句子结构讲义

eoWhatisaoosesentence?从修辞的角度来看，句子有松散句、圆周句和对偶句之分。松散句把主要意思放在次要意思之前，先说最重要的事情，因而读者在看到几个词后就知道这句话的主要内容了。Sedcddtogihtoghhewsitrtdinms.Thesmthaegnerterrwehaetsnmrore.松散句比较易懂，简单，自然和直接。Whatsaperidicsentnce?再比较下面的句子：Atoghsewasneetdinmsc,hecddtoEgi.观察上面的句子，可以知道：虽然意思表达和之前相同，主要意思都是她决定学英语。第一句中，主要意思放在句子的开头，在第二句则放在句子末尾。第一句的第一部分在结构上已经完整，而第二句的第一部分只是个状语从句，不加上第二句就不能成为一个句子。把最重要的思放在最后面或者靠后的置上，并且句子的结构直到后一个词时才完整。这样的句子叫做圆周句。例如：Itisatruthacknwlege,thatasingemninpossesionofagodoeutentfaJes)上面的句子明显是个圆周句（掉尾句。因为它的结构和意思在最后一个词之前都不完整。圆周句的结构按照逐步推向高潮的递进顺序形成。圆周句比较复杂、正式和文雅。Whatisabalancedsentence?两个结构相似意思相反的平行从句便是对偶句。nhghe,esg,dIase.Tepotcniscnendwihscefleetn,whrsthettmansitrsdintefteofhsppe.InPltosopinionmanwasmadeforinBaconsopnonasmaer.对偶句会给人留下深刻的印象，因为它含有相反的意思，而且因节奏和谐而悦耳。对偶句主要用于说明文，议论文及演说等正式文体中。Whatisanffectivesentence?1.Completeness(完整)完整是好句子的第一要点。一个完整的句子表达单一的完整思想,意思必须紧密相关。例.inasmalltowninSouthChinainthe50s,hegrewuptobeafmousmusca.(Revised)ewasbrnnalninSouhChnainthe5.nhiscilhodedtosingsns.reedanesebcmeafamusmuia.例.Fault：Douwasneftegasto.:uusefetsfeg..连贯(Coheece)连贯是指句子各部分之间清楚而合理的联系。句子中的词语和部分应恰当地衔接，它们之间的关系应十分清楚。不连贯的句子通常有以下几种毛病：a.平行结构使用有误例．Amanisddntolyywtheasbtlobyise.e:Ansdtnyytesutoytee.e:Ansdtnyysstloys.例．Wetgteasrg,lt,daryaeugo.ee:eothesan,lt,ndyal.Rvid:ettsewasacr,inelgnt,dvrycegwmn.例．Weethdhsr.: eethndhsr..代词指代不清楚例1. hedmytrtseswn.例.Hewasknceddonbyabiyl,butitasnotsros.Rve：Hewskoedon byabiyc,butwasntbalyhut.例.I'mgongingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becauseheisadramatistIlke.c.修饰语和被修饰语之间的关系不明确例. ogutfhew,eldcssrseena.例. Onetrnghecaso,thesdetstodupadsi,“Godmrg”例. otyre,lesedetoa.这些句子因为用了悬垂结构，句子缺少了连贯性，句子意思就让人费解。当然，也有一些固定的说法如toefrk,gnrlysaig,ugngby,sekigo…,justtonmeafew…再看下面的一些句子：例. heuttoerageiesedotrrn.例. Sheboughtseveralpicturesbooksandputthemintoherbag,whichsheintendedoeoeri.ee:eutvlieosrerrndutmnorg.例. Teidahemenindatfitsonedgod.例. Theieahemeninedsonddgoodatfis.Revised: Theieahefistmenindsounedgod.例. Heaearanfrntaedgtemen,wihooyble.例. egveasnrnttdgheeg,asnhhodyld.Rve:Hegveaesn,hchooyblvd,orottnigtemei.d.人称、数、语气和语态上变动混乱例.Animportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,yousouldntplagaize.例.ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetof.例.Studentsshouldlearntoanalyzeandsolveproblemsindependenty.Don’trelyonoree’.例.edtelessontauhtlatwkdalltheecsasndbyteere.以上句子前后不一致，变动混乱，写作时应该避免不必要的变动。3. 简洁性（Concisenes)句中不应有任何不必要的词。只要意思充分表达了，用词越少越好。用词过多只会意思模糊，而不是更清晰。人们常常用不必要的词，所以最好在写完一篇文章后，仔细检查一两遍，看看有没有一些可删去而又不影响意思表达。试比较：例.：Itsbeinl.例.Itwassmllinsize.例.Mayisaqetndaflwmn.例.HereuedinheelyptoftemothfAuu.Ce:1. twsu..Itwassmal.3.Mrysutadcf.4.edney.请看下句子，想想如何简洁：1)egeayosrei,teesegereti.()Inmyopnn,Ithnkyurpanisesbe.(3)Thismachinewasjointlydesignedbytheoldengineerincollaborationwithsomeofhisynrclgs.(4)Therewasapinetreethatstoodlikeagiantonthetopofthemountain.Ittoweredovereesrd.).hlyeokldsfstedn.(6)LiQing,whowasafirst-yearstudentofthecollege,wouldgotoaparknearherschooleverydayinthemorning.Shewouldbringasmallrecorderwithher.InparkshewouldfndaquitcrerandlsentoataeofEngihsois.Revisd:(1)Hegavemanyreasnsforthefailre,butnoneofthemwasconvicing.(代词指代重复内容使得句子更加简洁）()Inmyoiin,orplnisfail.Itikyurlnisesl.(Tisaiewsjnydsndbyheldgnradsmefyugrclgs.Tisaiewsdiedbyeodegerinoartnwthmeofisugrcllaue.(4)Thepinetreeonthetopofthemountainstoodlikeagiantandtoweredoverthetreesud.hetieenepofhennederesrd.ntepfeoinsateehodoreesdi.).hssdn..hsh.(6)Everymorning,LiQing,afirst-yearstudentofthecollege,wouldgotoanearbypark,bringngasmallrecorderwithher.ThereshewouldlistentoatapeofEnglishstoriesinat.小结好的句子要做到完整，连贯，逻辑关系清晰，简洁，这四条是基本要求；当然除此以外，如果重点内容突出，句式多变，则更加锦上添花。这些都不是一朝一夕可以做到，需要大量练习。s下列句子不够完整或不够连贯或不够简洁，请加以修改：(1Iradtenoelontetan,wihdin’tiesteatl.)Adndsoe,derrdatesa.(3)Ilostsomeimportantdocumentsandfoundthemthreedayslater.Thepolicehadhelpedme.)l,fest,Ileoe.5)tgane,alyudasr.(6）Onergteo,ooewse.()Fedseeei,aalendamnyouanryo.(8）yhsrtrss.()Henalyfihdredngenbosduigtevaain.)olydedsersdt.)Iilooe,rIes.()Dies’nvlsofrnosouintothescilijsiesheepoesinte.)eeesnrynnr.(14) epedottfeieeyyneog.(5)Thecueoftheflodwasdetothehevyrininlaespig.(6)Itemedtohsfinsththisattdewsofapuzzlgnatr.(7)Hedidnottelltetruhwithanhonstatiud.()Zaowsteprnwhoasltdterpstteofhelssytewoecs.(19)WhatIamtryingtosayisthatinmyopinionhehasnotdonehisworkverywellanditsesv.(2）Youmustfirtworkoutanoutlieforyourpaper,andthenaftryouhavedonethat,oudtoctldsftlouotrptfi.)syssgnvs.(2)neraonhypoleaewllnomdintisonryiseaseftefattathreaeaynspswihnesyebgtorbrdt.(23)Teeabot0patetsrointhisward,aogwhmmayebeingne.(24)Whateverhedoes,heworksseriouslywithgreatcare,anddoeshisbestsoastodoitwell.)edtedefel,ttoatr.练习案：1. OntetanIradthenvl,whhdntrsteata.2. elrledthelsdanoaidsohesesai.. TepolcehlpdmetofindsmeimpratdocmntswihIhadlsttreedysbeoe.4. elnatIileoerfestm.. ingv,Idaly.. Ientrd