10020701课件信息检索第1讲

信息检索与文献阅读（化学0701-0702）2009年9月3日第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）第三部分信息检索（16学时）第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章原子、分子和离子第三章气态第四章热化学第五章有机化合物和基团的命名第六章无机化学、有机化学、物理化学、分析化学和生物化学化学术语

第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读（20学时）第二部分英文阅读材料（12学时）

第一章松香酸度的标准测试方法

第二章Ⅲ－Ⅴ族半导体制备的新方法：InP纳米晶的超声化学合成

第三章分子离子材料的计算机模拟

第四章销售合同

第五章专利说明书

第六章透射Laue法的X射线衍射

第三部分信息检索（16学时）

第一章信息检索基础

第二章超星图书馆

第三章中国期刊网

第四章维普

第五章工程索引（Ei）

第六章美国化学文摘（CA）

第七章专利

教材和参考书：

1、魏高原，

化学专业基础英语知识（I）（IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish），

北京大学出版社，2004。

2、

ReadingMaterials(自编讲义)。3、

陈英，科技信息检索（第二版），科学出版社，2005。4、

万锡仁，InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials，（待出版）。5、

[美]PhilipBall著，魏高原等注释，

化学专业基础英语（II），

北京大学出版社，2001。

课堂教学内容安排第一节课教学要求说明词汇预习课文阅读理解第二节课课文阅读理解（续）答疑布置课后作业课堂书面练习Chapter1ChemistryasaQuantitativeScienceandaScienceofMatter第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学一、教学要求掌握：1、化学测量中基本数字、单位和有效数字的运算规则；2、原子结构、原子与元素以及物质的概念；3、有关专业英语词汇。熟悉：化学变化的本质。了解：原子结构测定的经典实验。

二、词汇(Newwordsandexpressions)swamp

沼泽地

rusting生锈curiosity好奇心irritation刺激,疼痛rotten(rot)腐烂的amultitudeof许多的,大量的mixture混合物quantitative定量的

accumulate积聚,堆积

physicalproperty物理性质

significantfigure有效数字

instrument仪器

analyticalbalance分析天平

randomerror随机误差

precision精密度二、词汇(Newwordsandexpressions)

systematicerror系统误差

accuracy精确性

ambiguous(ambiguity)含糊不清的

decimalpoint

小数点

arithmetic算术,算法

round…to…把…四舍五入

additionandsubtraction

multiplicationanddivision

scientificnotation科学记数法

二、词汇(Newwordsandexpressions)

metricsystem米制

discipline学科

atmosphere大气压

dimensionalmethod量纲法

conversionfactor转换因子

figureout推断

atomandelement原子和元素（单质）

abbreviation缩写二、词汇(Newwordsandexpressions)AluminumAlCarbonCNitrogenNSiliconSiArsenicAsChlorineClOxygenOSulfurSBromineBrChromiumCrPhosphorusPUraniumUCalciumCaHydrogenHPlatinumPtZincZn二、词汇(Newwordsandexpressions)AntimonySbCopperCuGoldAuIronFeLeadPbMercuryHgPotassiumKSilverAgSodiumNaTinSnTungstenW二、词汇(Newwordsandexpressions)nucleus(nuclei)原子核proton

质子neutron

中子footballstadium

足球场marble大理石,石子atomicnumber原子序数

massnumber质量数puresubstance

纯净物二、词汇(Newwordsandexpressions)isotope

同位数homogeneous均匀的

solution

溶液intermingle混合

heterogeneous非均匀的

microscope

显微镜solute

溶质transition

转变二、词汇(Newwordsandexpressions)Length(l) meter(ormetre) mMass(m)kilogram kgTime(t)secondsElectriccurrent(I)ampere ATemperature(T) kelvin KLuminousintensity(Iv)candela((新)烛光(光度单位))cd发光强度Amountofsubstance(n)mole molSIDerivedPhysicalQuantitiesandUnitsQuantity(symbol)NameofUnit(symbol)DerivedUnitArea(A)squaremeterm2Volume(V)cubicmeterm3Density()kilogrampercubicmeterkg/m3Velocity(u)meterpersecond m/sPressure(p)pascal(Pa) kg/(m.s2)Energy(E)joule(J) (kg.m2)/s2Frequency(v)hertz(Hz)1/sQuantityofelectricity(Q)coulomb(C)A.sElectromotiveforce(E)volt(V) (kg.m2)/(A.s3)电动势Force(F)newton(N) kg.m/s2PrefixesforMultiplesandFractionsofSIUnitsDecimalLocationPrefixPrefixSymbol1012teraT109gigaG106megaM103kilo k102hecto h10deka da0.1decid10-2 centi c10-3 millim10-6 micro10-9 nano n10-12 picoP10-15 femtof10-18 atto.渺(微微微,毫尘)a三、课文的阅读理解

学生阅读课文5~10分钟，教师指定学生逐段朗读课文，并翻译成中文，教师及时评讲。Chapter2ChemistryasaQuantitativeScienceandaScienceofMatter作为定量科学和物质科学的化学

2.1Introduction

Everyobjectintheworldaroundyoucanbedescribedintermsofchemistry.Manyeventsthatyoucanseeoccurringinnatureinvolvechemicalchanges:thechangingcoloroftheleavesinthefall,thetransformationofapondintoaswamp沼泽地,therusting生锈ofiron.

Curiosity好奇心aboutwhatcanbeobservedintheworldhasledtothestudyofchemistry.Let'sdescribewhatisseeninonespecificchemicalchange.Twosubstancesareinvolved.

Oneisablackpowderysolid.Theotherisacolorlessliquidthatcausesirritation刺激,疼痛ifspilledontheskin.Ifsomeoftheblacksolidisplacedinacontainerandtheliquidslowlyadded,thingshappen.Theblacksolidbeginstodissolve.Thesolutionthatisformedisnotblack,butverypalegreen.Atthesametime,agasbeginstobubbleoutofthesolution.Andtheairisfilledwithaterriblesmell,likethatofrotten腐烂的

eggs.

Whatamultitudeofadj.许多的,大量的

questionscanbeaskedhere.Whatarethesesubstances?Whydidtheblacksoliddissolve?Whatwasformedinitsplace?Howmuchoftheliquiddoesittaketodissolvealloftheblacksolid?

Howmuchofthegascanbeproduced?Howlongdidthechangetake?Willeventsspeedupifweheatthemixture?Ifso,byhowmuchperdegreeoftemperature?Noticehowmanyofthequestionsarequantitativeones.Observationandmeasurementbothplayvitalrolesinansweringthequestionsofchemistry.Achemicalchangeisnotcompletelyunderstooduntilitisunderstoodquantitatively--intermsofmeasurementsandnumbers.

Ourunderstandingofchemistryistestedbymakingmeasurements.Ifapredictionismadebasedonwhatwethinkweunderstand,andifthepredictionisshowntobecorrectbyobtainingthepredictednumbersinaquantitativetest,wehavegreaterconfidenceinourunderstanding.

Instudyingchemistryyouwillbepresentedwithfactsaccumulatedduringhundredsofyearsofobservationandmeasurement.Youwillalsolearnhowtheprinciplesofchemistryareusedtoexplainwhathasbeenobserved.

Totestyourunderstandingofchemicalprinciples,youwillsolveproblems,frequentlyproblemsthatutilizetheresultsofmeasurementsofphysicalproperties.2.2NumbersinPhysicalQuantities(物理量中的数字)MeasurementandSignificantFigures(测量和有效数字)

(1)Theresultofmeasuringaphysicalpropertyisexpressedbyanumericalvaluetogetherwithaunitofmeasurement,forexample,180pounds91kilograms

(2)Exactnumbersarenumberswithnouncertainty;theyarise(产生)bydirectlycounting

wholeitemsorbydefinition.Numbersthatresultfrommeasurementsareneverexact.

Thereisalwayssomedegreeofuncertaintyduetoexperimentalerrors:limitationsofthemeasuringinstrument,variationsinhoweachindividualmakesmeasurements,orotherconditionsoftheexperiment.

(3)Significantfiguresinanumberincludeallofthedigitsthatareknownwithcertainty,plusthefirstdigittotherightthathasanuncertainvalue.Forexample,theuncertaintyinthemassofapowdersample,i.e.（也就是，即）3.1267g,asreadfroman"analyticalbalance”,is±0.000lg.

(4)Errorsinmeasurement:（4）测量误差

(i)Randomerrorswhichresultfromuncontrolledvariablesinanexperimentandaffectprecision--thereproducibilityoftheresultsofameasurement;(ii)Systematicerrorswhichcanbeassigned分配,指派todefinitecausesandaffectaccuracy

theclosenesstothetrueresultofameasurementoranexperiment.(1)Thenumberofsignificantfiguresisfoundbycountingfromlefttoright,beginningwiththefirstnonzerodigitandendingwiththedigitthathastheuncertainvalue,e.g.,（举例来说）

454(3)0.296(3)7.31(3)0.00846(3)10.7(3)1520(3)1520.(4)N.B.[(Lat.)注意

(notabene)]Zerosattheendofanumbergivenwithoutadecimalpointpresent

aproblembecausetheyareambiguous.Ingeneral,werecommend推荐

thatsuchterminalzeros(should)beassumedtobenotsignificant.Theambiguityisremovedifadecimalpoint小数点isgiven;thenallthezerosprecedingthedecimalpointaresignificant

后跟宾语从句中的谓语常用“（should+）动词原形”结构的动词

...

坚持（insist），命令（order，command），建议（suggest，propose，advise，recommend），...

(2)Ex.（

Example例如,例子）Howmanysignificantfiguresareinthenumbers(a)57,(b)82.9,(c)340,(d)700.,(e)10.000,(f)0.000002,(g)0.0402,and(h)0.04020?

3.ArithmeticUsingSignificantFigures(利用有效数字的计算)(1)Additionandsubtraction:Roundtheanswertotheplace(beforeorafterthedecimalpoint)withthegreatestuncertainty,e.g.,(2)Multiplicationanddivision:Roundtheanswertothesamenumberofsignificantfiguresasinthenumberwiththefewestsignificantfigures,e.g.[例如

(exempligratia)](23.2)(0.1257)=[2.91624]=2.92

(3)Ex.Performthefollowingcalculationandexpresstheanswertothepropernumberofsignificantfigures.

4.ScientificNotation（记数法)(ExponentialNotation)(科学记数法)(1)Instandardscientificnotationthesignificantfiguresofanumberareretained保持,保留

inafactorbetween1and10andthelocationofthedecimalpointisindicatedbyapowerof10,e.g.

0.0063=6.3×10-3900,000,000=9×108

(2)ArithmeticUsingScientificNotation(使用科学记数法计算)2.3UnitsofMeasurement(测量单位)1.SystemsofMeasurement（测量单位制）

(1)

TheweightofanEnglishman=14stone(英石，14pounds)(89kilograms)anAmerican=180pounds(82kilograms)(2)Metricsystem:米制

devisedbytheFrenchNationalAcademyofSciencesin1793.米制：1793年由法国国家科学院提出(3)SIsystemn.国际单位制(forSystemeInternational):adoptedbytheInternationalBureauofWeightsandMeasures国际计量局

in1960,itisarevisionandextensionofthemetricsystem.Scientistsandengineersthroughouttheworldinalldisciplinesarenowbeingurged迫切要求touseonlytheSIsystemofunits.

(4)Equivalencebetweenunits(Theequivalencesmarkedby"*"areexact):

2.UnitsofMeasurementinChemistry(化学的测量单位)Length:1Å=10-10m=0.1nmVolume:1mL(milliliter=millilitre)=10-3L=1cm3(centimeters)

MassandWeight:BoththeSIandmetricsystemsrelyonthegram,andthemultiplesandfractionsofthegram,astheunitsformass作为质量的单位.Strictlyspeaking,weightshouldbeexpressedinunitsofforce.

Inpractice,however,thedistinctionbetweenweightandmassisoftenignored.Expressionssuchas"weighout30gramsofthismaterial”,or"Howmanygramsdoesthatsampleweigh?"areoftenused.

Density:g/cm3=g/mLTemperature:Therearethreetemperaturescales:theSIscale,measuredinKelvinunits;theCelsiusorcentigradescale,measuredindegreesCelsius(℃);andtheFahrenheitscale,measuredindegreesFahrenheit(℉).℃=[(℉+40)(5/9)]-40℉=[(℃+40)(9/5)]-40K=℃+273.15Heatandenergy:1cal(calorie卡路里)=4.184JForceandpressure:1N=1kgm.s-21Pa=1N/m2=1kg/(m.s2)Theunitsforpressureincludeatmospheres(atm),bars(bar),poundspersquareinch(psi,n.磅/平方英寸),torr(Torrtorr托（真空度单位）,),andmillimetersofmercury(mmHg).

2.4TheDimensionalMethodandProblemSolving(量纲法和问题的求解)1.TheDimensionalMethod(量纲法)

(1)Thenumericalvalueofameasurementshouldalwaysbeexpressedtogetherwiththecorrectunit.Inaproblem,unitsaremultiplied,divided,andcancelledexactlyasnumberswouldbe.Iftheproblemiscorrectlysetupandworked,itshouldproduceananswerinthecorrectunits.

2.ConversionFactors(转换因子)(1)Theconversionofaphysicalquantityfromoneunittoanotherisdonewithconversionfactorsderivedfromthenumericalrelationshipbetweenthetwounits.Choosingthecorrectconversionfactorallowsthecancellationoftheunwantedunits.Conversionfactorsorphysicalconstantsshouldincludeasufficientnumberofsignificantfiguressoasnottoaffecttheuncertaintyoftheanswer.(Ifaconversionfactorisanexactnumberitcanbetreatedashavingasmanysignificantfiguresasneeded.)3.AProblem-SolvingMethod(1)Tosolveaproblem,firstmakesurethatyouunderstandexactlywhatisknownandwhatisunknown.Thentrytofigureout（推断）howtheknownsandunknownsintheproblemareconnected.Payspecialattentiontounitsandconversions.Insettinguptheproblemandsolvingit,checktoseeiftheansweremergesinthecorrectunits.Makesuretoobeytherulesforthecorrectnumberofsignificantfiguresintheanswer.Finally,seeiftheanswerseemsreasonable.四、答疑

一般情况下，争对学生提出的问题进行个别答疑。1.

TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries.2.

(18)01((a),(b),(e),(k));03((a),(c));073.

TranslatethistextintoChinese.五、课后作业Exercises01Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswersinthepropernumberofsignificantfigures.(a)

423.1+0.256+100(b)

52.987+9.3545+6.12(e)

14.000/6.1(k)

(6.0+9.57+0.61)(1.113)03Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswerinstandardscientificnotation:(6.057×103)+9.35(c)(4.51×10-3)/(8.78×104)07Themassofanemptycontaineris66.734g.Themassofthecontainerfilledwithwateris91.786g.Calculatethevolumeofthecontainerusingadensityof1.0000g/cm3forwater.Apieceofmetalwasaddedtotheemptycontainerandthecombinedmasswas87.807g.(b)Calculatethemassofthemetal.Thecontainerwiththemetalwasfilledwithwaterandthemassoftheentiresystemwas105.408g.(c)Whatmassofwaterwasadded?(d)Whatvolumeofwaterwasadded?(e)Whatisthevolumeofthemetal?(f)Calculatethedensityofthemetal?

01Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswersinthepropernumberofsignificantfigures.(a)

423.1+0.256+100=500(b)

52.987+9.3545+6.12=68.46(c)

14.3920-4.4=10.0(d)

(5183)(2.2)=（11402.6）=11000(有两位有效数字)(e)

14.000/6.1=2.3(f)

(6.11)()=19.2(g)

(14.3)(60)=(858)=900(60有一位有效数字)(h)

1020/1.2=850（2位）(i)

(3.2)(454)/(8.6214)=（168.51）=170(k)

(6.0+9.57+0.61)(1.113)=18.0(l)

(2.93)(14.7)+(1203)(0.0296)+(9.38)(5.2)=(127.4558)=12703Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswerinstandardscientificnotation:(a)(6.057×103)+9.35=6.066×103(b)(2.35×10-14)-(7.1×10-15)=1.64×10-14(c)(4.51×10-3)/(8.78×104)=5.14×10-8(d)(1812)(1492)/1979=1.366×103

[(7.33×10-3)+(4.29×101)]/[(5.88×10-3)+(4.29×101)]=1.00(f)(5km)(14.6)=(73)=7×101km(1位)

预习内容：

复习内容：1、复习和整理本课文的专业词汇；2、本课文的全文翻译。

Chapter2

Atoms,Molecules,andIons六、课堂练习swamprustingcuriosityirritationrottenamultitudeofmixturequantitative1、翻译下列词汇：

accumulatephysicalproperty

significantfigureinstrument

analyticalbalance

randomerror

precision

systematicerror

accuracy

ambiguous(ambiguity)decimalpoint

arithmeticround…to…additionandsubtraction

multiplicationanddivision

scientificnotation

metricsystemdisciplineatmospheredimensionalmethodconversionfactorfigureoutatomandelementabbreviationAluminumCarbonNitrogenSiliconArsenicChlorineOxygenSulfurBromineChromiumPhosphorusUraniumCalciumHydrogenPlatinumZincAntimonyCopperGoldIronLeadMercury