美国文学简史-期末复习资料

TheColonialPeriod关键词:AmericaPuritanismCalvinism特点:totaldepravity,Unconditionalelection,Limitedatonement,Irresistiblegrace,PerseveranceofthesaintsAnneBradstreet(P17):aPuritanpoetbeknownas“TheMuse”ThomasPaine:oneofcontinual,unswervingfightfortherightsofman.

works:“CommonSense”“AmericanCrisis”“TheRightsofMan”“TheAgeofReason”理性时代PhillipFreneau(P22):美国文学史上的重要人物

dawningnationalism代表人物Poems:TheWildHoneysuckle野生的金银花

firstmodernAmerican&thelastmedievalmanJonathanEdwards(Calvinism)

acriticalroleinshapingtheFirstGreatAwakening

works:“TheFreedomoftheWill”《自由意志论》“TheGreatDoctrineofOriginalSinDefended”《伟哉原罪论辩》“TheNatureofTrueVirtue”“AmericanDream”“Self-made”BenjaminFranklin(puritanism)

“PoorRichard’sAlmance”“autobiography”新文学形式

“18thcenturyenlightenment”RomanticismWashingtonIrving（1783-1859）

①titles:“thefatherofAmericanliterature”

“theAmericanGoldsmith”

②works:TheSketchBook(markedthebeginningofAmericanRomanticismandthebeginningofshortstoriesasagenreinAmericanliterature)

RipVanWinkle(P47—P48)TheLegendofSleepyHollowJamesFenimoreCooper（1789-1851）

①OneofthefirstwritertowriteAmericanWestwardmovement

②“TheLeatherstockingTales”(novel)

firstis“ThePioneers”

---Plot:---themeconflictbetweenNattyBumppoandJudgeTemple----character:

NattyBumppo---innocent,simple,honestandgenerous,forfreedom,againstcivilization,wildernessisgoodJudgeTemple---just,reasonable,forcivilizationandlaw

③Writingstyle:intriguingplotmajesticlandscapedescriptionsrichimaginationwoodencharacterization

notauthenticdialectNewEnglandTranscendentalism---theculminationofAmericanRomanticism

BeginningoftheTranscendentalism---1836,Nature,Emerson(1830s–theCivilWar)

Features：a:emphasizingonspiritortheOver-soul；b:stressingtheimportanceoftheindividual；c:offeringafreshperceptionofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.RalphWaldoEmerson：ThefounderoftheTranscendentalistclubandtheeditorforatimeofthejournaltheDial

Works:Nature---“theManifestoofAmericanTranscendentalism”“theBibleofNewEngland”:ThePoet(fromNature)TheAmericanScholar---“IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence”HenryDavidThoreau

Masterpiece:Walden(Failurefirst,successinthe20thcentury)

Content---afaithfulrecordofhisreflectionincommunicatingwithnatureNathanielHawthorne

“TheScarletLetter”

Plot(P74)Theme:---(generaltheme)evilandsinexistinhumanheartandwillbepunishedoneday

moral,emotionalandpsychologicaleffectofthesinonthepeopleingeneral---(specifictheme)ahymnonthemoralgrowthofthewomanHesterwhensinnedagainst

symbolism象征主义:“A”—Adultery—able—angel

“pearl”—treasureHermanMelville

works:MobyDick(1851)---littleresponse,famousuntilthe20thcentury

Content:---(generalcontent)anencyclopediaofeverything---(specificcontent)atragedyofmanfightingagainstoverwhelmingpowerinanindifferentevenhostileworldEdgarAllanPoe

Theme:ThedeathofbeautySenseofloss

Works:Poem---“TheRaven”“ToHelen”“AnnabelLee”Writingstyle:MusicalRepetitionofwordsParalleledstructureMelancholyatmosphere(tone)④背景:MississippiRiverNaturalism(是现实主义的高级阶段)Time:attheendofthe19thcenturySubjectofnaturalist:detaileddescriptionoflivesofthelowandtheabnormal,frankdescriptionofhumanpassionandsexuality,andportrayalofmenoverwhelmedbynatureThemeofnaturalists:pessimistic,deterministic自然主义的起源：EmileZola“surroundingandheredity遗传candecideone’sdestiny”写作手法：ironic讽刺,lesssympathy,moreseriousthanrealism,deterministic决定论StephenCrane

①Works:(novels)Maggie:AGirloftheStreets(1893)andTheRedBadgeofCourage(1895)(shortstories)“TheOpenBoat”

②Writingstyle:psychologicaldescription,visualbeautywithsymbolsFrankNorris

①works:(Novel)McTeague麦克提格(1899)首部全面展示自然主义的作品theOctopus章鱼(bestwork)(1901)railwayWritingstyle:richmaterialfreshimagerypoeticmodeoffictionpreciseandexactword(Essayofliterarycriticism)TheResponsibilitiesoftheNovelists(1903)O.Henry(aprolificAmericanshort-storywriter)多产短篇小说家Realname:WilliamPorterTheGiftoftheMagiWritingstyle:short,interestingandcleverplot,good-naturedhumor,surprisingend,keenobservationofdetails,slangandcolloquialexpressionsTheodoreDreiser西奥多·德莱塞

works:SisterCarrie(1990)《嘉丽妹妹》JennieGerhardt(1911)《珍妮姑娘》（姐妹篇）TheFinancier(1912)《金融家》“TrilogyofDesire”(欲望三部曲)TheTitan(1914)《巨头》TheStoic(1947)《斯多葛》

The"Genius"(1915)《天才》--autobiographicalnovel

AnAmericanTragedy--greatestandmostsuccessfulPoliticalcommentarysetJackLondon

Works:---ReflectionofhisInvolvementinthesocialistmovement:TheIronHeel,ThePeopleoftheAbyss---ReflectionofhisbeliefinDarwinism:TheCalloftheWild(1903)适者生存,TheSeaWolf(1904)---Reflectionoftheconflictingview:autobiographicalnovelMartinEden(1909)ModernismTwoliteraryperiods1920s---TheFirstWorldWar(adecadeofgreatjoyandhappenings)1930s---TheGreatDepressionEzraPound---thefounderofImagistmovement(深受中国文化的影响)

works:translationsofLipo’spoems“TheRiver-Merchant’sWife”翻译李白的《长干行》

InaStationoftheMetroTheapparitionofthesefacesinthecrowd;Petalsonawet,blackbough.—EzraPoundT.S.Eliot

PoemsTheWasteLand(1922)---spiritualcrisisofpostwarEurope,likeamanifestoofthe“Lostgeneration”TheLoveSongofJ.AlfredPrufrock(1917)---apoemwithanotablemodernemotionalcolor，意识流，现代主义情感色彩WallaceStevens

Basictheme:interrelationshipbetweenrealityandart,powerofimaginationWorks:“AnecdoteoftheJar”古坛轶事WilliamCarlosWilliams

Works:Famouspoem:Paterson帕特森(1946–58).Subject:everydaycircumstancesoflifeandthelivesofcommonpeople.Writingstyle:unusualmetersandstyles,easyandenjoyabletoreadCarlSandburg---OneofThegreatestpoetsinthe“ChicagoRenaissance”---ChicagoPoemsRobertFrost

Subject:thepeopleandlandscapeofNewEngland.(Misconceptionofhimasalyricpoetorasanauthenticpainteroflocallandscape)Theme:(universalandabstract)thecomplexityofhumanexistenceWorks:poemcollection：ABoy’sWill(1913),NorthofBoston(1914)NewHamphshire(1923),CollectedPoems(1930),AFurtherRange(1936),AWitnessTree(1942)Somefamouspoems:“AfterApplePicking”“MendingWall”“StoppingByWoodsOnASnowyEvening”“TheRoadnotTaken”“Design”“TheWood-Pile”Writingstyle:---formtoretaintraditionalformsofpoetry---themedeceptivelysimple(trivialsubjects)---languagelucid,easy,fluentWilliamFaulkner:oneofthetwentiethcentury’sgreatestwriters---oneofthesouthernwriters(fictionalYoknapatawphaCounty)---theNobelPrize-winningnovelist(1949)---afamousshortstorywriterWorks:19novels,3volumesofshortstoriespoemcollection:TheMarbleFaun,1924)Novel:TheSoundandtheFury,1929喧哗与躁动AsILayDying,1930LightinAugust,1932Absalom,Absalom!,1936GoDown,Moses,1942shortstory:“ARoseForEmily”Theme:generalhumansituationWritingstyle:difficultandexperimentalVividcharacterization(characterwithgreatindependence)MultiplenarratorsStory-novel(emphasisonnarrative)Modernstreamofconsciousness(fragmentaryandobscure)AvarietyofEnglishF.ScottFitzgerald

work:TheGreatGatsby(1925)

Themes:Thedecline