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Lecture3&4:TerrestrialCarbonProcessI.Photosynthesisandrespiration(revisit)II.CarbonStocksandFluxesinTerrestrialEcosystemsIII.TerrestrialEcosystems
A.EcosystemConcept
B.EcosystemCarbonBalance(GPP,NPP,NEP,NBP)
VI.Missingcarbonsinks?Lecture3:PhotosynthesisandRespiration1.WhatisthePhotosynthesis?2.
WherethePhotosynthesisOccurs?3.HowPhotosynthesisworks?–KeyProcesses
4.AlternativePhotosynthesisPathwayPhotosynthesisOverview1.WhatisthePhotosynthesis?Photosynthesis
isthebiogeochemicalprocessbywhichPlantscoveratmosphericCO2tocarbonproductionsthatresultsinplantgrowth
istheconversionoflight-energytochemical-energyviathechloroplasts
generates170billionmetrictonsofsugarannually,whichentersourbiosphereWeexpressthiscombinedknowledgeasthephotosyntheticequation:6CO2+12H2O+lightenergy--->C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O(orCO2+2H2O+lightenergy--->CH2O+O2+H2O)Photosynthesistakesplacewithinleaf(orgreenstem)cellscontainingchloroplastse.g.eachcellcontains40to50chloroplastsachloroplasthasdozensofthethylakoidsand
millionsofpigmentmolecules
eachthylakoidcontainsthousandsofphotosystems2.
WherethePhotosynthesisOccurs?PhotosyntheticOverviewA.Therearethreebasicstepsinphotosynthesis:
(1)LightReactions
-energycapture
(2)DarkReactions
-fixationofcarbon
(3)
PigmentRegenerationelectronreplacementfromthesplittingofH2Oinoxygenicphotosynthesis.3.HowPhotosynthesisworks?–keyprocesses
C3photosynthesis(three-carbonsugars)–C3plant(2)CrassulaceanAcidMetabolism(CAM)
(1)C4Photosynthesis
4.AlternativePhotosyntheticPathwaysSomeplants(e.g.,corn,sugarcane,andmanytropicalgrass)beginthephotosyntheticprocessbyproducingafour-carboncompounds.PlantsofthistypearecalledC4plants(e.g.liveinhotanddryenvironmentsandareabletophotosynthesizeatlowCO2concentration)LikeC4plant,CAMisanadaptationtohotdryenvironmentsCAMplatsutilizeboththeC3andtheC4pathwaysofphotosynthesisCO2isfixedbyPEP(phosphhoenolpyruvate)carboxylaseatnighttoformmalicacidwhichisthenisstoredinthevacuoleofthecell. RespirationOverview1.AutotrophicRespiration(PlantRespiration)
A.MaintenanceRespiration
B.GrowthRespiration
2.HeterotrophicRespiration(SoilRespiration)1.AutotrophicRespiration(Ra)RainvolvestheoxidationoforganicsubstancestoCO2andwater: CH2O+O2--->CO2+2H2O+energyTotalautotrophicrespiration(Ra)consistsoftwomajorcomponents:(1)MaintenanceRespiration(Rm)(2)GrowthRespiration(Rs)MaintenanceRespiration:thebasalrateofmetabolism,includestheenergyexpended
onionuptakeandtransferwithinplants.
(a)Thetemperatureismostimportantenvironmentalfactoraffectingmaintenancerespiration
Proteinsynthesisratesincreaseexponentiallywithincreasingtemperature(T)(b)TheTdependenceofRmisexpressedintermoftheQ10,orchangeinratewitha10ºCriseintemperature:
Rm(T)=R0Q10
[(T-T0)/10]Where:R0
isthebasalrespirationrateatT=0ºC(orref.T)
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