大学体验英语综合教程4-课文原文

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Unit1.TheUnsungHeroes:WhatAboutWorkingDads"

Onourfirst"date"afterourtwindaughterswereborn,myhusbandandIwenttoseethemovieToyStory.Weenjoyedit,butafterwardmyhusbandasked,"Wherewasthedad""Atfirst,itseemedpettytocriticizeanentertainingfamilymoviebecauseofonesmallpoint.ThemoreIthoughtaboutit,however,themoreglaringanomissionitseemed.Notonlywasdadnotaround,hewasn'tevenmentioned-despitethefactthattherewasababyinthefamily,sodadcouldn'thavebeenthatlonggone.Itwasasifthepresence-orabsence-ofafatherisaminordetail,notevenrequiringane*planation.

Thisisonlyonee*ampleofthemediatrendtowardmarginalizingfathers,whichmirrorsenormoussocialchangesintheUnitedStates.DavidBlankenhorn,inhisbookFatherlessAmerica,referstothistrendasthe"unnecessaryfather"concept.

Wearebombardedbystoriesaboutthestrugglesofworkingmothers(asopposedtonon-workingmothers,Isuppose).Meanwhile,ahighproportionofmediastoriesaboutfathersfocusonabusivehusbandsordeadbeatdads.Itseemsthattheonlytimefathersmeritattentioniswhentheyarecriticizedfornothelpingenoughwiththehousework(aclaimthatIfinddubiousanyway,becausethedefinitionof"housework"rarelyincludescleaningthegutters,changingtheoilinthecarorotherjobstypicallydonebymen)orwhentheydie.WhenMr.Blankenhornsurveyedfathersaboutthemeaningoftheterm"goodfamilyman,"manyrespondedthatitwasaphrasetheyonlyheardatfunerals.

Onee*ceptiontothe"unnecessaryfather"syndromeistheglowingmediaattentionthatat-homedadshavereceived.Idonotmeantoimplythatat-homedadsdonotdeservesupportformakingthismitment.Ionlymeantopointoutthedoublestandardatworkwhenat-homedadsareapplaudedwhileat-homemothersandbreadwinnerfathersaregivenlittle,ifany,culturalrecognition.

Theverylanguageweusetodiscussmen'sroles(i.e.,deadbeatdads)showsalackofappreciationforthemajorityofmenwhoquietlyyetproudlyfulfilltheirfamilyresponsibilities.Wealmostneverheartheterm"workingfather,"anditisrarethatcallsformoreworkplacefle*ibilityareconsideredtobeformenasmuchasforwomen.Oursocietyactsasiffamilyobligationsarenotasimportanttofathersastheyaretomothers-asifcareersatisfactioniswhataman'slifeisallabout.

Evenmoreinsultingistherecentmediatrendofregardingat-homewivesas"statussymbols"-likeane*pensivecar-flauntedbythesupposedlyfewmenwhocanaffordsuchalu*ury.Theimplicationisthatmenwithat-homewiveshaveiteasierthanthosewhosewivesworkoutsidethehomebecausetheyhavethe"lu*ury"ofafull-timehousekeeper.Inreality,however,themenwhoarethesolewageearnersfortheirfamiliessufferalotofstresses.Thelossofajob-oreventhethreatofthathappening-isobviouslymuchmoredifficultwhenthatjobisthesolesourceofineforafamily.Bythesametoken,solewageearnershavelessfle*ibilitywhenitestoleavingunsatisfyingcareersbecauseofthelossofinesuchajobchangeentails.Inaddition,manyhusbandsworkovertimeorsecondjobstomakemoreneededmoneyfortheirfamilies.Forthesemen,itisthefamilythatthejobsupportsthatmakesitallworthwhile.Itisthebeliefthathavingamotherathomeisimportanttothechildren,whichmakessomanymengladlytakeontheburdenofbeingasolewageearner.

Today,thereiswidespreadagreementamongresearchersthattheabsenceoffathersfromhouseholdscausesseriousproblemsforchildrenand,consequently,forsocietyatlarge.Yet,ratherthanholdingup"ordinary"fathersaspositiverolemodelsforthedadsoftomorrow,toooftensocietyhasthrownupitshandsanddecidedthattraditionalfatherhoodisatbestobsoleteandatworstdangerouslyreactionary.Thishasleftmanymenquestioningthevalueoftheirroleasfathers.

Asasociety,weneedtorealizethatfathersarejustasimportanttochildrenasmothersare-notonlyforfinancialsupport,butforemotionalsupport,educationanddisciplineaswell.Itisnotenoughforusmerelytorecognizethatfatherlessnessisaproblem-tostandbesidethegraveandmournthelossofthe"goodfamilyman"andthentrytofindsomeonetoreplacehim(askanyonewhohaslostafatherthoughdeathifthatispossible).Wemustacknowledgehowwehavedevaluedfatherhoodandworktoshowmenhownecessary,howimportanttheyareintheirchildren'slives.

Thosefatherswhostrivetobegoodfamilymenbybeingthereeverydaytoloveandsupporttheirfamilies-thoseunsungheroes-needourrecognitionandourthanksforalltheydo.Becausetheydeserveit.

Unit2.WhyDigitalCultureIsGoodforYou"

Thenewsmedia,alongwithsocialandbehavioralscientists,haverecentlysentoutamultitudeofwarningsaboutthemanydangersthatawaitusoutthereincyberspace.ThetruthofthematteristhattheWebisnomoreinherentlydangerousthananythingelseintheworld.Itisnotsomeamorphousentitycapableofinflictingharmfuloutesonallwhoenter.Infact,inandofitself,theWebisfairlyharmless.Ithasnospecialpowertoovertakeitsusersandaltertheirverye*istence.Liketheoldtalethatthevampirecannotharmyouunlessyouinviteittocrossyourthreshold,theInternetcannotcorruptwithoutbeinginvited.And,withthee*ceptionofchildrenandtheweak-willed,itcannotcreatewhatdoesnotalreadye*ist...

(1)Likealcohol,theWebsimplymagnifieswhatisalreadythere:E*pertsareconcernedthatthemaskingthatgoesononlineposesadangerforeveryonewhoisapartoftheDigitalCulture.Beforeweknowit,thee*pertstellus,wewillallusefakeidentities,beefragmented,andwillnolongerbesureofjustwhoweare.Wrong.Theonlypeoplewhofeelpelledtomask,andotherwisemisrepresentthemselvesonlinearethesamepeoplewhoaremysteriousandunfrankin"reallife"...theNetjustgivesthemonemoretooltopracticetheirdeceit.

Asfortherestofus,gettingtakeninbythesepeopleisalowprobability.Weknowwhothesefolksareinthe"realworld".TheInternetdoesnot"cause"peopletodisguiseassomethingtheyarenot.AsfortheDigitalCulturegettingcheatedbythesedishonestfolks,well,therearejustasmany"cues"onlinetodecipherdeceptionasthereareinthe"realworld".ThepetentWebHeadcanrecognizemanyredflagsgivenoffbytheonlinebehaviorofothers.Oftentimestheintentionsoffellowusersiscrystalclear,especiallyovertime.

Whensomeoneistryingtodeceiveusonline,inconsistencies,theessencethattheyaretrying"toohard"orarejustplainunbelievable,oftenethroughloudandclear.Likewise,justlikeinthe"realworld",ahostofotherunacceptabletendenciescanbereadilyrecognizedonline.Narcissism(it'sallabout"meeeee"),thosepeoplewhohavenothingbutnegativityorunpleasantthingstosayaboutothers,andthosewhofeelpelledtoundermineothersandwhothinktheymustblowouttheotherguys'candlesinorderfortheirowntoshinecanbespottedacybermileaway.

(2)TheWebcanbringoutthebestinpeople:Gregarious,frankfolksin"reallife"usuallycarrythesesametraitsovertotheironlinelife.Mostarejustasfun-lovingonlineifnotmoreso,astheyareataparty,atwork,oratthelocalbar.Thoughadmittedly,somearenotquiteasmuchfuntobearoundwithoutastiffdrink.

Shyfolkshavea"safer"environmentonlinethaninthe"realworld"andcanlearntoe*pressthemselvesmorefreelyontheNet(you'veneverseenanyonestutteron,haveyou")allowingthemtogainconfidenceandmunicationskillsthatcaneventuallyspilloverintootheraspectsoftheirlives.Helpfulpeoplein"reallife"areoftenjustaswillingtoetosomeone'sassistanceonlineasanywhereelse.

(3)PeoplearejudgeddifferentlyontheWeb:OntheInternetpeoplearejudgedbytheirpersonality,beliefsandonlineactions,NOTbytheirphysicalappearance.Thisisgood.Itnotonlygivesuglyfolksanaid,butcausesBeautifulPeopletohavetosaysomethingworthlisteningtoinordertogetattention.

(4)Peopleopenupmore:ManypeopleareopeningupawholelotmorethesedayssincetheyarenotrequiredtousetheirrealnameandprovidetheirrealidentityintheInternet.

(5)We'reconnected:MembersoftheDigitalCultureknowfullwellthatthereisawealthofimportantinformationandlife-changingopportunitiesoutthereincyberspace.TheWebhasopeneddoorsformanyofusthatotherwisewouldneverhavebeenanoption.Researchpossibilitiesandnetworkingarejusttwosuchopportunities.

"(6)WeLearnthePowerofWordsandtobeBetterListeners:Withnofaciale*pressions,bodylanguage,orphysicalappearancetodistractus,membersoftheDigitalCulturehavelearnedthepowerofwords...boththeirown,andothers'.Weknowverywellhowasimplestringofwordscanharm,hurtandoffend,orhowtheycanofferhumor,help,supportandencouragement.Moste*periencedmembersoftheonlineculturehavelearnedtobeewordsmiths,carefullycraftingthewordstheyusetoconveye*actlywhattheymeansoasnottobemisunderstood.

ManyofushavealsolearnedtobeefarbetterlistenersthankstotheInternet.Notonlydowechooseourwordsmorecarefullybutwe(especiallythosewhomunicateviaemailasopposedtochatrooms)areforcedtowaituntiltheotherpersonfinishesbeforewecanspeakorrespond.

Unit3.BigMythsAboutCopyright

"Ifitdoesn'thaveacopyrightnotice,it'snotcopyrighted."Thiswastrueinthepast,buttodayalmostallmajornationsfollowtheBernecopyrightconvention.Fore*ample,intheUSA,almosteverythingcreatedprivatelyandoriginallyafterApril1,1989iscopyrightedandprotectedwhetherithasanoticeornot.Thedefaultyoushouldassumeforotherpeople'sworksisthattheyarecopyrightedandmaynotbecopiedunlessyouknowotherwise.Therearesomeoldworksthatlostprotectionwithoutnotice,butfranklyyoushouldnotriskitunlessyouknowforsure.

2)"IfIdon'tchargeforit,it'snotaviolation."False.Whetheryouchargecanaffectthedamagesawardedincourt,butthat'sthemaindifferenceunderthelaw.It'sstillaviolationifyougiveitaway-andtherecanstillbeseriousdamagesifyouhurtthemercialvalueoftheproperty.Thereisane*ceptionforpersonalcopyingofmusic,whichisnotaviolation,thoughcourtsseemtohavesaidthatdoesn'tincludewide-scaleanonymouspersonalcopyingasNapster.Iftheworkhasnomercialvalue,theviolationismostlytechnicalandisunlikelytoresultinlegalaction.

3)"Ifit'spostedtoUsenetit'sinthepublicdomain."False.Nothingmodernisinthepublicdomainanymoreunlesstheownere*plicitlyputsitinthepublicdomain.E*plicitly,asyouhaveanotefromtheauthor/ownersaying,"Igrantthistothepublicdomain."

4)"Mypostingwasjustfairuse!"The"fairuse"e*emptionto(U.S.)copyrightlawwascreatedtoallowthingssuchasmentary,parody,newsreporting,researchandeducationaboutcopyrightedworkswithoutthepermissionoftheauthor.That'simportantsothatcopyrightlawdoesn'tblockyourfreedomtoe*pressyourownworks.Intentanddamagetothemercialvalueoftheworkareimportantconsiderations.AreyoureproducinganarticlefromtheNewYorkTimesbecauseyoucouldn'tfindtimetowriteyourownstory,ordidn'twantyourreaderstohavetopayfortheNewYorkTimeswebsite"Theyaren't"fairuse".Fairuseisusuallyashorte*cerpt.

5)"Ifyoudon'tdefendyourcopyrightyouloseit."-"Somebodyhasthatnamecopyrighted!"False.Copyrightiseffectivelyneverlostthesedays,unlesse*plicitlygivenaway.Youalsocan't"copyrightaname"oranythingshortlikethat,suchasalmostalltitles.Youmaybethinkingoftrademarks,whichapplytonames,andcanbeweakenedorlostifnotdefended.Likean"Apple"puter.Appleputer"owns"thatwordappliedtoputers,eventhoughitisalsoanordinaryword.AppleRecordsownsitwhenappliedtomusic.Neitherownsthewordonitsown,onlyinconte*t,andowningamarkdoesn'tmeanpletecontrol.

6)"IfImakeupmyownstories,butbasethemonanotherwork,mynewworkbelongstome."False.U.S.Copyrightlawisquitee*plicitthatthemakingofwhatarecalled"derivativeworks"-worksbasedonorderivedfromanothercopyrightedwork-isthee*clusiveprovinceoftheowneroftheoriginalwork.Thisistrueeventhoughthemakingofthesenewworksisahighlycreativeprocess.Ifyouwriteastoryusingsettingsorcharactersfromsomebodyelse'swork,youneedthatauthor'spermission.

7)"Theycan'tgetme,defendantsincourthavepowerfulrights!"Copyrightlawismostlycivillaw.Ifyouviolatecopyrightyouwouldnotbechargedwithacrime,butusuallygetsued.

8)"Oh,socopyrightviolationisn'tacrimeoranything""Actually,recentlyintheUSAmercialcopyright

violationinvolvingmorethan10copiesandvalueover$2500wasmadeafelony.Sowatchout.Ontheotherhand,thisisafairlynew,untestedstatute.InonecaseanoperatorofapirateBBSthatdidn'tchargewasacquittedbecausehedidn'tcharge,butcongressamendedthelawtocoverthat.

9)"Itdoesn'thurtanybody-infactit'sfreeadvertising."It'suptotheownerstodecideiftheywantthefreeadsornot.Iftheywantthem,theywillbesuretocontactyou.Don'trationalizewhetherithurtstheownersornot,askthem.Usuallythat'snottoohardtodo.Evenifyoucan'tthinkofhowtheauthororownergetshurt,thinkaboutthefactthatpiracyonthenethurtseverybodywhowantsachancetousethiswonderfulnewtechnologytodomorethanreadotherpeople'sflamewars.

10)"Theyedmeacopy,soIcanpostit."Tohaveacopyisnottohavethecopyright.Alltheyouwriteiscopyrighted.However,isnotunlesspreviouslyagreed.Soyoucancertainlyreportonwhatyouaresent,andrevealwhatitsays.Youcanevenquotepartsofittodemonstrate.Frankly,somebodywhosuesoveranordinarymessagewouldalmostsurelygetnodamages,becausethemessagehasnomercialvalue,butifyouwanttostaystrictlyinthelaw,youshouldaskfirst.Ontheotherhand,don'tgonutsifsomebodypostsyousentthem.Ifitwasanordinarynon-secretpersonalletterofminimalmercialvaluewithnocopyrightnotice(like99.9%ofall),youprobablywon'tgetanydamagesifyousuethem.

Unit4

Thestudyofliteratureisnotonlycivilizedandcivilizing—enpassing,asitdoes,philosophy,religion,thehistoryofeventsandthehistoryofideas—butpopularandpractical.One-si*thofallthosewhoreceivebachelor’sdegreesfromtheCollegeofArtsandSciencesareEnglishmajors.Thesegraduatesqualifyforasurprisingrangeofjobs.Theire*perienceputsthelietothepopularsuperstitionthatEnglishmajorsmustchoosebetweenjournalismandteaching:infact,Englishmajorsalsoreceivee*cellentpreparationforfuturecareersinlaw,medicine,business,andgovernmentservice.

Undergraduateslookingforwardtolawschoolormedicalschoolareoftenadvisedtofollowastrictregimenofcoursesconsidereddirectlyrelevanttotheircareerchoices.Futurelaw-schoolstudentsareadvisedtotakecoursesinpoliticalscience,history,accounting,businessadministration—evenhumananatomy,andmarriageandfamilylife.Futuremedicalschoolstudentsaresteeredintomultiplesciencecourses—actuallyfarmoresciencecoursesthantheyneedforentranceintomedicalschool.Surprisingly,manylawschoolsandmedicalschoolsindicatethatsuchspecializedpreparationisnotonlyunnecessary,butundesirable.Thereareno"pre-law"courses:thebestpreparationforlawschool—andforthepracticeoflaw—isthatpreparationwhichmakesastudentcapableofcriticalthinking;ofclear,logicalself-e*pression;ofsensitiveanalysisofthemotives,theactions,andthethoughtsofotherhumanbeings.TheseareskillswhichthestudyofEnglishisdesignedtoteach.

Entranceintolawschool,moreover,generallyrequiresabachelor’sdegreefromanaccreditedinstitution,aminimumgradepointaverage,andanacceptablescoreontheLawSchoolAdmissionTest(L.S.A.T.).Thistesthasthreeparts.Thefirstevaluatesskillsinreadingprehension,infigureclassification,andintheevaluationofwrittenmaterial.ThesecondpartofthetestevaluatescontrolofEnglishgrammarandusage,abilitytoorganizewrittenmaterials,andpetencetoedit.Thethirdpartevaluatesthestudent’sgeneralknowledgeofliterature,art,music,andthenaturalandsocialsciences.ClearlyanundergraduatemajorinEnglishisstrongpreparationfortheL.S.A.T.

Asformedicalschools,themainrequirementforadmissionisonlythirty-twohoursofsciencecourses.ThisrequirementiscertainlynoimpedimenttoamajorinEnglish.MoreovermanymedicalschoolsrequireaminimumscoreontheMedicalCollegeAdmissionsTest,anothertestwhichoffersanadvantagetothewell-roundedliberalartsstudent.TheM.C.A.T.evaluatesfourareasofpetence:skillwithsynonyms,antonyms,andwordassociation;knowledgeofbasicmathematicsfromfractionsthroughsolidgeometry;generalknowledgeofliterature,philosophy,psychology,music,art,andthesocialsciences;andfamiliaritywiththosefundamentalsofbiology,chemistry,andphysicstaughtinhighschoolandinintroductorycollegecourses.TheEnglishmajorwithasolid,basicgroundinginscienceiswellpreparedforthistestandformedicalschool,wherehisorherskillsinreading,analysis,interpretation,andprecisemunicationwillequiphimorhertoe*cel.Thestudyandpracticeofmedicinecanonlybenefitfromtheinsightsintohumanbehaviorprovidedbythestudyofliterature.

Suchinsightsareobviouslyalsovaluabletothestudentwhoplansacareerinmerce.SuchstudentsshouldconsidertheadvantagesofanEnglishmajorwithanemphasisinbusiness:thisprogramisdesignedtoprovidealiberaleducation,aswellastodirectpreparationforabusinesscareer.Theneedforsuchaprogramisclear:graduateswithmerelytechnicalqualificationsarefindingjobsinbusiness,butoftenfailingtoholdthem.BoththeWallStreetJournalandtheJournalofCollegePlacementhavereportedthatincreasingnumbersofgraduatesfromreputablebusinessschoolsfindthemselvesdriftingfromonejoborfirmtoanother,unabletoholdapositionforlongerthantwelvemonths.Employersplainthattheseapparentlypromisingyoungmenandwomenaresimplynotpetentmunicators:becausetheyarenotsufficientlyliterate,theycannotabsorbmanagerialtraining;theycannotmakeeffectiveoralpresentations;theycannotreportprogressorproblemsintheirwriting;theycannotdirectotherworkers.Skillinanalysisandmunicationistheessenceofmanagement.

ConsequentlytheEnglishmajorwithanemphasisinbusinessisparticularlywellpreparedforafutureinbusinessadministration.NearlyfourhundredpaniesinfieldsrangingfrombankingandinsurancetomunicationstomanufacturingwereaskedwhethertheyhiredcollegegraduateswithdegreesinEnglish,evenwhenthosegraduateslackedspecialtrainingintheindustry:Eighty-fivepercentofthepaniessaidthattheydid.CollegegraduateswithdegreesinEnglishareworkingsuccessfullyinmarketing,insystemsengineering,inpersonnelmanagement,insales,inprogramming,inprojectdesign,andinlaborrelations.

Englishmajorsarealsoatworkinthethousandoccupationsprovidedbygovernmentatalllevels.Consider,fore*ample,thefederalgovernment—byaverywidemargin,America’sbiggestemployer.InorganizationsrangingfromtheMarineCorpstotheBureauofMines,fromthemerceDepartmenttotheNationalParkService,thefederalgovernmentemploysaworkforceofnearlythreemillionmenandwomen.Englishmajorsmayqualifyformanyofthesejobs.Recently,51federalagencieswereaskedthesamequestion:whethertheyhiredcollegegraduateswithEnglishdegreesbutwithoutspecialjobtraining,88percentofthesefederalemployerssaidyes.ThelistoffederalpositionsforwhichEnglishmajorsmayqualifyrangesfromClaimsE*aminertoForeignServiceOfficertoHighwaySafetyManagementSpecialist.Again,thosewhoseekpositionsofhighrewardandresponsibilitymaybeaskedtotakeatest—thefederalgovernmentusestheProfessionalandAdministrativeCareerE*amination,orP.A.C.E.,toevaluateapplicantsforabout10,000jobseachyear—andagain,thetestfocusesonlanguageskills:prehension,analysis,interpretation,theabilitytoseelogicalrelationshipsbetweenideas,andtheabilitytosolveproblemse*pressedinwords.Notsurprisingly,petentEnglishmajorsoftenreceiveveryhighscoresontheP.A.C.E.

Inshort,amajorinEnglishisneitherrestrictingnorimpractical:thestudyofEnglishise*cellentpreparationforprofessionallife.

Unit5.TheMoralAdvantage

HowtoSucceedinBusinessbyDoingtheRightThing

Asforthemoraladvantageinbusiness,ofallplaces,everyoneknowsamodicumofethicsiscalledforinanybusiness-youcan'tcheatyourcustomersforeverandgetawaywithit.Butwouldn'titbemoreadvantageousifyouactuallycouldgetawaywithit"Profitswouldsoaroutofsight!Thenyouwouldreallyhaveanadvantage,orsothethinkingmightgo.

Thenotionofseekingthemoraladvantageisanewwayofthinkingaboutethicsandvirtueinbusiness,anapproachthatdoesnotaccepttheneedfortrade-offsbetweenambitionandconscience.Farfromobstructingthedriveforsuccess,asenseofmoralpurposecanhelpindividualsandpaniesachieveatthehighest-andmostprofitable-levels.

Cynicismdominatesourattitudesaboutwhatittakestosucceedinbusiness.Amonwayofthinkingaboutmoralityinbusinessgoessomethinglikethis:

Ethicalconductisanunpleasantmedicinethatsocietyforcesdownbusinesspeople'sthroatstoprotectthepublicinterestfrombusinessavarice.

Moralitygetsinthewayofthecold,hardactionstrulyambitiousSkepticismpeoplemusttaketoreachtheirgoals.

Moneymakingisinevitablytaintedbygreed,deceit,ande*ploitation.

Thequestforprofitsstandsinoppositiontoeverythingthatismoral,fair,decent,andcharitable.

Skepticismaboutmoneymakinggoesbackalongway.TheBiblewarnsthatit'sharderforarichmantoenterthekingdomofheaventhanforacameltopassthroughtheeyeofaneedle."Behindeverygreatfortune,"wroteFrenchnovelistHonorédeBalzacinthe1800s,"liesagreatcrime."BritishauthorG.K.Chestertonsoundedthesamethemeintheearly20thcentury,notingthatabusinessman"istheonlymanwhoisforeverapologizingforhisoccupation."

Thecontemporarymediaoftencharacterizebusinessasnothingmorethanaself-servinge*erciseingreed,carriedoutinascorruptandruthlessamanneraspossible.Intelevisionandmovies,moneymakinginbusinessistaintedbyavarice,e*ploitation,ordownrightvillainy.Theunflatteringportrayalshavebeeevenmorepointedovertime.In1969,thebusinessmaninPhilipRoth'sGoodbye,Columbusadvisesthestory'sprotagonist,"Togetbyinbusiness,you'vegottobeabitofathief."Heseemslikeabenignlywise,figureparedwithWallStreet's1980sicon,GordonGekko,whoseimmortalwordswere"Greedisgood."

Yetsomeimportantobserversofbusinessseethingsdifferently.WidelyreadgurussuchasStephenCoveyandTomPeterspointtothepracticalutilityofmoralvirtuessuchaspassion,responsibility,fairness,andhonesty.Theysuggestthatvirtueisanessentialingredientintherecipeforsuccess,andthatmoralstandardsarenotmerelymendablechoicesbutnecessaryponentsofathrivingbusinesscareer.Thisisafrequentthemeinmencementaddressesandotherpersonaltestimonials:Virtuousbehavioradvancesacareerinthelongrunbybuildingtrustandreputation,whereasethicalshortingseventuallyderailcareers.ThehumoristDorothyParkercapturedthisideainoneofhersignaturequips:"Timewoundsallheels.

Sowho'sright---thosewhobelievethatmoralityandbusinessaremutuallye*clusive,orthosewhobelievetheyreinforceoneanother"Doniceguysfinishlast,orarethosewhoadvocatedoingwellbydoinggoodtherealwinners"Isthebusinessworldadenofthieveryorahavenforupstandingcitizens"

WithcolleaguesHowardGardneratHarvardUniversityandMihalyCsikszentmihalyiatClaremontGraduateUniversity,I'vee*aminedthisquestionbyinterviewing40topbusinessleaders,suchasMcDonald'sCEOJackGreenbergandthelateWashingtonPostpublisherKatharineGraham,between1998and2000aspartofourjoint"ProjectonGoodWork."Wefoundthatastrongsenseofmoralpurposenotonlypromotesabusinesscareerbutalsoprovidesatellingadvantageinthequesttobuildathrivingenterprise.Infact,asenseofmoralpurposestandsatthecenterofallsuccessfulbusinessinnovations.Farfrombeingaconstrainingforcethatmerelykeepspeoplehonestandoutoftrouble,moralitycreatesafertilesourceofbusinessmotivation,inspiration,andinnovation.

Thisisdifferentfromtheviewofmoralityyou'llencounterinatypicalbusiness-ethicscourse.It'ssodifferentthatInowspeakaboutmoralities,intheplural,whendiscussingtheroleofvirtueandethicsinbusiness.Moralityinbusinesshasthreedistinctfaces,eachplayingitsownspecialroleinensuringbusinesssuccess.

Unit6.IsItHealthytoBeaFootballSupporter"

WhyFansKnowtheScore

Die-hardfootballfanshittheheightswhentheirteamwinsandreachesthedepthsofdespairwhentheylose.Scientificstudiesshowtheloveaffairwithateammaybeasemotionallyintenseastherealthing,andthatteamclasheshavegladiatorialpower.

What'sgoingon"Whydoferventfanshavehormonalsurgesandotherpsychologicalchangeswhilewatchinggames"Whydoesfans'self-esteemsoarwithvictoryandplummetindefeat,sometimesaffectingtheirliveslongafterwards"Whydopeoplefeelsodrawntoformsuchdeeptiestoteams"Isavidlyrootingforateamgoodorbadforyourhealth"Youmayfindtheanswerssurprising.

THEFAN'SPERSONALITY

Psychologistsoftenportraydie-hardfans