真题版2018年12月四级第1套

A) B) D)A)Shetypesona B)ShedoesShetakes D)ShetakesA)Itkeepshermind B)ItmakesherstayItenableshertothink D)IthelpsherkillA)ItenableshertoimproveherIthelpsherbetterrememberwhatsheItturnsouttobeanenjoyablewayofItprovestobefarmoreeffectivethanQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustA)TospendherTotry nTotakephotosoftheTajTotracetheoriginofaloveA)InmemoryofaInhonorofagreatTomarkthedeathofanemperoroftheTocelebratethebirthofaprincess’s14thA)ItlooksolderthanItisbuiltofwoodandItstoreslotsofpricelessIthaswallsdecoratedwithA)TheirstreetsareTheyaremostlyEachonehasauniqueLifecanbetediousinsomeSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C),D).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)TheyhelpspreadthelatestTheygreatlyenrichpeople’sleisureTheyprovideresidentswiththeresourcesTheyallowaccesstodigitalbooksandA)ByhelthemfindByinspiringtheirBykeethemofftheByprovidingaceofA)Their ctionwithteenagersprovedTheyusedlibrarieslessoftenthanTheytendedtovisitlibrariesTheirnumberincreasedQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)ItisthecleverestcatintheItisthelargestcatinItisanunusualcrossItisalarge-sizedwildA)TheyareasloyalasTheyhaveunusuallylongTheyarefondofsleeinTheyknowhowtopleasetheirA)TheyshaketheirfrontTheyteachthemtoTheyshowerwithTheyshoutatQuestions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)AnxiousandContentedandExcitedbutsomewhatProudbutabitA)It ingparents’biggestItisgainingincreasingpublicItdependsontheirparentsforItstartsthemomenttheyareA)SetagoodexampleforthemtoReadbooksandmagazinestoHelpthemtolearnbyChoosetherightschoolforA)TheirinTheirhomeTheefforttheyputinThequalityoftheirPart Reading (40minutesSectionDirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingMillionsdieearlyfromairpollutioneachyear.Airpollutioncoststheglobaleconomymorethan$5trillionannuallyinwelfarecosts,withthemostserious26occurringinthedeveloworld.Thefiguresincludeanumberofcosts27withairpollution. ealoneamountsto$225billionThereportincludesbothindoorandoutdoorairpollution.Indoorpollution,whichincludes28likeheatingandcooking,hasremained29overthepastseveraldecadesdespiteadvancesinthearea.Levelsofoutdoorpollutionhavegrownrapidlyalongwithrapidgrowthinindustryandtransportation.DirectorofInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluationChrisMurray30itasan“urgentcalltoaction.”“Oneoftheriskfactorsforprematuredeathsistheairwebreathe,overwhichindividualshavelittle31,”hesaid.Theeffectsofairpollutionareworstinthedeveloworld,whereinsomeceslost-labor e32nearly1%ofGDP.Around9in10peopleinlow-and ecountriesliveinceswherethey33experiencedangerouslevelsofoutdoorairpollution.Buttheproblemisnotlimited34tothedeveloworld.ThousandsdieprematurelyintheU.S.asaresultofrelatedillnesses.InmanyEuropeancountries,wherediesel(柴油)35have emorecommoninrecentyears,thatnumberreachestensofthousands.SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.Food-as-MedicineMovementIsWitnessingSeveraltimesamonth,youcanfindadoctorintheaislesofRalph’smarketinHuntingtonBeach,California,wearingawhitecoatandhelpeoplelearnaboutfood.Ononerecentday,thisdoctorwasDanielNadeau,wanderingthecerealaislewithAllisonScott,givinghersomeideaonhowtofeedkidswhopersistentlyavoidanythingthatishealthy.“Haveyouthoughtabouttryingfreshjuicesinthemorning?”heasksher.“Thefrozenorangesandapplesarealittlecheaper,andfruitsarereallygoodforthebrain.Juicesarequickandeasytoprepare,youcantakethefrozenfruitoutthenightbeforeandhaveitreadythenextmorning.”ScottisdelightedtogetfoodadvicefromaphysicianwhoisprogramdirectorofthenearbyMaryandDickAllenDiabetesCenter,partoftheSt.JosephHoagHealthalliance.Thecenter’s‘ShopwithYourDoc’programsendsdoctorstothegrocerystoretomeetwithanypatientswhosignupfortheservice,plusanyothershopperswhohappentobearoundwithquestions.Nadeaunoticesthepre-mademacaroni(通心粉)-and-cheeseboxesinScott’sshopcartandsuggestsswitchtowholegrainmacaroniandrealcheese.“SoI’dhavetomakeit?”sheasks,herenthusiasmfadingatthethoughtofhowlongthatmighttake,justtohaveherkidsrejectit.“I’mnotsurethey’deatit.Theyjustwon’teatit.”Nadeausayssugarandprocessedfoodsarebigcontributorstotherisingdiabetesratesamongchildren.“InAmerica,over50percentofourfoodisprocessedfood,”Nadeaulsher.“Andonly5percentofourfoodisnt-basedfood.Ithinkweshouldtrytoreversethat.”Scottagreestotrymorefruitjuicesforthekidsandtomakerealmacaroniandcheese.Scoreonepointforthedoctor,zerofordiabetes.NadeauispartofasmallrevolutiondeveloacrossCalifornia.Thefood-as-medicinemovementhasbeenaroundfordecades,butit’smakingprogressasphysiciansandmedicalinstitutionsmakefoodaformalpartoftreatment,ratherthanrelyingsolelyonmedications(药物).Byprescribingnutritionalchangesorlaunchingprogramssuchas‘ShopwithyourDoc’,theyaretryingtoprevent,limitorevenreversediseasebychangingwhatpatientseat.“There’snoquestionpeoplecantakethingsalongwaytowardreversingdiabetes,reversinghighbloodpressure,evenpreventingcancerbyfoodchoices,”Nadeausays. Inthebigpicture,saysDr.RichardAfable,CEOandofST.JosephHoagHealth,medicalinstitutionsacrossthestatearestartingtomakeaphilosophicalswitchto ingahealthorganization,notjustahealthcareorganization.ThatfeelingechoesthebeliefsoftheTherapeuticFoodPantryprogramatZuckerbergSanFranciscoGeneralHospital,whichcompleteditspilotphaseandisabouttoexpandonanongoingbasistofiveclinicsitesthroughoutthecity.Theprogramwillofferpatientsseveralbagsoffoodprescribedfortheircondition,alongwithintensivetraininginhowtocookit.“Wereallywanttolinkfoodandmedicine,andnotjustgiveawayfood,”saysDr.RitaNguyen,thehospital’smedicaldirectorofHealthyFoodInitiatives.“Wewantpeopletounderstandwhatthey’reeating,howtoprepareit,therolefoodysintheirInSouthernCalifornia,LomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicineisofferingspecializedtrainingforitsresidentphysiciansinLifestyleMedicine—thatisaformalspecialtyinusingfoodtotreatdisease.Researchfindingsincreasinglyshowthepoweroffoodtotreatorreversediseases,butthatdoesnotmeanthatdietaloneisalwaysthesolution,orthateveryillnesscanbenefitsubstantiallyfromdietarychanges.Nonetheless,physicianssaythattheylookatthecollectivedataandaclearpictureemerges:thatthesalt,sugar,fatandprocessedfoodsintheAmericandietcontributetothenation’shighratesofobesity,diabetesandheartdisease.AccordingtotheWorldHealthOrganization,80percentofdeathsfromheartdiseaseandstrokearecausedbyhighbloodpressure,tobaccouse,elevatedcholesterolandlowconsumptionoffruitsandvegetables.“It’sadifferentparadigm(范式)ofhowtotreatdisease,”saysDr.BrendaRea,whohelpsrunthefamilypreventivemedicineresidencyprogramatLomaLindaUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Thelifestylemedicinespecialtyisdesignedtotraindoctorsinhowtopreventandtreatdisease,inpart,bychangingpatients’nutritionalhabits.ThemedicalcenterandschoolatLomaLindaalsohasafoodcupboardandkitchenforpatients.Thisway,patientsnotonlylearnaboutwhichfoodstobuy,butalsohowtopreparethemathome.Manypeopledon’tknowhowtocook,Reasays,andtheyonlyknowhowtoheatthingsup.Thatmeansdependingonpackagedfoodwithhighsaltandsugarcontent.Soteachingpeopleaboutwhichfoodsarehealthyandhowtopreparethem,shesays,canactuallytransformapatient’slife.Andbeyondthat,itmighttransformthehealthandlivesofthatpatient’sfamily.“Whatpeopleeatcanbemedicineorpoison,”Reasays.“Asaphysician,nutritionisoneofthemostpowerfulthingsyoucanchangetoreversetheeffectsoflong-termStudieshaveexploredevidencethatdietarychangescanslowinfltion(炎症),forexample,ormakebodyinhospitabletocancercells.Ingeneral,manylifestylemedicine mendant-based—particularlyforpeoplewithdiabetesorotherinfltory“Aswhathappenedwithtobacco,thiswillrequireaculturalshift,butthatcanhappen,”saysNguyen.“Inthesamewayphysiciansusedtosmoke,andthenstoppedsmokingandwereabletotalktopatientsaboutit,Ithinkphysicianscanhaveabiggervoiceinit.”MorethanhalfofthefoodAmericanseatisfactory-ThereisaspecialprogramthatassignsdoctorstogiveadvicetoshoppersinfoodThereisgrowingevidencefromresearchthatfoodhelpspatientsrecoverfromvariousAhealthybreakfastcanbepreparedquicklyandTrainingapatienttopreparehealthyfoodcanchangetheirOnefood-as-medicineprogramnotonlyprescribesfoodfortreatmentbutteachespatientshowtocookScottisnotkeenoncookingfoodherself,thinkingitwouldsimplybeawasteofDiabetespatientsareadvisedtoeatmorent-basedUsingfoodasmedicineisnonovelidea,butthemovementismakingheadwaytheseAmericans’highratesofvariousillnessesresultfromthewaytheySectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46and50arebasedonthefollowingCaliforniahasbeenfacingadroughtformanyyearsnow,withcertainareasevenhavingtopumpfreshwaterhundredsoftotheirdistributionsystem.Theproblemisgrowingasthepopulationofthestatecontinuestoexpand.Newresearchhasfounddeepwaterreservesunderthestatewhichcouldhelpsolvetheirdroughtcrisis.Previousdrillingofwellscouldonlyreachdepthsof1,000feet,butduetonewpumpractices,waterdeeperthanthiscannowbeextracted(抽取).TheteamatStanfordinvestigatedtheaquifers(蓄水层)belowthisdepthandfoundthatreservesmaybetriplewhatwaspreviouslythought.Itisprofitabletodrilltodepthsmorethan1,000feetforoilandgasextraction,butonlyrecentlyinCaliforniahasit eprofitabletopumpwaterfromthisdepth.Theaquifersrangefrom1,000to3,000feetbelowtheground,whichmeansthatpumwillbeexpensiveandthereareotherconcerns.Thebiggestconcernofpumoutwaterfromthisdeepisthegradualsettlingdownofthelandsurface.Asthewaterispumpedout,thevacantspaceleftiscompactedbytheweightoftheearthabove.Eventhoughpumfromthesedepthsisexpensive,itisstillcheaperthandesalinating(脱盐)thewaterinthelargelycoastalstate.Somedesalinationntsexistwherefeasible,buttheyarecostlytorunandcanneedconstantrepairs.Wellsaremuchmorereliablesourcesoffreshwater,andCaliforniaishothatthesedeepwellsmaybetheanswertotheirseverewatershortage.Oneproblemwiththesesourcesisthatthedeepwateralsohasahigherlevelofsaltthanshalloweraquifers.Thismeansthatsomewellsmayevenneedtoundergodesalinationafterextraction,thusincreasingthecost.Researchfromtheexhaustivestudyofgroundwaterfromover950drillinglogshasjustbeenpublished.Newestimatesofthewaterreservesnowgoupto2,700billioncubicmetersoffreshwater.HowcouldCalifornia’sdroughtcrisisbesolvedaccordingtosomeBybuildingmorereservesofBydrawingwaterfromthedepthsoftheBydevelomoreadvanceddrillingByupgradingitswaterdistributionWhatcanbeinferredaboutextractingwaterfromdeepItwasdeemedvitaltosolvingthewaterItwasnotconsideredworththeItmaynotprovidequalityItisboundtogainsupportfromthelocalWhatismentionedasaconsequenceofextractingwaterfromdeepThesinkingoflandsurface.C)ThedamagetoTheharmtotheecosystem.D)ThechangeoftheWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutdeepTheyrunwithoutanyneedforTheyareentirelyfromTheyaretheultimatesolutiontoTheyprovideasteadysupplyofWhatmayhappenwhendeepaquifersareusedaswaterPeople’shealthmayimprovewithcleanerPeople’swaterbillsmaybeloweredThecostmaygoupduetoTheymaybeexhaustedsoonerorPassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingTheAlphaGoprogram’svictoryisanexampleofhowsmartcomputers Butcanartificialinligence(AI)machinesactethically,meaningcantheybehonestandOneexampleofAIisdriverlesscars.TheyarealreadyonCaliforniaroads,soitisnottoosoontoaskwhetherwecanprogramamachinetoactethically.Asdriverlesscarsimprove,theywillsavelives.Theywillmakefewermistakesthanhumandriversdo.Sometimes,however,theywillfaceachoicebetweenlives.Shouldthecarsbeprogrammedtoavoidhittingachildrunningacrosstheroad,evenifthatwillputtheirpassengersatrisk?Whataboutmakingasuddenturntoavoidadog?Whatiftheonlyriskisdamagetothecaritself,nottothePerhapstherewillbelessonstolearnfromdriverlesscars,buttheyarenotsuper-inligentbeings.Teachingethicstoamachineevenmoreinligentthanwearewillbethebiggerchallenge.AboutthesametimeasAlphaGo’striumph,’s‘chatbot’tookabadturn.Thesoftware,namedTaylor,wasdesignedtoanswermessagesfrompeopleaged18-24.Taylorwassupposedtobeabletolearnfromthemessagesshereceived.Shewasdesignedtoslowlyimproveherabilitytohandleconversations,butsomepeoplewereteachingTaylorracistideas.WhenshestartedsayingnicethingsaboutHitler,turnedheroffanddeletedherugliestmessages.AlphaGo’svictor