大学英语写作基础教程PPT全套完整教学课件

BASICCOLLEGEENGLISHWRITING

第一章句子第一节简单句第二节并列句第三节复合句第四节连词第五节句子的写法第六节常见句子错误例析第二章段落第一节主题句第二节扩展句第三节主题句和扩展句的关系第四节结尾句第五节段落发展方法第六节段落发展标准第七节段落的衔接第八节段落组成多样化第三章篇章第一节篇章结构第二节文体EnglishSENTENCEwriting

Chapter1EnglishParagraphWriting1.1SimpleSentence1.2CompoundSentence1.3ComplexSentence1.4Connectives1.5SentenceWriting句子成分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语1.

I

met

mybest

friend

Tom

atthestationyesterday.↓主语↓谓语↓定语↓宾语↓同位语↓状语↓地点↓时间Elementsofasentence:S---subjectV---verbP---predicativeO---objectAttri.---attributeAdv.---adverbOc---objectcomplement

主·谓·表宾补定·状·宾句子分类

分类

定义简单句Simplesentences含有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子。并列句Compoundsentences包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接。复合句Complexsentences包含一个主句和一个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用从属连词引导。1.1SimpleSentence简单句(simplesentences)是由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等组成的。简单句根据句子功能基本分为四种：陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句。简单句简单句（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。按照句子的用途可以分为四种。作一种陈述（陈述句）Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.提出一个问题(一般/特殊/选择/反义疑问句)Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?发出一种命令或请求（祈使句）Shut/Open

thedoor.表示一种感叹（感叹句）Whataslowtrainthisis!（句子用途）种类句型例句第1种S+VWework.(不及物)第2种S+V+OHeplays(及物)thepiano.第3种S+V+PWeare(系动词)students.第4种S+V+IO+DOShegave(及物)meapen.第5种S+V+O+OCHemade(及物)theboylaugh.Nobodywent.Shebecameadoctor.Thecarcaughtfire.Iwillwriteyoualongletter.Iwilllethimgo.

Practice‹

›主+谓主+谓+表主+谓+宾主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语主+谓+宾+宾补简单句1.Thingschanged.2.Treesaregreen.3.Wedon’tbeatchildren.4.Hegavehissisterthepiano.5.Ifoundthebookeasy.

主+谓主+谓+表主+谓+宾主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语‹›主+谓+宾+宾补Exercises:分析句子结构1）Youareastudent.2）Hefelthappytoday.3）Whatyousaidmademehappy.4）YoucouldgivemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell?5）Wefoundamanlyingontheground.6）Itismydutytolookafterthesechildren.7）Youhadbetterkeepthewindowopen.8）Helikespopmusic.9）Thesoundsoundsstrange.10）Thefoodtastesgood.11）HehasbeenlearningEnglishforyears.

12）Wethinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.1.HelearnsGerman.

2.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.3.Wesanganddancedyesterdayevening.4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningandcomebackhomeatfiveintheafternoon.（一个主语和并列谓语）（并列主语和并列谓语）（并列主语和一个谓语）（一个主语和一个谓语）nounadj./adv.Infinitive/V-ing/

V-ed/etc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(直)宾语(间)VtV-lViNoun/Pronoun/the+adj/V-ing/Clause/InfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/the+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitive英语句子基本成分示意图be/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.Noun/Pronoun/adj./adv./Infinitive/V-ing/V-ed/clauseetc.Followtheexampleandmarktheelementsofeachsentence.1.Iamlookingforwardtomeetingyou.2.Wefoundamanlyingontheground.SVOOOC3.Yourbosscalledandleftyouamessage.4.Iknowexactlywhattheywant.5.It’smydutytolookafterthesechildren.SVVIODOOS6.Tomaskedwhetherhecouldborrowmynewdictionary.7.Thespeakerraisedhisvoiceandfinallymadehimselfheard.8.Doyouthinkitnecessarytobuildanewcamp?OOVVOOCOCO（It形式宾语，todo是真正宾语）Readthefollowingpassageandmarkthesentenceelementsofthecolouredparts.Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample.ItisthelastdayofOctober().Childrenputoncostumes()somechildrendresslikepiratesorghosts.Others()trytolooklikefamouspeople.OnHalloweennight,theycarryabigsack()andsay“trickortreat”()outsidethedoorofeachhouse.Peoplegive()them()candiesorfruits().POSOVIODOOThesymbolsofHalloweenarepumpkinlanterns().Theyaremadefrompumpkinshells.ThefavouritedrinkatHalloweentimeisapplejuice.Americansalsocallit()cider().Teachersoftenservethechildren()cider()inelementaryschoolonHalloweenDay.Theboysandgirls()weartheircostumestoschoolandtheteachersgiveprizes()tothestudents()withthebestcostumes.POOCIODOSDOIOIdentifythestructuresofthefollowingsentences.Myheadaches.ShelikesEnglish.Shemakeshermotherangry．

Sheishappy．

ShegaveJohnabook．SV

SVO

SVOC

SVP

SVIODO

TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.你应当努力学习。他昨天回家很晚。Youshouldstudyhard.Hewenthomeverylatelastnight.3.昨晚我写了一封信。4.今天下午我想同你谈谈。Iwrotealetterlastnight.Iwanttohaveatalkwithyouthisafternoon.5.我的兄弟都是大学生。6.十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。Mybrothersareallcollegestudents.Attheageoffifteenhebecameafamouspianist.7.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。8.请把那本字典递给我好吗？Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?9.他的父母给他起名为John。10.我们大家都认为他是诚实的。HisparentsnamedhimJohn.Allofusconsideredhimhonest.Writeatleastfivesentencestodescribethepicturebelow.S+VThestudentsarehavinganEnglishclass.2.

S+V+OAllthestudentshaveputuptheirhands.

3.S+V+P

Thestudentsareveryactive.

4.

S+V+IO+DOTheteacherisshowinganewspapertothestudents.

5.S+V+O+OC

Theteacherwillaskastudenttoansweraquestion.

简单句的基本句型1.主语+系动词+表语2.主语+不及物动词3.主语+及物动词+宾语4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语

+直接宾语5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语

补足语SummaryGrammar1.2CompoundSentence

并列句(Compoundsentence)是两个或两个以上的简答句用并列连词连接在一起构成的句子。并列句大致分为并列关系（联合关系）；转折关系；选择关系；因果关系。并列句常用并列连词

coordinatingconjunctions平行并列连词:转折并列连词：因果并列连词:

选择并列连词:and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,andthenbut,however,while,yetfor,soor,either…or并列句Thisismeandthesearemyfriends.Theymuststayinwater,ortheywilldie.It’snotcheap,butitisverygood.Itwaslate,soIwenttobed.

andorbutsoHeknockedatthedoor;therewasnoanswer.You’realive!Andshe’sdead.

1.3ComplexSentence

复合句(complexsentence)由一个主句(mainclause)和一个或一个以上的从句(subordinateclause)构成。主句（Mainclause）是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句(Subordinateclause)则只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。从句在复合句中，可作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等。因此，可分为六类：即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句。复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Hetoldme

thenews.that

thematchhadbeencancelled.宾语that

Ipassedtheexam.whatheneeds.when

hewasleavingforParis.thathisfatherwasworkinginthatschool.宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Idon’tknowhim.Hehasfinishedhisworkthathehasfinishedhiswork.whetherhehasfinishedhiswork.宾语从句HeisleavingforWashington.thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington.宾语从句*Iunderstandthatheiswellqualified.*Hesaidthathedidn’tlikeher.Idon’tknowifyoucanhelpme.Theywanttoknowwhereyouaregoing.Thestudentshasdecidedwhentheyholdthemeeting.复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句thepeople

surprisedThatWhathesaidWhathedid主语Thathedidn’tknowtheanswerintheroom.定语whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract.1)主语从句*Whathesaidisnotknown.*Thatweshallbelateiscertain.*Itiscertainthatweshallbelate.*Howstrangeitisthatthechildrenaresoquiet!

2)定语从句Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Hesaidheknewtheboywhowassittingbythewindow.Thepicturewhichisonthewallisdrawnbymyfather.复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句That

isthefact.表语what

heneeds.whathegaveme.why

hewaslate.because

hewasill.what

hashappened.2）表语从句*Thatiswhathewantstobuy.

*Theproblemiswhocanreplaceher.*Thereasonisthathehasliedtomeseveraltimes.复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Heworked

inthatfactorythreeyearsago.地点状语时间状语wherehisfatherworkedinthatfactorywhereIlivedwhenhelivedthereHisfatherworkedthere.Ilivedthere.Helivedtherethreeyearsago.复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句Putthebook

onthedesk.whereyoutookit.whereitwas.地点状语where

youfoundit.Youcan’tcamphere.wheretherearealotoftrees.whereveryoulike.指出下列各从句的类型Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.宾语从句状语从句定语从句Practice用所给连词连接句子。Hehasfoundout.Shewaslate.(why)Hehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.Istillremembertheday.IfirstwenttoYorkonthatday.(when)IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。PracticeHedidn’tcomeyesterday.Hewasill.(原因)Hedidn’tcomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.I’llgivethelettertohim.Iseehim.（时间）Itissuchabigbox.Nobodycanmoveit.（结果）We’llgotothegreatwall.It’sfinetomorrow.(条件)Weshouldnotgothereallthetime.Theplaceisquitepleasant.(让步）Itissuchabigboxthatnobodycanmoveit.We’llgotothegreatwallifit’sfinetomorrow.Althoughtheplaceisquitepleasant,weshouldnotgothereallthetime.I’llgivethelettertohimwhenIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimassoonasIseehim.I’llgivethelettertohimthemomentIseehim.状语从句分为八类：时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、方式、1)时间状语从句Waituntilyouarecalled.Whenspringcame,leavesturnedgreen.常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,assoonas,whenever等2)条件状语从句Ifitsnowstomorrow,wewillbuildasnowman.常用的关联词有：if,unless,aslongas,onconditionthat…常用的关联词有：though,although,evenif,eventhough,3)让步状语从句ThoughI’mfondofmusic,Ican’tplayanyinstrument.Solongasyouneedme,I’llstay.4)结果状语从句Shewassohappythatshedidn’tknowwhattosay.Heissuchanhonestboythatwealllikehim.常用的关联词有：so…that,such…that,5)目的状语从句Comeearlyinorderthat/sothatyoumayseehim.常用的关联词有：sothat,inorderthatincaseTakeyourraincoatincaseitrains.6)地点状语从句Putitwhereyoufoundit.Sitdownwhereveryoulike.常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere7)原因状语从句AsIdidn’tknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman常用的关联词有：because,as,since常用的关联词有：as,asif,asthough,how8)方式状语从句Hedidjustasyoutoldhim.指出下列各从句的类型Ibelievethateverythingisgoingonwell.ShewasreadinganovelwhenIcamein.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.宾语从句状语从句定语从句PracticeHehasfoundoutwhyshewaslate.IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstwenttoYork.Hedidn’tcomeyesterdaybecausehewasill.宾语从句状语从句定语从句1.Thereasonwhyhewasdismissedisthathedidn’tworkhard.2.Idoubtwhetherhewillsucceed.Idon’tknowifyoucanhelpme.3.Thattheearthisroundiswell-known.4.Theybelievedthattheywouldwinthegame.5.Whenwewereatschool,wewenttothelibraryeveryday.6.DoyouknowthewomanwhoistalkingtoMrGreen?划出从句，并判断从句的种类。(定语从句）（表语从句）（宾语从句）（宾语从句）（主语从句）（宾语从句）（状语从句）(定语从句）7.Italldependsonwhethertheywillsupportus.8.WewillgowherethePartydirectsus.9.ThenewsthatJimtoldusistrue.10.Healwaysthinksofhowhecanworkbetter.11.Youwillcertainlysucceedsolongasyoukeepontrying.12.Thephotographswillshowyouwhatourvillagelookslike.13.Itisbecausethetobaccocompanieswanttoremaininbusiness.（宾语从句）（状语从句）(定语从句）（宾语从句）（状语从句）（宾语从句）（表语从句）1.4Connectives

句子逻辑安排是通过使用一些连接词，围绕主题，有层次地把思想内容表达得合乎逻辑。连词在句子中起连接的作用，即桥梁的作用。Readthesentencesandpayattentiontotheunderlinedparts.Trytofindmoretimetolearnandorganisethetime.ShelovesEnglish,buthersisterdoesn’t.Studyhard,oryouwillfailtheexam.IwanttostudyEnglish,however,it’stoodifficultforme.Eitheryouormeshouldgototheparty.并列句:由并列连词（and,

but,

or等）或分号（;）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。包括两个或两个以上互不依从的主谓结构。并列句由并列连词but,yet,and,or,so,either…or,notonly…but(also),both…and,neither…nor…等连接。

Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Hemadeapromise,buthedidn’tkeepit.Hurryup,oryou’llmissthetrain.1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and,not

only…but

also…,

neither…nor…,

then等连接。The

teacher’s

name

is

Smith,

and

the

student’s

name

is

John.

2、表示选择，常用的连词有or,

either…or…,

otherwise等。Hurry

up,

or

you’ll

miss

the

train.

3、表示转折，常用的连词有but,

still,

however,

yet,

while,

when等。He

was

a

little

man

with

thick

glasses,

but

he

had

a

strange

way

of

making

his

classeslively

and

interesting.

4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so,

for,

therefore等。August

is

the

time

of

the

year

for

riceharvest,

so

every

day

I

work

from

dawn

until

dark.

Givemeonemoreminute____I’llbeabletofinishit.A.andB.orC.ifD.soAI’msorrytohavetosaythis,____youforgottoturnoffthelightswhenyoulefttheroomlastnight.A.andB.butC.soD.becauseB英语句子成分(经典)----Doyoufeellikegoingout____wouldyouratherhavedinnerathome?----I’dliketogoout.A.orB.andC.butD.soAHelayinbed____readsomethingborrowedfromlibrary.A.butB.andC.orD.yetWe

are

going

to

the

bookstore

in

John's

car.

Youcan

come

with

us

______

you

can

meet

us

there

later.

A.

but

B.

and

C.

or

D.

thenBCTheywatchTV.Theydotheirhomework.

2.Mary'sbrothersfinishschoolathalfpastthree.Theygohomeatfouro'clock.

3.Wegetup.Wewashourfaces.

4.Hurryup.Youwillmissthebus.用and,but或or连接句子。TheywatchTVanddotheirhomework.Mary'sbrothersfinishschoolathalfpastthreeand/buttheygohomeatfouro'clock.

Wegetupandwashourfaces.Hurryuporyouwillmissthebus.常用的连接词和短语有:·表示并列关系:and,aswellas,or,likewise·表示转折关系:but,however,instead,yet,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary,incontrast·表示因果关系:because,becauseof,for,since,as,so,therefore,thus,so...that,sothat，such...that,suchthat,asaresult,withtheresultthat表示条件关系:if,as/solongas,unless,or,otherwise,ontheconditionthat·表示递进关系:what'smore,besides,inaddition,also,moreover,furthermore·表示时间关系:when,while,as,duringthetimethat,after,before,till/until,not...until...，assoonas,soon,later,afterwards,lately,recently,since,fromnow/thenon·表示顺序关系:firstofall,

firstly,

first,

secondly,

second,aboveall,

then,next,finally,intheend,consequently,atlast·举例说明:forexample,forinstance,like,suchas,take...forexample,acaseinpoint·换一种表达方式:inotherwords,thatistosay,toputitinanotherway·总结:inaword,ingeneral,allinall,inshort，inbrief,onthewhole,inconclusion,generallyspeaking1.5SentenceWriting

连词成句能力是写作必练的基本功。一些常用句型的套用可以起到事半功倍的作用，通过填词成句的方法，逐步掌握句子的写法。好的英语句子必须具备以下要素：结构完整、时态正确、用词准确、句意完整、句子连贯、开头大写、结尾标点符号。写出高质量的句子要做到以下几点：1.句子开头方式多样化2.避免重复使用同一单词3.恰当使用省略或替代法4.运用非谓语结构5.合理使用长、短句6.句式多样性7.句式简洁EX1.Lookatthefourpicturesandthenmakeastory.Ayoungmanwalkedalongariverand___________________________________.Afterawhile,theoldgentlemancaughtabigfishbut__________________________.Theyoungmanwasgreatlysurprisedwhen______________________.Hedecidedtostayandwatchtheoldman.hefoundanoldmanfishingbytheriverhethrewitbackintotheriverhesawwhathappenedHereisasampleandtrytocompletethesentences.Severalminuteslater,___________________________andheputitintohisbucket.Theyoungmanfeltsosurprisedthat______________________________________________________________________.Theoldmansmiled,tookoutapan,andsaid___________________________________.theoldmancaughtasmallfishheaskedtheoldmanwhyhethrewawaythebigfishandkeptthesmallonethatheonlyhadasmallfryingpanWritingTalkwithyourpartneraboutthequestionsandthenwriteashortpassage.Ihaveafriend.HisnameisCongcong.Heisalovelyboywithtwobigbrighteyes,asmallmouthandaroundface.Hishairisshortandblack.MyfrienddoeswellinhislessonsandEnglishishisfavoritesubject.HeusuallygetshighscoresinEnglishexams.Congcongalsohasmanyhobbies,suchasplayingtable-tennis,playingcomputer,readingstory-books,andsoon.Heisalwayspolitetoothers,especiallytohisteachersandhisparents.Wehavebeenfriendsforafewyearsandwearegettingalongverywellwitheachother.Sample有关“跨文化”话题假设你叫李华，你的外国朋友John想了解中国的春节，请根据以下提纲，给他写一封短信：

1、春节在中国人中的地位

2、春节的时间.春节前人们……

3、春节期间，人们……

参考词汇：对联couplet爆竹firecrackerDearJohn,Howtimeflies!Fourmonthshavepassedsincewesaweachotherlasttime.Icannothelpbutmissyou.YouaskedmeaboutChineseSpringFestival.NowIwouldliketotellyousomethingaboutit.________________________________________写出下列与春节有关的词汇春节_____________农历______________正月____________除夕______________初一_____________团圆饭_______________年夜饭____________爆竹________________饺子____________年糕________________过年_____________传统的______________张贴_____________庆祝________________聚集____________节日气氛___________________吃饭_____________看电视___________________休息_____________放松_____________________风俗习惯_____________________________LunarcalendarLunarJanuaryNewyear'sEveFirstdayFamilyreuniondinnerThedinneronNewYear'sEveFirecrackersSpringFestivalJiaoziNewYearCaketheatmosphereofthefestivalcustomsandhabitsspendthenewyeartraditionalputupcelebrategettogetherhavedinnerwatchTVhavearestrelaxed与要点有关的句子:春节是中国的传统节日春节在农历的第一天3. 春节是家人聚会的节日4. 春节前打扫房间,贴春联,放鞭炮，吃饺子，看电视。5. 结束语TheSpringFestivalisaChinesetraditionalfestival.TheSpringFestivalbeginsonthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonth.ItiswhenallfamilymembersgettogetherAfewdaysbeforethefestival,housesarecleanedandredcoupletsareputuponthedoorsofeveryhousehold.参考文章：Howtimeflies!Fourmothshavepassedsincewesaweachotherlasttime.Icannothelpbutmissyou.YouaskedmeaboutChineseSpringFestival.NowIwouldliketotellyousomethingaboutit.TheSpringFestivalisaChinesetraditionalfestival.ItisthemostimportantfestivalfortheChinesepeopleandiswhenallfamilymembersgettogether,justlikeChristmasintheWest.TheSpringFestivalbeginsonthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonth.Itmarksthefirstdayofanewyear.Afewdaysbeforethefestival,housesarecleanedandredcoupletsareputuponthedoorsofeveryhousehold.Theyaresaidtofrightenawaytheghosts.Onthatday,peoplearedressedup.Firecrackersringoutintheair,whichaddstotheatmosphereofthefestival.Peopleafterayear’shardworkbegintorelaxandvisitoneanother.Presentsanddinnersaregiventocelebratethehappyreunionoffriendsandrelatives.Familiesgettogether.TheyhavejiaoziandenjoytheNewYearTVshow.Customsmayvaryfromplacetoplace,butthesamehappyatmosphereistobefoundeverywhereinthecountry.Now,IhopeyouhavesomeideaofChineseSpringFestival.Bestwishes,BASICCOLLEGEENGLISHWRITING

Englishparagraphwriting

Chapter2EnglishParagraphWriting2.1ParagraphStructure2.2ParagraphWritingMethods

2.3ParagraphWritingStandards

2.4SentenceVariety2.1ParagraphStructureOneEnglishparagraphusuallyincludesthefollowingthreeparts:(1)TopicSentence(2)Supporting/DevelopingSentence(3)ConcludingSentenceParagraphStructureModelTopicSentenceSupportingSentence1SupportingSentence2SupportingSentence3SupportingSentence4ConcludingSentence(1)HowtoWriteaGoodTopicSentenceThreeessentialpoints:主题句必须是一个完整的句子由主题词和主题思想的表述两部分构成只是一种概括性的陈述而不提供具体的细节e.g.Gold,apreciousmetal,isprizedfortwoimportantcharacteristics.Whichisagoodtopicsentence?Americanfoodisterrible.AmericanfoodistastelessandgreasybecauseAmericansusetoomanycanned,frozen,andprepackagedfoodsandbecauseeverythingisfriedinoilorbutter.Americanfoodistastelessandgreasy.ActivityIdentifywhichisthetopicsentence:Systolicpressurebetween140and160indicatesborderlinehypertension.Intheusualbloodpressurereading,thesystolicmeasurementisgivenfirstandisthehigherofthetwo.Systolicpressureistakenwhentheheartiscontractingtopumpblood;diastolicpressureistakenwhentheheartisrestingbetweenbeats.Bloodpressuremeasurementhastwocomponents:systolicanddiastolic.Normalbloodpressureisasystolicmeasurementof140,andwhenthesystolicpressureis160orhigher,thenhypertensionexists.PracticeReadeachofthefollowingparagraphs.Ifyoufindatopicsentence,underlineit.Ifnot,writeonethatsumsuptheparagraph'smessageorstatesitspoint.Producersmakemoregoodswhenpricesarehigh,andconsumersbuymoregoodswhenpricesarelow.Aspricesgoup,producersmakemoregoodsbecausetheycanmakemoremoneyfortheirgoods.Aspricesgodown,consumersbuymoregoodsbecauseofthelowprices.Thisshowsushowchangesinthepricesofgoodscancausechangesinproductionandconsumption.Thebrightchildispatient.Hecantolerateuncertaintyandfailure,andwillkeeptryinguntilhegetsananswer.Whenallhisexperimentsfail,hecanevenadmittohimselfandothersthatforthetimebeingheisnotgoingtogetananswer.Thismayannoyhim,buthecanwait.Veryoften,hedoesnotwanttobetoldhowtodotheproblemorsolvethepuzzlehehasstruggledwith,becausehedoesnotwanttobecheatedoutofthechancetofigureitoutforhimselfinthefuture.Notsothedullchild.Hecannotstanduncertaintyorfailure.Tohim,anunansweredquestionisnotachallengeoranopportunity,butathreat.Ifhecan'tfindtheanswerquickly,itmustbegiventohim,andquickly;andhemusthaveanswersforeverything.Sucharethechildrenofwhomasecond-gradeteacheroncesaid,"Butmychildrenliketohavequestionsforwhichthereisonlyoneanswer."Theydid;andbyamysteriouscoincidence,sodidshe.Duringthepastdecadeortwo,childrenhaveslippedintopovertyfasterthananyotheragegroup.OneofsixwhiteU.S.children,twoofeveryfiveLatinochildren,andalmostoneofeverytwoAfrican-Americanchildrenarepoor.Thesefigurestranslateintoincrediblenumbers--approximately18millionchildrenliveinpoverty:9millionwhitechildren,4millionLatinochildren,and5millionAfrican-Americanchildren.

Thecostoftrainingnewemployeesishigh.Inadditiontothecostofclassroomfacilitiesandinstructors,anorganizationmustpayemployeesasalarytositintheclassroomwhiletheyarelearning.Wehavedeterminedthatforthecompanytobreakevenonprofessionalemployees(suchasengineersorsystemsanalysts),theymuststayinthejobforwhichtheyhavebeentrainedforatleastoneyear.Itisperhapsnaturalthatpsychologistsshouldawakenonlyslowlytothepossibilitythatbehavioralprocessesmaybedirectlyobserved,orthattheyshouldonlygraduallyputtheolderstatisticalandtheoreticaltechniquesintheirproperperspective.Butitistimetoinsistthatsciencedoesnotprogressbycarefullydesignedstepscalled"experiments,"eachofwhichhasawell-definedbeginningandend.Scienceisacontinuousandoftenadisorderlyandaccidentalprocess.Weshallnotdotheyoungpsychologistanyfavorifweagreetoreconstructourpracticestofitthepatterndemandedbycurrentscientificmethodology.Whatthestatisticianmeansbythedesignofexperimentsisdesignwhichyieldsthekindofdatatowhichhistechniquesareapplicable.Hedoesnotmeanthebehaviorofthescientistinhislaboratorydevisingresearchforhisownimmediateandpossiblyinscrutablepurposes.(2)Supporting/DevelopingSentencesCanyouthinkofsomedevelopingsentencesforthistopic?Smokingcigarettescanbeanexpensivehabit

Cigarettescostaboutseventy-fivecents.Theaveragesmokersmokestwopacksaday.Theannualexpenseforthissmokeris$547.50.Thesmokermustalsopayforextracleaningofcarpets,furniture,andclothes.ActivityTrydevelopingthetopicsentences.Illustrateyourpersonalitywithspecificexamples.

Iamaverysensitiveperson.Iamaveryindependentperson.IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.Iamaverysensitiveperson,andthat'sgoodtoapoint.Ifeeleveryoneshouldbeabletofeelorunderstandwhatothersaregoingthrough.Butwhenyouhurt,cry,orareunhappyforpeopleyoudon'tknow,orforamoviethatisnotreal,thenIthinkthat'salittletoosensitive.That'sthewayIam.Iamaveryindependentperson.Imustdothingsformyself.Idon'tlikepeopledoingthingsforme,orhelpingme,orgivingmethings.It'snotthatIdon'tappreciateit,becauseIdo.Ijustfeelthatwhensomeonedoessomethingforyou,youowethem,andifthereisonethingIdon'tliketofeel,it'sthatIoweanyoneanything.IthinkIwouldbeagoodfriend.IwoulddoalmostanythingforsomeoneIlike,andwouldshareorgiveanythingIhave.I'mverycaringandunderstanding.Peopletrustmewiththeirsecrets,andthey'rerightfordoingsobecauseInevertellanysecretthatistoldtome.I'malwaystheretohelpinanywaythatIcan.Allyouhavetodoisask.(3)HowtoWriteaGoodConcludingSentence使用表示段落结尾的转承信号词，如“inconclusion,insummary,finally,inbrief,insum,toconclude,allinall”等。对段落要点加以总结。对主题加以评论，给读者留下深刻的印象。ActivityWriteaconcludingsentencebasedonthegivenoutline.TopicSentence:Therearethreethingsthatwouldmakemethehappiestpersonintheworld.BodyPart:AhappyfamilylifeAsatisfyingcareerInnerpeaceandsecurityConcludingSentence:Inconc