武汉大学研究生英语期末试题(含答案及评分)

PAGEPAGE4PaperA4/15EnglishExaminationforGraduates(PaperA)(January18ListeningComprehension(20%)Directions:Inthispart,youaregoingtolistentofourpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassagesandthequestionswillbereadonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ThenmarkyouranswerontheAnswerSheet.Questions1to5arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Becausetheydon’tknowthecustom.

B.Becausetheyemphasizeequalityofthesexes.

C.Becauseit’scustomaryforladiestopushchairsformenatadinnertableinAmerica.

D.Becauseusuallythehostorhostesspushesthechairsforwomenatadinnertable.A.AmericansholdtheknifeintherighthandandtheforkintheleftwhileEuropeansdotheopposite.

B.AmericansusebothhandswhileEuropeansuseonlyonehandwheneating.

C.EuropeansholdtheknifeintherighthandandtheforkintheleftwhileAmericansdotheopposite.

D.EuropeanskeeptheknifeintherighthandandtheforkintheleftwhileAmericansusejustonehandandkeeptheotheroneontheirlap.A.EuropeansaremoreapttodrinkcoffeeafterthemealwhileAmericansbetweenbites.

B.AmericansaremoreapttodrinkcoffeeafterthemealwhileEuropeansbetweenbites.

C.AmericansdrinkcoffeebeforethemealwhileEuropeansafterthemeal.

D.EuropeansdrinkcoffeebeforethemealwhileAmericansafterthemeal.A.Leavingaspooninasoupbowloracoffeecup.

B.Leavingaspooninanydish.

C.Puttingacoffeespoononthesaucerorasoupspoonontheservicetable.

D.Puttingallthespoonsonthetablecloth.A.Aslongasyoulike.B.Twoorthreehours.

C.Aslongasthehostandhostessask.D.Lessthanonehour.Questions6to10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Indifferent.B.Positive.C.Negative.D.Neutral.A.Discipline,discovery,mutuality,locality,potentiality,enhancement.

B.Discipline,discovery,mutuality,locality,historicity,enhancement.

C.Discovery,mutuality,locality,historicity,potentiality,enhancement.

D.Sustainability,discovery,mutuality,locality,potentiality,enhancement.A.Itbelievesthatthecommunityisonlyasociallyconstructedexperience.

B.Itbelievesthatthecommunityisonlyanecologicallygroundedplace.

C.Itdeniesconflictsamongstakeholdergroups.

D.Itisacommunitytourismplanningapproachunitingthethemesofsocialdevelopmentandecologicalsustainability.A.Becauseitnotonlygenerateshospitalitythathelpsmakeacommunityadesirabledestination,butalsohelpssharescarceresources.

B.Becauseithelpsmitigateconflictsarisingoverresourcedistributionanduse.

C.Becauseitrespectsindividualperspectives.

D.Becauseitprovidescapitaltotourismcommunity.A.SustainableTourism.B.TravelEcology.

C.SustainableTourismModels.D.CommunityTourismModels.Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Becausetheydon’tknowtherelationshipbetweentobaccoanddisease.

B.Becausetheyhaveastronginclinationtosmoke.

C.Becausetheyhavebeenforbiddentosmokebythegovernments.

D.Becausetherewerenoinstitutionswhichpersuadethemnottosmoke.A.Becausetheyareunusuallysubjecttocigaretteadvertising.

B.Becausetobaccotaxestakeupalargepartoftheirrevenue.

C.Becausetheydon’tthinktobaccocandoharmtopeople’smind.

D.Becausetheyareinnocentofthelinkbetweentobaccoanddisease.A.Cigaretteadvertisingonlyappealstotheyoungmen.

B.Cigaretteadvertisingappealstoadults.

C.Cigaretteadvertisingisattractivetopeoplewhoalreadysmoke.

D.Cigaretteadvertisingalsoappealstokids.A.Becausetheyregardsmokingasasymbolofsexualabilityandevensuccess.

B.Becausetheyareaddictedtonicotine.

C.Becausetheywanttogetmoretobaccotaxes.

D.Becausetheyregardsmokingasakindofsports.A.Smokingandtobaccotaxes.B.Smokingindevelopingcountries.

C.Smokingandcigaretteadvertising.D.Tobaccoindustry.Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Puttingaroofonabarn.B.Harvestingwaterreeds

C.UsingstoneasabuildingmaterialD.DailyfarmoperationsA.Claytiles.B.Slateorstone.

C.Woodenshingles.D.Reedsorstraw.A.Latercolonistsdidnotknowhowtothatch.

B.Thatchingwasconsidereddangerous.

C.Otherroofingmaterialswereavailable.

D.Thatchingwasunsuitablefortheclimate.A.It’smanufacturedtobestrong.B.Itbendswithoutbreaking.

C.Thatchersnailitdownsecurely.D.Thewindscanpassthroughiteasily.A.Ifpeoplehadmoretimetolearnhowtodoit.

B.Ifitscostwentdown.

C.Ifitcouldmakebuildingsmoreattractive.

D.Ifpeoplerealizeditsmanyadvantages.theirownculturethatareaffectingtheshapethefuturemaytake,andamultitudeofextrapolations(prediction)regardingtheresultsofpresenttrends.Thereisoneparticulartypeofstorythatcanbeespeciallyvaluableasastimulustodiscussionoftheseissuesbothincoursesonthefutureandinsocialsciencecoursesingeneralthestorywhichpresentswell-worked-out,detailedsocietiesthatdiffersignificantlyfromthesocietyofthereader.Infact,whateverthereliabilityofitspredictions,SFisactuallyamoreimportantvehicleforspeculativevisionsaboutmacroscopicsocialchange.Atthislevel,itishardtodealwithanyprecisionastowhengeneralvaluechangesorevolvingsocialinstitutionsmightappear,butitismostimportanttothinkaboutthekindsofsocietiesthatcouldresultfromtheriseofnewformsofinteraction,evenifonecannotpredictexactlywhentheymightoccur.Inperformingthis“whatif…”function,SFcanactasasociallaboratoryasauthorsruminateupon(thinkabout)theformssocialrelationshipscouldtakeifkeyvariablesintheirownsocietiesweredifferent,anduponwhatnewbeliefsystemsormythologiescouldariseinthefuturetoprovidethebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivities.Ifitistruethatmorepeoplefinditdifficulttoconceiveofthewaysinwhichtheirsociety,orhumannatureitself,couldundergofundamentalchanges,thenSFofthistypemayprovokeone’simaginationtoconsiderthediversityofpathspotentiallyopentosociety.Moreover,ifSFisthelaboratoryoftheimagination,itsexperimentsareoftenofthekindthatmaysignificantlyalterthesubjectmatterevenastheyarebeingcarriedout.Thatis,SFhasalwayshadacertaincyberneticeffectonsociety,asitsvisionsemotionallyengagethefuture-consciousnessofthemasspublicregardingespeciallydesirableandundesirablepossibilities.Theshapeasocietytakesinthepresentisinpartinfluencedbyitsimageofthefuture;inthiswayparticularlypowerfulSFimagesmaybecomeself-fulfillingorself-avoidingpropheciesforsociety.Forthatmatter,someindividualsinrecentyearshaveevenshapedtheirownlife-stylesafterappealingmodelsprovidedbySFstories.Thereincarnation(reappearance)anddiffusionofSFfuturisticimagesofalternativesocietiesthroughthemediaofmoviesandtelevisionmayhavespeededupanaugmentedSF’ssocialfeedbackeffects.ThusSFisnotonlychangespeculatorbutchangeagent,sendinganechoformthefuturethatisbecomingintothepresentthatissculptingit.Thisfactalonemakesimperativeinanyeducationsystemthestudyofthekindsofworksdiscussedinthissection.ItmustbenotedthatthisperspectiveofSFhasbeenquestionedbysomecritics.Itisoftenpointedoutthat,howeveringenioustheymaybeaboutfuturetechnologies,manySFwritersexhibitanimpactconservativebiasintheirstories,insofarassocialprojections(newideas)areeitherignoredorbasedonvariationsofthepresentstatusquoorofhistoricalsocialsystemsreshuffledwhole-clothintothefuture.RobertBlochhasconvenientlysummarizedthekindoffuturesocietypresentedbytheaverageSFwriterasconsistingofatotalitarianstateinwhichpsychochemicaltechniques(theuseofmind-alteringdrugs)keepthepopulacequiet;anundergroundwhichthelarger-than-lifeherocanjoin;andscientistswhogladlyturnovertheirdiscoveriestothoseinpower.Suchtalescovertlyassumethathumannatureasweknowitwillremainstableandthattwentieth-centuryAnglo-Americancultureandmoralvalues,especiallytraditionaleconomicincentives,willcontinuetodominatetheworld.MostSFauthorshavefounditashardasmostothermortalstoextrapolate(guess)socialmoresdifferentfromthoseoperatingwithintheirownmilieu(environment),sothat,ithasbeencharged,farfrompreparingthereaderforfutureshock,SFisaliteraturethatcomfortablyandsmuglyreassureshimthatthefuturewillnotberadicallydifferentfromthepresent.ThereismuchtruthtothisanalysisofSF.Itisnoteasytoexplainwhysomanystoriesseemtotakeastheirfuturesocialsettingsnothingmoreambiguousthanthecurrentstatusquooritstotallyevilvariant.PartoftheanswermaybethatmanyauthorsofcommercialSFwritingreceivedtheirprofessionaltraininginscienceandengineeringpriortoWorldWarIIandwerethereforenotequippedorinclinedtodevisesophisticatedsocialbackgroundsintheirplots.Bethatasitmay,thesituationhaschangeddramaticallyinrecentdecades.Thereareanincreasingnumberofstorieswhichexplicitlyassumethatfuturesocialpatternsoffamily,government,religion,andthelikeneednotbeexactlythesameasthoseofthepresentandthattheforceswhichmotivatemenmayalsobesubjecttochange.Itisfromsuchstories,andtheirpredecessorsinclassicalSF,thatonemaystudyexamplesoftheimpactofSFontheindividualandcollectiveimagination.46.Sciencefictionshowsushappeninthefuture.A.whatmayB.whatmustc.whenchangeswillD.whatwewishto47.Sciencefictionplaysanimportantrolein.A.formingsocialvalueandinstitutionsB.providingthebasicrationalizationsforhumanactivitiesC.predictingthefuturesocietyD.providingthepossiblevisionofsocialchangeinmacro-scope48.Aself-fulfillingprophecyisonethat.A.predictssomethingunpleasantB.predictssomethingpleasantC.helpspredictiontocometrueD.doesnotcometrue49.Sciencefictionimageswillsurely.A.influencetheimagesofthepresentsocietypartiallyB.influencetheimagesofthepresentsocietynegativelyC.influencetheimagesofthepresentsocietypositivelyD.influencetheimagesofthepresentsocietyimperatively50.Theauthor’sopinionappearstobethatSF.A.haslittletooffersocietyB.canhelptoshapethewaywebehaveinthepresentsocietyC.isalwaysconservativeD.isunabletopreparethereaderforfutureshock51.TheinabilityofsomeSFwriterstoimaginealternativeformsofsocietywasduetotheirprofessionaltraining.A.possiblyB.definitelyC.occasionallyD.knowntobe52.TheauthorthinksthecriticismthatSFwritersusuallyshowaconservativebiasis.A.justB.unjustC.becominglesstruethanitwasD.onlytrueofclassicalSF53.Insomecritics’eyes,classicalsciencefictionisaliterature.A.thatdisplaystheradicallydifferentsocialimagesinthefutureB.thatrevealswhatsciencefictionwriterssincerelybelievedC.thatdoesnotshowtotallyimaginaryimagesofthefuturesocietyD.thatinformsreadersofthefuturesociety54.Theauthor’smainaimwouldseemtobetoshowhowusefulSFcanbeto.A.politiciansB.scientistsC.cyberneticistsD.students55.Theoveralltoneofthepieceisbestdescribedas.A.ironicB.humorousC.indignantD.informativePassage21Manyyearsagotryingtohelppeoplewitheverykindoftroubleleftmewithonesureconviction:Incaseaftercasethedifficultycouldhavebeenovercomeormightneverhavearisenifthepeopleinvolvedhadjusttreatedoneanotherwithcommoncourtesy.2Courtesy,politeness,goodmannerscallitwhatyouwill,thesupplyneverseemstoequalthedemand.“It’snotsomuchwhatmyhusbandsays,”atearfulwifeconfides,“asthewayhesaysit.Whydoeshehavetoyellatme?”“Ihatemyboss,”agrim-facedofficeworkermutters.“Henevershowsappreciationforanything.”“Allwegetfromourteenagers,”aharassedparentsays,“isasullensurliness.”3Suchcomplaintsarenotlimitedtopeoplewhositinmystudy.Humanbeingseverywherehungerforcourtesy.“Goodmanners,”saidRalphWaldoEmerson,“arethehappywayofdoingthings.”Andthereverseisequallytrue.Badmannerscanruinadayorwreckafriendship.4Whatarethebasicingredientsofgoodmanners?Certainlyastrongsenseofjusticeisone;courtesyisoftennothingmorethanahighlydevelopedsenseoffairplay.Afriendoncetoldmeofdrivingalongaone-lane,unpavedmountainroad.Aheadwasanothercarthatproducedcloudsofchokingdust,anditwasalongwaytothenearestpavedhighway.Suddenly,atawiderplace,thecaraheadpulledofftheroad.Thinkingthatitsownermighthaveenginetrouble,myfriendstoppedandaskedifanythingwaswrong.“No,”saidtheotherdriver.“Butyou’veenduredmydustthisfar;I’llputupwithyourstherestoftheway.”Therewasamanwithmanners,andaninnatesenseoffairplay.5Anotheringredientofcourtesyisempathy,aqualitythatenablesapersontoseeintothemindorheartofsomeoneelse,tounderstandthepainorunhappinessthereandtodosomethingtominimizeit.RecentlyinabookaboutafamousrestaurantchainIcameacrosssuchanepisode.6Amandiningalonewastryingtounscrewthecapofabottleofcatsupbuthisfingersweresobadlycrippledbyarthritisthathecouldn’tdoit.Heaskedayoungbusboytohelphim.Theboytookthebottle,turnedhisbackmomentarilyandloosenedthecapwithoutdifficulty.Thenhetighteneditagain.Turningbacktotheman,hefeignedagreatefforttoopenthebottlewithoutsuccess.Finallyhetookitintothekitchenandreturnedshortly,sayingthathehadmanagedtoloosenitbutonlywithapairofpliers.Whatimpelledtheboytotakesomuchtroubletosparethefeelingsofastranger?C7Yetanothercomponentofpolitenessisthecapacitytotreatallpeoplealike,regardlessofallstatusorimportance.Evenwhenyouhavedoubtsaboutsomepeople,actasiftheyareworthyofyourbestmanners.Youmayalsobeastonishedtofindoutthattheyreallyare.8Itrulybelievethatanyonecanimprovehisorhermannersbydoing3things.First,bypracticingcourtesy.Allskillsrequireconstantrepetitiontobecomesecondnature;goodmannersarenoexception.9Onesimplewayistoconcentrateonyourperformanceinaspecificareaforaboutaweek.Telephonemanners,forexample.Howoftendoyoutalktoolong,speakabruptly,andfailtoidentifyyourself,keeppeoplewaiting,displayimpatiencewiththeoperatororfailtoreturnacall?10Onedifficultbutessentialthingtorememberistorefusetoletotherpeople’sbadmannersgoadyouintoretaliatinginkind.Irecallastorytoldbyayoungmanwhowasinacarwithhisfatheronenightwhenadriverinanoncomingvehiclefailedtodimhislights.“Givehimthebrights,Dad!”theyoungmanurgedinexasperation.“Son,”repliedthefather,“thatdriveriscertainlydiscourteousandprobablystupid.ButifIgivehimthebrightshe’llbediscourteous,stupidandblindandthat’sacombinationIdon’twanttotanglewith!”11Thesecondrequirementforimprovingyourmannersistothinkinacourteousway.Inthelongrun,thekindofpersonyouareistheresultofwhatyou’vebeenthinkingoverthepast20or30years.Ifyourthoughtsarepredominantlyself-directed,adiscourteouspersoniswhatyouwillbe.Ifontheotherhandyoutrainyourselftobeconsiderateofothers,ifyoucanacquirethehabitofidentifyingwiththeirproblemsandhopesandfears,goodmannerswillfollowalmostautomatically.12Nowhereisthinkingcourtesymoreimportantthaninmarriage.Intheintimacyofthehomeitiseasytodisplacedisappointmentorfrustrationorangerontothenearestperson,andthatpersonisoftenahusbandorwife.13“Whenyoufeelyourangergettingoutofcontrol,”Ihaveoftensaidtomarriedcouples,“forceyourselfforthenexttenminutestotreatyourmarriedpartnerasifheorshewereaguestinyourhome,”Iknewthatiftheycouldimposejust10minutesofgoodmannersonthemselves,theworstofthestormwouldblowover.14Finally,tohavegoodmannersyoumustbeabletoacceptcourtesy,receiveitgladly,rejoicewhenitcomesyourway.Strangely,somepeoplearesuspiciousofgracioustreatment.Theysuspecttheotherpersonofhavingsomeulteriormotive.15Butsomeofthemostpreciousgiftsinlifecomewithnostringsattached.Youcan’tachieveabeautifuldaythroughanyeffortonyourpart.Youcan’tbuyasunsetoreventhescentofarose.Thosearetheworld’scourtesiestous,offeredwithloveandnothoughtofrewardorreturn.Goodmannersare,orshouldbe,likethat.16Intheend,itallcomesdowntohowyouregardpeoplenotjustpeopleingeneral,butindividuals.Lifeisfullofminorirritationsandtrialsandinjustices.Theonlyconstant,daily,effectivesolutionispolitenesswhichisthegoldenruleinaction.IthinkthatifIwereallowedtoaddone(1048words)InPara.1,theunderlinedpart“onesureconviction”istheclosestinmeaningto______.aconvincedbeliefB.anassuredthoughtadefiniteevidenceD.adeepidolaCourtesyisimportanttohumanrelationshipsforthereasonthat_________.itcanhelppeopleavoidtroublesitcaneliminatecomplaintspeopleneedtobetreatedpolitelyitissoscarceInthefirstsentenceofPara.10,thereisaword“retaliating”.Whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkissimilartoit?guidingB.imitatingC.stimulatingD.revengingIntheauthor’sopinion,courtesyisamatterof__________.howyoucontrolyourselfB.howyoulookatotherpeopleC.howyoucompromiseD.howyoucommunicatewithothersWhichofthefollowingstatementsisnotmentionedinthepassage?Goodmannersarethegoldenruleininterpersonalrelationships.Peopleareofteneasytogetoutofcontrolinfrontoftheirintimatepersons.Peoplecanbedirectedbytheirthoughtsaboutwhatkindofpersonstheywillbe.Badmannersaccountforpartofthedifficultyofinterpersonalrelationships.Courtesyisespeciallyimportantinmarriage,because___________.theintimacyoffamilylifemakespeopleforgetmannerspeopletendtoberudetotheirhusbandorwifehusbandandwifearedisappointedwitheachotherathomepeoplehavemoredifficultiesInparagraph14,theunderlinedpart“rejoicewhenitcomesyourway”means________.takeitforgrantedwhenyoumeetitbehavehappilywhenithappenstoyouenjoyitwhenitstandsonyourwayrefuseitinyourdeepheartwhenyoucomeacrossitWhichofthefollowingisnottrueofcourtesy?Courtesyisofferedwithoutexpectingreturn.Courtesyisthehappywayofdoingthings.Courtesyisaninnatequalityratherthanalearntskill.Courtesyshouldbeappliedtoeveryindividual.Inparagraph.15,whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“withnostringsattached”?withoutextracostwithoutconcernorconsciousnesswithoutadditionalthoughtsaboutreturnorrewardwithoutmotivesandexpectations.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedasthebasicingredientsofgoodmanners?Thecapacitytotreatallpeoplealike.Thequalitytounderstandthepainorunhappinessofothers.Astrongsenseoffairplay.Afeelingofcompassionandself-control.IV.Translation(15%)PartADirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.(7%)1.中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。(2分)2.有一项调查发现，不吸烟的妇女，如果在吸烟的家庭环境中生活40年或更长的时间，那么就有加倍患肺癌的危险。（2分）3.在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起到所希望的作用，必须接受必要的教育。随着科学的进步，中小学开设了越来越多的课程。与过去相比，现代教育更重视实用性。(3分)PartBDirections:TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese(8%)4.Stereotypesarestumblingblocksforcommunicatorsbecausetheyinterferewithobjectiveviewingofstimuli—thesensitivesearchforcuestoguidetheimaginationtowardtheotherpersons’reality.（2分）5.Wheneconomistsfirstbegantomeasurethesourcesofeconomicgrowth,whatpreviouslyhadbeenconsideredanunexplainedresidualbecameidentifiedashumancapital.Humancapital—theskillofthepopulation—playsamajorroleinexplainingdifferencesinproductivityandinequalityamongnations.（3分）6.Thesynergiesbetweenthegoalsofgenderequity,povertyalleviationandenvironmentalsustainabilityareexploredbelowintermsofaddressingpovertyamongwomen—includingenergyandwaterpoverty,health,climatechange,naturaldisastersandcreatingsustainablelivelihoodsbyempoweringwomenintherealmsofagriculture,forestandbiodiversitymanagement.（3分）V.Writing(20%)Directions:Forthispart,youaretowriteasummaryofeitherofthetwoarticlesthatarepresentedtoyouinthefollowing.Yoursummaryshouldbeabout200words.Remembertowriteneatly.Passage1ScienceandHumanityThetwentiethcenturysawmoremomentouschangethananypreviouscentury:changeforbetter,changeforworse;changethatbroughtenormousbenefitstohumanbeings,changethatthreatenstheveryexistenceofthehumanspecies.Manyfactorscontributedtothischangebut—inmyopinion—themostimportantfactorwastheprogressinscience.Academicresearchinthephysicalandbiologicalscienceshasvastlybroadenedourhorizons;ithasgivenusadeepinsightintothestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse;ithasbroughtbetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousevolution.Technology—theapplicationofscience—hasmadefantasticadvancesthathaveaffectedusbeneficiallyinnearlyeveryaspectoflife:betterhealth,morewealth,lessdrudgery(单调沉闷的工作),greateraccesstoinformation.Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedtothedetriment(损害)ofmankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandmanufactureofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealthreattothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons.Althoughtheiractualuseincombathassofaroccurredonlyin1945—whentwoJapanesecitiesweredestroyed—duringthefourdecadesoftheColdWar,obscenelyhugearsenals(武器库)ofnuclearweaponswereaccumulatedandmadereadyforuse.Thearsenalsweresolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeendetonated(爆炸)theresultcouldhavebeenthecompleteextinctionofthehumanspecies,aswellasofmanyanimalspecies.WilliamShakespearesaid:"Thewebofourlifeisofamingled(混合的)yarn,goodandilltogether."Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonestrandofhumanactivities—science—seemstobearoutthisadage(格言).Butdoesithavetobeso?Mustillalwaysaccompanygooddeeds?Arewebiologicallyprogrammedforaggressionandwar?Iamnotanauthorityingenetics,butfrommyreadingsandlife-longobservationIdonotseeanyevidencethatwearegeneticallycondemnedtocommitevil.Onthecontrary,onverygeneralgroundsIwouldsaythatgeneticallywearedestinedtodothingsthatareofbenefittothehumanspecies,andthatthenegativeaspectsaremistakes,transienterrorsintheprocessofevolution.Inotherwords,IbelieveintheinherentgoodnessofMan.Wearethusfacedwithadaunting(威吓，使胆怯)dilemma.Asaprocessofnaturalevolution,scienceshouldbeallowedtodevelopfreely,withoutrestrictions.Butcanweaffordtheluxuryofuninhibitedresearchinthenaturalsciences,withitsawesome(可怕的)potentialoftotaldestruction,inaworldinwhichwarisstillarecognizedsocialinstitution?Thepreservationofthehumanspeciesanditscontinuingenhancementdemandthatwelearntolivewithoneanotherinpeaceandharmony.Butthislearningprocesshasbeenslowandarduous(费力的),andisnotyetcomplete.Duetotheharshconditionsunderwhichprimitivemanlived,heoftenhadtofightwithotherhumanbeingsforsurvival.Individualkillingand,later,collectivekilling—war—thusbegantobeseenasanaturalphenomenon.Wearestillnotorganizedforawar-freeworld.Butinthemeantime,thehumanspeciesmaybebroughttoanendbytheuseofthetoolsofdestruction,themselvestheproductofscienceandtechnology.Inmyopinion,theproblemhastoalargeextentarisenfromtheunevenrateofadvanceinthedifferentareasofhumanactivities,inparticular,betweentheprogressinthenaturalsciences—whichincludethephysicalandbiologicaldisciplines,andthevarioussocialsciences—economics,sociology,politics(withpsychologyperhapsattheinterfacebetweenthetwomajorgroups).Undoubtedly,therehasbeenmuchfasterprogressinthenaturalsciencesthaninthesocialones.Whyhavethenaturalsciences,especiallythephysicalsciences,advancedsomuchfasterthanthesocialsciences?Itisnotbecausephysicistsarewiserorclevererthan,say,economists.Theexplanationissimplythatphysicsiseasiertomasterthaneconomics.Althoughthematerialworldisahighlycomplexsystem,forpracticalpurposesitcanbedescribedbyafewgenerallaws.Thelawsofphysicsareimmutable(不可改变的).Theyapplyeverywhere,onthisplanetaswellaseverywhereelseintheuniverse,andarenotaffectedbyhumanreactionsandemotions,asthesocialsciencesare.Howcanwetacklethisunevennessintherateofprogressofdifferentareasofscience?Twowayscometomind:one,byacceleratingtherateofprogressinthesocialsciences;two,byslowingdowntherateofadvancementofthenaturalsciencesinsomeareas,forexample,bytheimpositionofethicalcodesofconduct.Clearly,theformerisbyfarthepreferableway.Whatwewouldliketoseeisfasterprogressinthesocialsciences,leadingtotheestablishmentofasocialsystemwhichwouldmakewarnotonlyunnecessarybutunthinkable;asysteminwhichtheexistenceofold,ortheinventionofnew,weaponsofmassdestruction,wouldnotmatter,becausenobodywoulddreamofusingthem;asysteminwhichpeoplewillbeabletosay