesouthbranchriverdevelopeddownLuoyangroadbridge,northbranchrivershrunk,thismadeLucunprojectdescendedcontinually,theflowdamsectiondiminishedquickly,riverregime’sdisadvantageconditions.Afterthe96.8flood,sincetheYellowriver’sdownstreamdidnotflowinundation,intheconditionofsmallflowlowsedimentconcentration,smallflowriverregimewasinfluencedseriouslybysand-cobblemarginalandchannelbar.Theriverregimetransformedveryslowly,thedisadvantageriverregimelastedforlong.Themostseriousconditionwasthelengthwasonly400mbytheriver,90%ofstreamguidancewentoutofriverfromnumber32damin1999.therivercollapsedandshapedconcavetoWenmenbankimmigrantsettlementprotectionembankmentaftertheriverwentoutLucun,thisthreatenedprotectionembankmentandinfluencedriverregimedownLucun.Thoughnumber5and15submergeddamwerebuiltdownTiexieprojectin2000and2003,dambytheriverofLucunascendedgradually,Lucunprojectthatwasneartheriverwasallalongin24-36dam,thedisadvantageriverregimewasholdbacktemporally.4thereasonwhychangesofriverregime4.1thedirectreasonofchangesofriverregimewasupperbend’searlyoverflowAnalysinghistoricalandcurrentTiexieregimedata,thechangeofupperbendoverflowpositionwasthedirectreasonsofTiexieprojectriverregime.Fromthe1970son,Tiexieprojectwasupperbendoverflowatthemosttime,outflowreachedtoupperandmediumheadwhentheupperbendwasoverflowedbyblockedbendandnumber10dam,theriverregimewasinafavorablecondition.Whentheupperbendwasoverflowedbynumber1-3dam,thenumber12damwastofacebankandthecobbleofdepthofburialwassuperficial,thatleadtotheoutflowcouldnotreachedtheLucunprojectandwentbendhere,theriverregimewasinaunhealthycondition.Thedisadvantageriverregimewascausedbyblockedproject’supperoneswhenblockedproject1and2wereconstructedinthespringof1974andthedisadvantageriverregimeafterthefloodin1996.thedifferenceswereupperoutflowwaschangedbymenbybuildingtheblockedproject1-2dam,andtheupperoutflowdidnotchangedmuch,inadditionallytorichwaterandsediment,theriverregimehadchancedtoadjustitself.4.2TiexieprojectdidnotdevelopacompletesmoothbendBlockedbendanddownextendprojectthatwererebuiltthroughTiexieprojectcouldnotmakethewholevulnerablespotasmoothbend,itwashardtoarrangetheriverregime.Then,becauseupperinflowconditionwasstable,theemphasiswashowtomakedam10asmoothbendandtheupperonesofprojectwasomitted.Thefirstbattlementlaycrossly,thespacebetweeneachbattlementandtheangleofdamflowweredifferent,viewingfrominaplane,dam1protrudedintotheriver,wasboundedtodam1.whentheoutflowpointwasvary,theinfluencetothebackwardriverregimewasdifferent.Theinitialflowpointofvulnerablespotwasdam1-2,blockedbay1-4streamedsmoothly,theupperbendofseveraldamflowsmoothly,flowedthroughblockedbayprojectanddam10,thedamofLucunprojectwaslong,thedegreesofflowincreasedgraduallyandtheflowguidancewasideal.Theinitialflowspotofvulnerablespotascendedtorevetment4,Baiheinflowwenttorevetment4beforebankstandbend,themainstreamguidedtoTiexiechannelbarthroughdam1andthenwentuptoblockedbay’sfaceatabigangel,thedamsentflowoutandtheoutflowwentsouthtotheendofLucunproject.4.3theinfluenceof“96.8〞floodandwater-sedimentofupriverAfterthe“96.8〞flood,tiexieproject’sflowpointascended,inflowanglewentpartiallybigger,thebigonewassenttosoutheastbydam1-3,blockeddam5didnotstreamthatleadtothedisadvantageofthelucunprojectwasstandbytheriver.Afterthe“96.8〞flood,waterandsedimentthatwerefromupriverdecreasedobviously,andthewerenotbigfloodinthefloodseasonespeciallyaftertheXiaolangdiprojectworkedthatmaderinsingdischarged,butlongtermconditionthatsmallriverregimemakeTiexieprojectflowpointascenddidnotchange,andgraduallyintensify,revetmentbankgraduallycollapsedandretreated.Tiexieflowconditionwerenotimprovedandthedisadvantageriverregimelasted.4.4influenceanalysisofsandandcobbleriverbedtoriverregimeTheupperofTiexieprojecthadachannelbar,underthecentertherewerenotfloodplain,thebeachheadwaserodewhenbiginundationandtheeffectwasnotobvious.Meanwhile,theriverchannelexistedsmallcobblebeach,andtheinfluencetotheriverregimewasinthevarietywiththeflux.Afterthe96.8flood,especiallyXiaolangdireservoirworked,waterdiminishedfromupriver,TiexiechannelbarcobblerestrictedBaipooutflowandTiexieprojectwentonascended,thechangesofriverregimedidnotenhancethecapabilityofvulnerablespotflow.AfterthesteamwentoutofLuoyangroadbridge,theriverwayextendedquicklyandtheslopeofriverminishedquickly,thebeachbetweenTiexieandLucuntransformedataunregularrule,therewereseveralbranchesriverinthechannel.Before1996,theupriver’swaterwasrichandwasinfluencedlittlebysand-cobblebeach,theriverregimewasnormalataglobalview.Afterthe96.8flood,thedisadvantageriverregimewasdeveloped.Thoughtwosubmergeddamwerebuiltin2000and2003attheendofTiexieproject,sand-cobbleriverbed,especiallytheappearanceofcobblebeachandtheriverbed’sgeneraldown-cuttingbetweenTiexieandLucun,mainstreamwasblockedoffbycobblebeachaftersubmergeddam,itstillsteamedinthedownsouthriveranddidnotinfluencethewholeriverregime,Lucunprojectthatwasnearriverwasnotimprovedfundamentally.5countermeasureandstepofbendtransformation5.1makeprojectinflowunderdam1ThemainproblemofTiexieprojectwasinflowcouldnotreachLucunprojecteffectively,analyzingthereasonsofriverregime’schanges,Tiexieprojectinflowedascendedcontinuallywastheoneofmainreasons.Inthecurrentwaterandsedimentcondition,tosolvetheinflowascendwastoeliminatetheTiexiechannelbar’sinfluencetoinflow.Channelbarwasmainlyinfluencedbysmallriverregime,diggingnorthbranchriverofTiexiechannelbarandmadesmallwentnorthbranchriverintoblockedproject.Asubmergedamwasbuiltbeforerevetment4ofmainriverchanneltomakemainstreamabovemediumwateracrossrevetment4,inflowunderdam1,smallwaterstreamwentTiexienorthbranchofchannelbarandtheblockedbaywassmooth.5.2transformedtheprojecttobasicsmoothbendTiexieprojectwasincompleteandtheupperbendwasnotasmoothbend,fromthe70s,80son,theblockedprojectwasbuilt,thisdidnotreachtheidealeffectofsendingflowtounderdam10,butwassuitedtothewater-sedimentconditionofthetime,theprojectplayedaimportantrole,sinceinupperbendthedamandbattlementlaycrossly,outflowbendwasnotsuitableandthespacingofdamwasdifferent,theinfluencetobackwardpositionriverregimewasnotthesame.Consideringwaterandsedimentcondition,Tiexieupperbend’sadjustmentmadetheinflowparallelwithvulnerablespotonthebasisofformerblockedbend,thedirectionofoutflowwasinaccordancewiththelinethatdam4and10connected,adjustingbendradiusproperly.Underthecondition,bendguidedtodam10andwentonaftermainstreamwentintovulnerablespot,thatmaderiverregimedeveloptowardsideality.5.3improvingriverregimetousechanneldredgingChannelbarandmarginalbeachofsand-cobbleriverbedhadstrongrestrictiontoriverchannel,whensomeflowrelationsofriverwaywasestablishedandshapingriverregime,theriverregimecouldnotbetransformedbyitselfwithoutlargescaleofflood.Accordingtowaterandsedimentconditionsforthepastfewyears,thechanceofthatfloodchangedtheriverregimewaslittle,andwiththedevelopmentofmechanization,itwaspossibletorectifyriverbedthroughdredgingriverway.So,thecurrentemphasesisthechannelbarnearTiexieandLuoyangYellowriverroadbridge,oncethebeacheswereregulatedaccordingtoguidancelineandtherequirementofflowproject,improvingtheconditionsofinflow,guidanceflowandoutflow,itwillplayasignificantroletoreversethedisadvantageoftheriverreach.黄河铁谢工程弯道改造刍议刘有战〔豫西黄河河务局，河南洛阳471000〕摘要：由于铁谢工程为历年相继抢险而被动修建，自北门坝〔10坝〕为界分为上下两个弯道。自上世纪70年代开始，先后在10坝以上修建了填湾工程，10坝以下修建了下延工程。工程的修建虽然没有到达将溜送至10坝以下目的，但适应了当时的来水来沙条件，河段河势处于较为理想的状态。“96·8〞洪水过后，铁谢工程着溜点持续上提，由于工程本身尚未形成一个完整的平滑弯道，而且近年来来水来沙条件的变化，河床下切，河势受砂卵石心滩与边滩影响，出现了逯村工程一直仅下首靠河的不利河势。要解决铁谢工程有效送溜至逯村工程的问题，工程弯道改造应着眼于改善工程入溜条件，完善填湾工程，使工程形成一个完整的平滑弯道，并运用河道疏浚来改善河道整治工程的入溜、导溜和送溜条件。关键词：铁谢工程；弯道；游荡性河段；河道整治；黄河1问题的提出黄河铁谢工程位于孟津县白鹤、会盟两镇，黄河南岸小浪底坝下24km处，上迎白坡工程来溜，送溜至逯村工程，全长7.45km。铁谢工程所处河段是黄河下游游荡性河段的起始段，对下游防洪平安和河势控制起着重要作用。长期以来，由于铁谢工程的平面形态不是一个平滑的弯道，工程出流不稳，河出铁谢常在逯村工程前近2km范围内摆动，使逯村工程靠河形势极不稳定，从1996年汛后开始仅下部靠河。逯村工程长期处于不稳定靠溜状态，势必扰乱下游河道的河势流路，使河道整治所取得的成绩功亏一篑。由于铁谢工程河段河床边界复杂，河势流路受桥梁、河心滩制约，不具备依靠水流自行调整河势的条件。同时，小浪底、西霞院水库、太澳高速黄河公路桥等工程的相继建设，河段内也出现了一些新情况、新问题。因此加快本河段河道整治步伐，改建铁谢工程，建设规顺平滑的导流弯道，理顺河势流路，适应新的水沙和边界条件变化，是本河段河道整治的关键，也是黄河下游游荡性河段河道治理的迫切需要。2河段河道的根本概况2.1河道特点黄河铁谢工程所处河段，是黄河由山区性河道向冲积性平原河道过渡的河段。由于河出山区，水流扩散，流速相对减缓，上游峡谷河床带来的砂卵石推移质易在河段内沉淀，从而在洛阳黄河公路大桥以上，形成了多股河汊分流的砂卵石河心滩。河心滩根本上由卵石和粗砂组成，位于河道中北侧，高于河床1m~5m，上部为砂壤土，下部接近河床处为圆砾石、卵石。河床一般砂卵石覆盖，粒径20mm~200mm，河宽2500m，主河槽宽500m~700m，河道纵比降0.5‰~0.7‰。洛阳公路桥以下卵石埋深逐渐加大，床面由粗砂组成，心滩出没不定，河道纵比降0.265‰。2.2水沙特性据小浪底水文站实测资料分析，本河段从1956年至1995年多年平均径流量378.38亿m3，输沙量11.4亿吨。汛期平均径流量200亿立米，占全年的53%，年平均流量1300m3/s。来沙量年际变化较大，来沙多的年份接近30亿吨，少的年份10亿吨，平均含沙量33.9kg/m3。1973、1977、1992、1996年曾发生高含沙洪水，其中1977年洪水最大含沙量达941kg/m3。自1999年10月小浪底水库蓄水以来，受水库调蓄的影响，下游来水来沙情况发生明显变化，主要表现为：流量明显减小，流量波动范围变小，汛期非汛期来水量调平，汛期径流量下降更为明显；沙量明显降低，1999~2002年多年平均含沙量为1.97kg/m3，输沙量为10615万t。2000年平均含沙量为0.292kg/m3，年输沙量为442万t；2001年平均含沙量为1.43kg/m3，年输沙量为2213万t。2002年平均含沙量为4.18kg/m3，年输沙量为7960万t。2.3河道冲淤天然河道情况下，铁谢河段冲淤变化很大。据地形测量资料，铁谢断面1934年～1952年淤积7000m2，1952年～1960年淤积4290m2。三门峡水库投入运用后，河段河床发生显著冲刷。1960年～1965年铁谢断面同流量水位显著下降，流量3000m3/s时的水位下降了3.36m。1965年以后铁谢河段继续发生冲刷，至1968年铁谢断面累计冲刷面积超过20000m2，达最大值。1970年三门峡水利枢纽翻开底孔大量排沙，铁谢河段迅速回淤，至1973年底回淤量最大时，铁谢断面回淤近5000m2。1974年三门峡水库采取蓄清排浑运用，铁谢河段发生冲刷，至1976年8月铁谢断面累计冲刷又超过10000m2。此后1977年至1999年，随着来水来沙条件的变化，铁谢断面又发生冲淤调整，但调整幅度不大，至1999年10月小浪底水库投入运用前，铁谢断面仍比1960年8月三门峡水库投入运用前冲刷约9000m2。小浪底水库投入运用后，河床冲刷比拟明显，平均冲刷下切深度约2.5～3.0m，铁谢断面主槽冲深降低。3工程建设与河势演变3.1历史河势铁谢工程所在河段河道的形成已有4000余年历史，由于河段左岸为青风岭，右岸为邙山，河道游荡摆动一直控制在其范围内。河段河势变化主要发生在大洪水时，由于历史上大洪水挟带大量卵石推移质泥沙出峡谷后骤然沉积，使得汊河发生强烈冲淤，并改变河势。中小水时砂卵石河床根本稳定，河势变化不大。1933年~1958年期间，河出白坡后，分南北两股，多年来南北两股均可过溜，主流多走白鹤至白坡以下北河流路，与1933年相比河势根本流路无明显改变。1958年大水以后，北河消失，河出铁谢，在逯村、铁炉坐湾，进入赵沟湾，形成接近现行流路趋势的河势。由于白鹤、白坡工程处主流位置南北移动幅度较大，铁谢工程靠河不稳定，致使下游河势紊乱。1960年至1964年期间铁谢工程4护岸着流，靠河条件稍有改善，但铁谢送溜不力。1969年修建白坡堵串工程，堵截白坡至冶戌镇的串沟，北股河南移，过流逐渐减少，有效地遏制了北岸黄河高滩持续坍塌的严重局面。此后，白鹤、白坡来溜进一步归顺，铁谢工程常年靠河良好，送溜状况改善，逯村附近开始连年坐弯，铁炉以下河湾相应开展，且各河湾均出现下移、塌滩现象。1971年开始修建逯村工程。1973年高含沙洪水塞支强干，铁谢出流，北股淤塞，南股增强至80％，逯村21~31坝靠河。3.2铁谢填湾与下延由于铁谢工程为历年相继抢险而被动修建，整个险工未形成一完整弯道，假设从平面布置上看，可自北门坝〔10坝〕为界分为上下两个弯道，大水时，河势下挫，河着北门坝以下，出流平顺，其下逯村、花园镇工程均相适应；小水时，河势上提，北门坝以上小湾着河，直冲逯村工程上首淘湾。铁谢险工的改造就是在北门坝以上1200m陡湾做填湾工程，使之与北门坝以下险工组成一个平顺湾道，控制大小水河势出流一致。1973至1986年，先后完成了填湾1-5坝、下延1-5坝的建设。其中填湾1-5坝坝头均处在31垛与北门坝〔10坝〕之坝头连线上，下延工程坝头连线位于治导线直线段上，坝头连线的延长线与对岸逯村工程10坝坝头相对应。1974年春填湾1、2修建完成后，由于填湾1、2坝顶托大溜，致使10坝〔北门坝〕靠溜不紧，导溜不利，出现了逯村工程下弯导溜的现象，1975年花园镇工程脱河。由于期间来水来沙较丰，铁谢入流条件相对稳定，工程上首河势变化不大，上弯及下首河势有不断调整的时机，逯村工程靠溜长度有增加趋势，河势向有利方向开展，1985年以来该段河势逐