语法环雅8虚拟语气

虚拟语气概念：谓语v用不同的形式表示说话人的不同意图，这种形式称为语气。语气分三种：陈述语气：用来陈述一个事实，或提出一种看法，有肯定、否定、疑问、感叹等形式。He

is

late

for

class. What

fun!He

is

not

interested

in

classical

music.祈使语气：用来表示请求、邀请、命令、警告或劝告等（动词常用原形）Don’t

be

late！虚拟语气：表示说话人所说的不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。定义

虚拟语气是指所说的话只是一种与事实相反的主观愿望、假想或建议等。虚拟语气可用于条件状语从句、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及其他结构中。虚拟语气在形式上大致分为三类：虚拟语气用法一、在if

非真实条件句中的用法二、在名词性从句中的用法三、wish/if

only用法四、其他用法一、虚拟语气在if非真实条件句中虚拟条件从句(If)主句与现在事实相反的假设主语+did/were主语+should/would/could/might

+do与过去事实相反的假设主语+had

done主语+should/would/could

/

might

+have

done与将来事实相反的假设主语+1.didshould

dowere

to

do主语+should/would/could/might

+doe.g.

If

I

knew

the

fact

now,

I

would

tellyou.假如我现在知道真相，我就告诉你了。If

the

art

dealer

had

had

themoney,

hewould

have

bought

the

painting.假如那位画家有那么一笔钱，他就买那副画。If

you

were

to

see

Jane,

what

would

you

tellher?假如你要去看珍妮，你会告诉她什么？1.如果我是你，我会接受他的建议。If

I

were

you,

I

would

accept

his

advice.2.如果明天下雨，我会待在家里。If

it

rained/should

rain/were

to

rain

tomorrow,

I

would

stay

athome.3.如果你以前好好学习，你会通过考试的。If

you

had

studied

hard

before,

you

would

have

passed

theexam.Youdidn’tletmedrive.Ifwe

inturn,you

so

tired.drove;

didn’t

getdrove;

wouldn’t

getwere

driving;

wouldn’t

gethad

driven;

wouldn’t

havegot注意：1.错综时间虚拟语气当从句主句所表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调

整。If

you

had

followed

(follow)my

advice

just

now,you

would

be

(be)better

now.If

you

had

studied

(study)hard

before,

youwould

be(be)a

college

student

now.B.Ifyou

withGeorgeearlier,you

soangrynow.A.

talked;

would

notbehad

talked;

would

not

beC.

wouldtalk;

wouldnotbeD.

had

talked;

would

not

have

beenIf

we

had

taken

such

effective

measuresmuchearlier,theriver

soseriouslynow.is

not

pollutedwould

not

bepollutedhad

not

beenpollutedwould

not

have

been

polluted2.省略if的虚拟条件句的用法在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词，可将if

省略，把were,had,should

移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。否定词not不能放在前面。’t

I

seenhim

then),

I

wouldn'tHad

I

not

seen

himthen(Hadnhave

been

very

happy.If

I

were

you,

I

would

accept

his

advice.Were

I

you,……If

it

rained/should

rain/were

to

rain

tomorrow,

I

would

stay

athome.Should

it

rained

tomorrow/

Were

it

to

rain

tomorrow,If

you

had

studied

hard

before,

you

would

have

passed

the

exam.Had

you

studied

hard

before,……•Were

I

you,

I

would

try

it

again.(=If

I

were

you,

I

would

try

it

again.)

Had

I

known

it

earlier,

I

wouldn’t

have

lent

himthe

money.(=IfI

had

known

it

earlier,

I

wouldn’t

havelent

him

the

money.)3.含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句（有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其他的方式表示。常用的词或短语有：without,but

for,butthat,otherwise,

or

but等。①有时虚拟语气可用介词短语引导。e.g.

But

for

electricity

(If

there

were

no

electricity),

there

wouldbe

no

modern

industry.In

the

absence

of

the

keeper,

the

house

would

have

beenburned

down.Under

such

circumstances

I

would

probably

have

done

thesame.在这样的情况下，我也可能做出同样的事情。Without

your

help

(If

we

had

not

had

your

help),

we

could

nothave

succeeded.②有时虚拟语气可以由otherwise和but来引导。（注意

otherwise暗含的虚拟条件句中，前一部分是陈述语气，后一部分是虚拟语气。but暗含的虚拟条件句中，前一部分是虚拟语气，后一部分是陈述语气。另外or也可以用来引导虚拟语气，前一部分是陈述语气，后一部分是虚拟语气。）e.g.

I

ran

all

the

way

to

school,otherwise

I

would

have

been

late.我一路跑到学校，不然就迟到了。He

felt

very

tired

yesterday,or

he

would

have

helped

you.他昨天很累，不然他会帮助你们的。③but

that也可用来引导虚拟语气。(but

that『要不是』引导的虚拟语气结构，从句部分是陈述语气，主句部分是虚拟语气)e.g.

But

that

he

was

short

of

money

at

the

time,

hewouldhavecometohelpus.要不是他当时缺钱，他也许就来帮助我们了。④暗含虚拟条件的简单句的虚拟语气。（在某些暗含虚拟条件的简单句中，虚拟语气通过上下文表现出来。谓语动词用should/would

be型和should/wouldhave

been型虚拟形式）e.g.

Any

man

in

his

position

would

have

done

likethat.任何人处在他的位置都会那么做的。⑤虚拟语气也常用于“If

it

were

(had

been)not

for…”句型中，意思是“要不是……”。e.g.

If

it

were

not

for

peace,

we

could

not

be

livingahappylifetoday.要不是有了和平，我们今天就不可能过上幸福的生活。n DwoWithoutelectricity,humanbeinglife

quite

different

today.A.

is B.willbe C

would

have

bee uldbeHe

hesitated

for

a

moment

before

kicking

the

ball,

otherwise

he

agoal.A.had

scored B

scored C

wouldscore D

wouldhave

scoredWhy

didn’t

you

buy

it?I

butIdidn’thavethemoney.A.

would B.

wouldhave C.

had

had

D.

had

boughtButforhishelp,I

.A.

should

not

have

succeeded B

have

not

succeededC did

not

succeed

D had

not

succeeded二、名词性从句中的虚拟语气在名词性从句中，是否用虚拟语气主要取决于有关的一些词。这些词用来表示命令、建议、要求、愿望等。其形式为：“（should）+动词原形”。用于主语从句主语从句的谓语动词要用should

加动词原形或只用动词原形（should

可省略）。should在此为助动词，本身并无实义。这种主语从句由连词that引导。句型:It

is

suggested

/ordered

/proposal

/

required/

demanded/requested/insisted/important/

necessary/natural/

strange/a

pity/

a

shame/

no

wonder +

that

+

(should)

doe.g.

It

is

suggested

that

we

(should)

hold

ameetingnext

week.It

is

necessary

that

he

(should)

come

to

ourmeeting

tomorrow用于宾语从句在表示命令，建议，要求等一类动词后面的从句中，从句谓语用should加动词原形或只用动词原形（should可省略)。句型:主语＋

suggest

/order

/proposal

/

require/

demand/command/

insist

+

that

+

(should)

doe.g.I

suggest

that

we(should)hold

a

meeting

next

week.He

insisted

that

he

(should

)

be

sent

there.注意：如suggest,insist不表示"建议"或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。用于表语从句在表语从句，由that（可省去）所引导，其谓语是should加动词原形或只用动词原形（should

可省略）。句子主语常是suggestion,proposal,idea,motion,plan,order,

advice

等.e.g.

My

idea

is

that

we

(should)

get

more

people

to

attendthe

conference.My

suggestion

is

that

we

should

tell

him.三、wish/if

only的用法用于wish/ifonly后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：真实状况与现在事实相反与过去事实相反表将来不大可能的愿望wish/if

only后过去时（be的过去式为were）过去完成时（had+过去分词）would/could+动词原形e.g.

I

wish

I

were

as

tallas

you.我希望和你一样高。He

wished

he

hadn't

said

that.他希望他没讲那样的话。I

wish

it

would

raintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。If

only

I

were

a

bird!I

wish

(that)he

would

/could

/might

visit(visit)

us

tomorrow.I

wish

(that)

he

visited

(visit)us

today.I wish

he

had

visited

us/

could

have

visited

us

(visit)

usyesterday.If

only

you

had

listened

（listen)

to

our

advice!If

only

I

were

(be)a

bird!四、其它句型中的虚拟语气1.would

rather,would

sooner,would

just

assoon等句型中的虚拟语气。would

rather,would

sooner,would

just

as

soon，might

as

well

和wouldprefer等后面所跟的从句中，也可用虚拟语气，表示愿望，意思为“宁愿”“但愿”。其形式为：。“wouldrather(wouldsooner….)+主语+谓语动词过去式”表示现在或将来的情况。“would

rather

(would

sooner….)+主语+had+过去分词”表示过去的情况。I’d

rather

we

didn’t

go

to

see

a

film

this

evening.我倒希望我们今晚不去看电影。I’d

just

as

soon

you

had

returned

the

book

yesterday.我宁愿你昨天归还那本书。2.

In

case,

lest,

for

fear

that

等引起的虚拟语气连接词“incase,

lest,for

fear

that”可用来引起虚拟语气。其形式通常为：“…..lest

(in

case,for

fear

that)+主语+should+动词原形”。

lest,for

fear

that

句中的should可以省去，in

case句中的should通常不省去，但是in

case句中可以不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气。

lest,for

fearthat后面可以接其他形式。He

took

his

raincoat

with

him

in

case

it

should

rain.他带着雨衣以防下雨He

bought

several

bottles

of

beer

in

case

his

friend

came.他买了几瓶啤酒，以备他的朋友来。She

hid

her

jewelry

for

fear

that

it

would

be

stolen.她把宝石藏起来，以防被偷3.

as

if

和asthough

引起的虚拟语气as

if

和asthough连接的状语从句中，如果从句中的谓语动词为实义动词，要用虚拟语气结构。既可以表示对现在、将来时间的虚拟，又可表示对过去时间的虚拟。其形式如下：主句+as

if

(though)+主语were/was(或动词过去式)->表示与主句动作同时发生could(would)+动词原形->表示动作可能在将来发生had+过去分词->表示从句谓语动作发生在主句动作之前She

always

talks

to

me

as

if

she

were

my

sister.她总是以我姐姐的语气跟我说话。They

talked

as

if

they

had

been

friends

for

years.他们说话很亲热，就像多年的老朋友似的。4.句型“Itis(high,about)time(that)…..”中，后面也可跟虚拟语气，从句常用过去式，有时也用“should+动词原形”(should

不可省略）。意为“该…..的时候”。It

is

(high/about)

time

that

the

children

went

to

bed.It

is

(high/about)

time

that

the

children

should

go

to

bed.When

a

pencil

is

partly

in

a

glass

of

water,it

looks

as

if

it

.A

breaks B.

has

broken C.

were

broken

D.

had

been

brokenI’m

getting

tired;

it’s

time

we

home.A.

go B.

are

going C.

went D.

should

be

goingThe

officer

gave

the

order

that

nothing

until

the

peoplearrived.A.

didn’t

touch B.

touched C.

be

touched D.

touchIt

is

strangethat

the

lazyboy

passtheexam.A.

has B.

should C.

would D.

might1.

The

teacher

demanded

that

the

exam

before

eleven.A.

must

finish B.

would

be

finished C.

be

fi