法律英语期末考试句子翻译

法律英语期末考试句子翻译UNITONECONTRACTLAWSectionAUnderstandingofContract1.TheyclaimthatthedefinitionoftheAmericanRestatementignoresthebargain—theexchangeofequivalentswhichistheessenceofacontract.法学家们声称《美国合同法重述》忽略了契约的本质，即等价交换是合同的本质。2.Thustosaythatacontractcansimplybe―apromise‖istooverlookthefactthatthereisgenerallysomeactorpromisegiveninreturnfortheotherpromisebeforethatpromisebecomesacontract.因此说合同是一个承诺就忽略了一个事实，即在承诺成为一个合同之前，通常有一些行为或承诺是为了其他承诺做出的。3.Thesescholarsalsoarguethatallthedefinitionsintermsofpromisesoragreementspresupposethatpeopleonlyenterintocontractualrelationsaftertheyhavemadesomeagreementorpromise.这些学者还是对这些定义持不同观点，他们认为依据合同承诺或契约所作解释的先决条件是当事人业已达成协议或承诺之后构成了合同关系。4.Oneisthatapersonwhoinducesanothertorelyuponhimandchangehisposition,oughtnottoletthatpersondown,andtheotheristhatapersonwhodoesaservicetoanotherorrendershimsomebenefit,oughtgenerallytoberecompensedforhistrouble.一种观点是诱导他人依赖于他，并促使其改变立场的人，不应该让人失望。另一种观点是帮他人的忙，致使其获得利益的人，一般都应该为其所造成的法律纠纷而获得赔偿。5.AftertheabovediscussionwecometoknowtheContractmaybedefinedasanagreement,apromiseorasetofpromises,whichcreatelegalliabilitiesratherthanmoralobligations,enforceablebythelawbetweentwoormorepersonstodoorforebearfromdoingsomeactoracts；theirintentionsbeingtocreatelegalrelationsandnotmerelytoexchangemutualpromises,bothhavinggivensomething,orhavingpromisedtogivesomethingofvalueasconsiderationforanybenefitderivedfromtheagreementorthepromiseexceptatransactionagreementbydeed.经过以上的讨论我们可以看出合同可能会被定义为协议、承诺，它所产生的是法律义务而非道德义务，可由两个或两个以上的人之间的法律或祖先做一些行为；他们的意图是创设法律关系，而不仅仅交换彼此的承诺，或者承诺给予一些有价值的东西，考虑任何利益的协议或承诺契约交易协议的除外。6.Atransactionbydeedderivesitslegallybindingqualityfromthespecialwayinwhichitismaderatherthanfromtheoperationofthecontractlaw.某项以契约形式的成功交易源于其本身具有法律约束力的特许交易特征，而不是合同法的操作。7.ThedefinitionofcontractintheChinesecontractlawstressesitsfunctions,sayingthatacontractisthemanifestationofintentiontoestablish,changeorterminatethecivilrelationshipbetweentwoormoreparties.中国的合同法的定义强调的是合同的功能，指出合同所要表现的形式是确立、改变或终止合同双方或多方的民事关系。8.Makingacontractisaciviljuristicactdonebybothsides.Atleasttwopartiesshallenter,andexpresstheirgenuineintention.Otherwiseacontractcannotbeestablished.Thepurposetomakeacontractistobringoutacertainciviljuristiceffect,includingestablishing,changingorterminatingthecivilrelationshipbetweenthetwoparties.Makingacontractisalegalactratherthanillegalact.Unlawfullyestablishedcontractsarenullorvoid.Contractualobligationsareoftenimposedonallparties.Accordingtothedifferenceamongtheirapperance,itfallsintoprecontractualobligation,aftercontractualobligationandthesubordinatedobligationincontractperforming.签订合同是甲乙双方的民事法律行为所至。至少双方均应积极参与，并表达真实意图。否则合同就不成立。签订合同的目的是为了确立一定的民事法律效力，其中包括双方民事法律关系的确定、变更和终止。签订合同是一种法律行为而不是非法行为。非法订立的合同均为无效合同。合同义务通常是强加给合同各方的。依据产生阶段的不同，合同义务可以分为先合同义务、后合同义务、合同履行中的附随义务三种。UNITTWOINTERNATIONALDIVOICE:LITIGATINGMARITALPROPERTYANDSUPPORTRIGHTSSectionAJurisdictionandProcedureinInternationalDivorceLitigation1.Acourtmayalsoexercisepersonaljurisdictionbasedonarespondent'sgeneralappearanceinaproceeding,andarespondentwhofilesaresponsivepleadingwithoutobjectingtojurisdictionistypicallydeemedtohavewaivedanyofthesedefenses.法庭还可以基于被告出现在诉讼程序的事实或者其在答辩状中没有提出管辖权异议而获得应诉管辖权。2.BeforerelyingonBurnham-typeservicetoconferpersonaljurisdictiononthecourt,counselshouldbeawarethatforeignjurisdictionsmayrefusetoenforceadecreeenteredonthisbasis,astagjurisdictioniswidelyrejectedoutsidetheUnitedStates.在依此判例赋予法院属人管辖权之前，律师应该意识到外国司法机关可能拒绝执行这种判决，因为美国以外的国家普遍不承认“接触的管辖权”。3.Beyondthequestionofjurisdiction,dueprocessrequiresthatarespondentmustbeaffordednoticeandanopportunityforahearing,eveninthecontextofanex-partedivorce.撇开管辖权的问题，即使是在单方面的离婚诉讼中，正当法律程序也要求给予被告观看和听证的机会。4.Thequestionofwhethersubstitutedserviceispermittedisdeterminedbythelawoftheforum,butthemeansutilizedmustalsocomplywiththelawsofthecountryinwhichserviceismade.州法律将决定是否允许替代送达,但是所运用的这些方法必须遵守传票送达国国家的法律。5.Serviceofprocessonanindividualinaforeigncountryissubjecttoboththelawofthestatewheretheactionhasbeenfiledandanyapplicableprovisionsofforeignorinternationallaw.对身在国外的个人进行送达受州法律以及可引用的外国法和国际法条款的约束。6.FromtheperspectiveofcourtsintheUnitedStates,financialordersthatsatisfiedjurisdictionalrulesinthecountrywheretheywereentered,butwhichwerenotbasedonfactsthatwouldgiverisetopersonaljurisdictionovertherespondentspouse,wouldnotsatisfythedueprocessrequirementsforrecognitionandenforcementintheUnitedStates.从美国法院的角度来看,财产判决虽然符合作出判决的国家的管辖权规则，但却不是基于引起对被告的属人管辖权的事实，这会因不符合法定诉讼程序的要求而不被认可和执行。7.Underthisruleofdivisibledivorcejurisdiction,anex-partedivorcedecreebasedonthepetitioner'sdomicileorresidencewithintheforumstateisentitledtofullfaithandcreditineverystate.Courtordersconcerningmaritalpropertyandsupportrightsarenotentitledtofullfaithandcredit,however,unlesstheforumcourthadpersonaljurisdictionovertherespondent.Basedonthesamepolicies,courtsintheUnitedStatesgiveeffecttomanyforeignex-partedivorcedecreesasamatterofcomity,butdonotrecognizeandenforcefinancialordersenteredbyaforeigncourtunlessthatcourthadfullpersonaljurisdiction.在可分割的离婚诉讼管辖权原则下，州法院基于原告在法院所在国的住所或居住地而作出的单方面离婚判决在每个州都能得到充分信任（效力）。但若涉及婚姻财产分割和抚养义务时，只有该管辖法院对原被告双方都有属人管辖权时，其判决才会被信任和认可。基于上述规则，美国法院以礼让规则承认很多国外单方离婚判决的效力，但并不承认和执行外国法院作出的财产判决，除非该法院已经具有完全的属人管辖权。UNITTHREEAFAMILYLAWPERSPECTIVEONPARENTALINCARCERATIONSectionAFamilyLawandChildDevelopment1.FamilylawisuniqueamongAmericanlegalfieldsinmakingchildren'sinterestsparamount,asitdoesinthecontextofcustodydisputesbetweenachild'slegalparents.当儿童的法定父母因监护权发生纠纷时，在整个美国法律领域中，只有婚姻家庭法是优先保护儿童利益的。2.Byelevatingchildren'sinterestsoverotherconcerns,custodycourtsprovideanunparalleledexaminationofchildren'sdevelopment,andhowthatdevelopmentisaffectedbyeachchild'splacementinoneoranothercaretakingenvironment.通过权衡儿童各方面的利益，家事法院制定了一套审查儿童未来发展及如何通过安置儿童的监护环境影响该发展的规则。3.Courtsassessingchildren'sbestinterestsinordertoresolvecustodydisputestakeforgrantedthatthewaysinwhichchildrenarebroughtupwillshapethetypeofadultstheybecome.法院在解决监护权纠纷时，是通过预测儿童在该照管下将被塑造成何种类型之成人，来评估儿童利益之最大化的。Whilecustodycourtscareaboutchildren'sday-to-dayhappiness,theyareespeciallyconcernedwithhowchildren'scurrentexperiencewillaffecttheirfuture.Thecustodyliteraturethereforeprovidesextensiveanalysisofthewaysinwhichchildhoodexperienceandearlycaregivingarrangementscanalterachild'scourseofdevelopmentintoadulthood,forbetterorforworse.监护法院在关心儿童的日常幸福感的同时，更关注儿童现在的经历会如何影他们的未来。因此，与监护权有关的文献对于孩提时代的经历以及早期关爱环境或好或坏地影响孩子的成长历程的方式给出了大量的分析。4.Thecustodyliteraturereflectsaconsensusthattheconditionsmostlikelytofosterachild'swell-beingarecontinuityandstability,andthat,conversely,anydisruptionofachild'senvironmentandcaretakingarrangementcaninflictdevelopmentalharm.有关监护权的文献一致认为，抚养儿童最好的条件是稳定而持续的环境，相反的，任何割裂儿童成长环境与抚养安排的事情都可能对儿童的发展造成损害。5.Custodycourtswilldiscusswithagreatdegreeofnuance—andoftenwiththeaidofexpertpsychologicaltestimony—theharmsthatdisruptionoftheparent-childtiecaninflictonachildgivenherparticularstageofdevelopment.监护权法庭将会进行细微而深入的讨论，经常采用来自心理专家的证词的帮助，以此来说明父母与儿童之间的割裂对儿童成长的特殊时期带来的伤害。6.Separationofaninfantfromaparentcandisruptthebondingprocessthatisthefoundationofthechild'sfutureemotionalandintellectualgrowth,andseparationofparentandtoddlercanimpedethetoddler'sfirststepstowardautonomyandindependence,whichthetoddlertakesbybuildingonthetrustdevelopedduringtheinfant-parentbondingprocess.将婴儿与父母分离会割裂父母与婴儿相融合的过程，而这个相融合的过程是未来儿童情感和智力发育的基础。将父母和幼儿的分离将会妨碍幼儿走向自我约束与独立自主的第一步，而这一步则是幼儿与父母在相融合过程中建立信任关系的关键。7.Suchdeprivation,moreover,isoftenattendedbyadditionalpotentialharmsintheformoffrequentmoves,educationaldisruption,andparentalstress,eachofwhich,accordingtothecustodycaselaw,canjeopardizeachild'semotionalandintellectualdevelopment,withlong-termeffects.像这类（潜在监护人的）破产，往往跟经常性的迁徙、教育中断、紧张的父母关系等因素交织在一起，增加了对儿童的伤害。依照有关监护权的判例法，前述种种因素均能对儿童的情感和智力发展造成持久的影响。UNITFOURSITUATEDJUSTICEANDFAIRNESSsectionAananalysisofsituatedjustice1.Scholarsfindthatsubjectsoftenexpressgreaterconcernforafairprocessthanforthesubstantiveoutcomeofalegalencounter.学者们发现,研究对象通常更关注官司中的程序公正而不是实体结果公正。2.Absentafairprocess,respondentsviewlegaloutcomesassuspectandloseconfidenceintheabilityoflegalinstitutionstoresolvefuturegrievances.公正程序的缺失使得研究对象们怀疑法律后果,从而对法律部门解决未来法律纠纷的能力丧失信心。3.DespiteLindandTylersrecognitionthattherearesituationallybaseddifferencesinthemeaningofproceduraljustice”，muchoftheresearchthathasfollowedtheirleadisbasedondiscreteandhypotheticalencounterswithlawandlegalauthoritieslikethepolice.尽管林德和泰勒承认“程序公正的意义因情景差异而不同”,其领导下的研究多半以彼此独立、臆想性的法律纠纷和法律机构如警察局为基础。4.Resultscaptureresearchparticipants'feelingsaboutfairnessabstractlyandareelicitedthrougheitherforced-choicesurveysandinterviewprotocolsorsocialpsychologicalexperimentsthatusevignettesandsimulatedconflict.该研究结论只是抽象性地(不具体)捕获了研究参与者们(研究对象)对公正的感觉,而该结论的获得,要么是通过强迫选择调查和采访协议,要么是通过使用电视短剧和模拟纠纷的社会心理学实验。5.sufficeittosay,muchoftheproceduraljusticeresearchassumesthatitistheanalyst'sjobtodistillthe"objective"fromthe"subjective"thoughtfromaction,"andprocessfromoutcome,regardlessofwhetherthesedistinctionshaveanyrelationshiptohowactuallitigantsdescribetheirlegalexperiences.不用多说,很多这类程序公正研究都认为,找出主观跟客观、思想与行动、程序与结果的区别,是分析者的职责所在,不论这些差异是否与现实情境中的诉讼当事人如何描述其法律体验有关。6.Tosaythisabitdifferently,weshouldnotrelyonathinoperationalizationoffairnessifwebelievethatthiskeyconceptisculturallythick.换句话说,既然这一关键概念有着深厚的文化底蕴,我们就不应该把公正的概念作公式化的肤浅的解读。7.Theseconstraintscanincludetheopportunitiesandnormativecategoriesthatthelawestablishes;therolesofprofessionalslikejudgesandlawyers;andmaterial,social,andculturalresourcessuchaswellwornorganizationalroutinesformanagingdisputes.这些限制因素包括法律产生的各种机遇和规范;像法官和律师这样的专业角色;以及物质、社会和文化资源,譬如那些老生常谈的管理纠纷的体制性惯例。8.Todevelopasituatedjusticeframework,then,wedrawfromlegalconsciousnessandculturalsociologytoanalyzeinternalschemaintheirsocialcontextsandfromdisputeprocessingtoanalyzetheconstraintsoflegalstructures.为了构建情境公正的理论研究框架,我们按照法律意识和文化社会学来分析其社会情境中的内部模式,按照争议处理程序来分析法律结构的限制性因素。9.Asboththeliteratureonlegalconsciousnessandculturalsociologydemonstrate,thewaysinwhichpeopleconstructculturalcategoriesareinseparablefromtheconditionsofpossibilitywithintheirlegal,social,economic,andinstitutionalenvironments.正如有关法律意识和文化社会学的文献所显示的那样,人们形成文化差异的方式与其法律、社会、经济和制度环境下的可能性条件密切相关。10.Importantly,aperson'slegalschemaiscontingentonthespecificcontextsinwhichheorsheengageslaw(oravoidsit)--whichincludesthelegalenvironmentaswellasthestructureofmarkets,theworkplace,andthegovernment'slegalcategoriesandclassificationswithconsequencesforeverydaybehavior.重要的是,一个人的法律模式取决于其所处(或避免)之具体法律情境——包括法律环境、市场结构、工作场所、政府的法律类别和日常行为的后果。11.Evenwhentheylackthisknowledge,peoplearereluctanttomakeaclaimbecausetheyhaveinsufficientaccesstolawyers,donotwanttobeclassifiedasavictim,ordoubtwhethertheydeservelegalprotections.使人们缺乏这方面的知识,他们也不愿意提起诉讼,因为他们难以获得律师的帮助,不想被归类为受害者,或者怀疑他们是否应该得到法律保护。12.Thus,ourapproachbeginswiththeinterpretiveassumptionthatpeople'buildup”themeaningsoftheirlegalencountersthroughbothmundaneandextraordinaryinteractions.因此,我们的研究方案首先着手于一种阐释性设定,即通过平凡的和非凡的互动,人们逐渐形成了对其法律经历的理解。13.Atamoregenerallevel,keyculturalconstructslikefairnessshouldnotbeeasilydismissedasepiphenomenalwindowdressingatopthemorecausalmaterialunderpinningsoflegalinstitutions.在更一般的层面,一些关键文化构想,如公平,不应该被轻易抛弃,仅仅是因为它被看做一种带有副作用的窗口,粉饰了更合因果关系的法律体系的物质基础。14.Asculturaltheoristsargue,anyseriouscontemporaryanalysisofhowpowerandinequalityareproducedandreproducedwithininstitutionssuchascourtsmustconsidertheenactmentofculturalconcepts.文化理论家认为,任何正式的当代的对权力和不平等是如何在法院这种机构产生和复制的分析,都必须考虑文化概念的制定。15.Insum,legalsituationsandconstructsestablishtheveryconditionsofpossibilitythatanindividualclaimantencountersbysettingupthearena,therules,andtheideologicalparameterswithinwhichparticipantsunderstandandplaythegame.总之，法律制度和结构建立的可能性的条件的个人申请会遭遇到设置舞台上，规则和意识形态参数内，参与者理解和玩游戏的影响。Appliedtothestudyofemploymentdiscrimination,itrevealslitigants'conceptionsoffairnessinthecontextoftheirreallifeinstitutionalencounterswithlawandtheroleoftheseconceptionsinreproducinganunequallegalsystem.应用到关于就业歧视的研究,它揭示了现实生活制度与法律的相互作用的背景下当事人的公平观念，以及在重塑一个不平等的法律体系时这些观念的定位。UNITFIVELAWMERCHANTSectionAfoundationsoftheLawMerchant1.Thesequestionsprovideaninstitutionalandfunctionalframeworkwithinwhichtoconsideravarietyofautonomyvaluesthatimpactontherelationshipbetweenmerchantlawandmerchantpractice.这些问题提供了一个整套体制和功能上的框架，在这个框架内去考虑影响商事法和商业惯例之间关系的各种自主观。2.Theeighteenth-centuryjurist,WilliamBlackstone,groundedthepost-medievalLawMerchantofhisdayinmerchantcustom,whichheviewedasuniversalinapplication,independentofmunicipallawandlocalrules,andguidedbythedemandsoftransnationaltrade.十八世纪的法学家威廉?布莱克斯通,奠定了后中世纪商业习惯法的基础，他认为这部法律是能够普遍适用的，独立于国内法和地方统治者的,并能够指导跨国贸易的需求。3.Blackstone’sviewoftheLawMerchantarguablywasinspiredasmuchbyhowhethoughtitoughttofunctionashowitoperatedinfact.布莱克斯通的商法观可以说来源于他对商法应该具备怎样的功能以及商法实际上的运作情况的想象。4.Hisportrayalofitasautonomousfrommunicipallawreflectshisconcernthatitshouldnotbesubjecttomunicipaldemandsthatmightotherwisestratifyanddestabilizeit.他对商法是独立于国内法的这一描述反应了他的关注即商法不应服从地方自治的需求,否则可能会导致分层并动摇商法。5.HisdepictionofitasauniformbodyoftransnationallawbasedonmerchantpracticerepresentsitasastableregulatorysystemsuitedtoEngland'spositionasamaritimepower.他对商法的描述是:作为建立在商业惯例上跨国法律的统一体的一部分,代表了它作为一个牢固的监管系统,它是适合于英国这个海洋大国的。6.ConsiderthepropositionthatLawMerchantcourtsprovidemerchantswithprompt,expeditious,andexpertjustice.考虑商事法庭为商人们提供讯捷的、快速的和熟练的司法判决的这个提议。7.AhypothesisfavoringboththeproceduralandsubstantiveautonomyoftheLawMerchantisthatjudgeswhohaveanunderstandingofmerchantpracticearebestequippedtounderstanddisputesbetweenothermerchantsandtotailortheirdecisionstoaccordwithreasonablemerchantexpectations.商法的程序过程和实体自治支撑着一种假设理论。即,熟知商业习惯的法官能够很好地理解商人们之间的争议,并能够确保他的裁判符合商人的商业预期。8.Thefurtherhypothesisisthat,incombiningmercantileandadjudicativeexperience,theydeliverinformedandorderlyremediesbefittingtheneedsofthemerchantparties.IllustratingsuchremediesarethosedeliveredbyPiepoudreCourts,inwhichthemayorofthetown,thebailiffofaborough,orastewardpresidedatthemarketfair.进一步的假设是:他们结合商业的和裁判的经验,提供符合商家各方的需求的正规的和有序的补救方法。说明这种补救方法是由Piepoudre法院提供,其中市场的公平由市长、区执行官员或者集市的公会来主持。9.AchallengetothesehypothesesisthatLawMerchantjudgeswerenotinvariablymerchantsthemselves,butincludedlocalofficials,clerics,andinfluentialmembersoflocalcommunities,whoseprimaryassetswerereverence,respectability,orholdinganofficewithinalocalauthority.这些假设面临着一个挑战,即商事法官并不总是商人本身,而且还包括地方官员,神职人员,以及当地社区受到敬畏,尊敬,或控制一个政府官员的地方权威具有影响力的成员。10.AfurtherchallengeisthatthelawinLawMerchantwasnotautonomousfromotherbodiesoflaw.ConceptslikeexaequoetbonowereespousedinRomanandcanonlawwellbeforetheLawMerchant,andtheywerepropagatedbymerchantandnonmerchantcourtsalike.怼独立的商法的另一项挑战是,商法的“法”并不是自发地来自于其他部门法。像公平合理原则这一概念，在商人法之前就在罗马法和教会法中得到信奉，并且通过商业的和非商业的法庭传播。11.AnotherchallengetotheindependenceofLawMerchantjusticewastheinterplaybetweenlocalanditinerantinfluencesondeliberationsbeforemerchantcourts.Rulingsofmerchantcourtsalsovariedfromwin–losedeterminationstofacilitationbetweenmerchantparties.对独立的商法的正义的另一项挑战是在商事法庭审议之前局部的正义和流动的正义间的相互影响。商事法院的判决也是根据简易化的输赢的决定而在各方之间有差别。12.Ingrantinglicensesandexemptionstomerchantguilds,fairs,markets,andtownslocalauthoritiessoughttomaintainstablerelationshipsbetweenmerchantsandthelocalcommunity,topromotedomesticemploymentandindustry,andtopreservelocallawfromforeigninfluences.被授予执照和豁免权的商人公会,展销会,集贸市场及地方当局应试图保持商人和当地社区之间稳定的合作关系,以促进国内就业和工业,并保护地方法律不受外国法律的影响。13.AromanticimageofLawMerchantjusticeisofpoliticallyconnectedmerchantsexertinginfluencethroughtheirsurrogatesinthecourtsofkingsandthroughtheireconomicimpactoverguilds,fairs,andmarkets.商法的浪漫形象,是通过政治关联的商家通过他们在国王法院的代理人和他们在行业协会,展览会和市场经济的影响力来施加影响。14.Merchantjudgesemployinformalproceedingstorespondtotheimmediatedemandsofmerchants,suchasbyconsideringtradeusagesofmerchantswhodealtinperishablegoods,andbyreactingtofluctuatingpricesorirregularsourcesofsupplyinvolatilemarkets.商事法官通过采取非正式程序来满足商人的迫切需求。他们会援引有关易损货物的商业惯例,也会顾及动荡市场上股东价格和非常规原料供应因素。UNITSIXCOMMONEUROPEANSALESLAWSectionAThesubstantivescopeoftheCESL1.Insomerespects,thesubstantivescopeoftheregimesetoutintheCESLreflectstherestrictionsastothesubject-matterofthecontractsforwhichitisavailable,ascanbeseeninthoseofitsprovisionsgoverningtheobligationsandremediesofpartiestotheparticulartypesofcontractinquestion(PartsIVandVoftheCESL).在某些方面,欧洲统一销售法中的实体法范围制度的设立反映了对该合同标的物的限定是可行的,可以从其规定的义务和当事人救济问题的特定类型的合同体现出来(欧洲统一销售法的第IV和V部分)。2.First,whiletheCESLcontainsrulesgoverningtheformationofacontract(containingrulesonpre-contractualinformationandonofferandacceptance),itdoesnotcontainanyrulegoverningtherelationsbetweenpartieswhohavenotorhavenotquiteconcludedacontract:首先,虽然欧洲统一销售法包含管理合同成立的规则(包含在先合同信息规则和对要约和承诺规则),它不包含关于双方当事人之间没有缔结合同关系的任何规则。3.Inparticular,theCESLimposesanumberofdutiesofpre-contractualinformationowedbyonecontractingpartytoanotherandthenprovidesthatapartywhichhasfailedtocomplywithanydutytoprovidepre-contractualinformationisliableforanylosscausedtotheotherpartybysuchafailure.特别地,欧洲统一销售法对一些先合同信息即由缔约一方应承担未能为对方提供售前合同信息而造成其任何损失产生的责任。4.Recital27statesthat?themattersofacontractualornon-contractualnaturethatarenotaddressed‘intheCESL:…includelegalpersonality,theinvalidityofacontractarisingfromlackofcapacity,illegalityorimmorality,thedeterminationofthelanguageofthecontract,mattersofnon-discrimination,representation,pluralityofdebtorsandcreditors,changeofpartiesincludingassignment,set-offandmerger,propertylawincludingthetransferofownership,intellectualpropertylawandthelawoftorts.Furthermore,theissueofwhetherconcurrentcontractualandnon-contractualliabilityclaimscanbepursuedtogetherfallsoutsidethescopeoftheCommonEuropeanSalesLaw.详述27条明确指出,在欧洲统一销售法中,以下关于契约性或非契约性的问题?未明确规定:...包括主体资格问题,由于缺乏相应的法律行为能力,或者因非法或不道德,或者因缺乏意思表示能力而导致无效合同,关于非歧视性问题、代表性问题,存在多个债务人和债权人的问题,合同各方转让、抵销,包括所有权转移的物权法以及知识产权法和侵权法的相关问题。5.Itwillbenoticedthatthelistisexplicitlystatedasbeinganinclusiveratherthananexclusiveone,andsomeofitscontentsgiverisetouncertainty(howcanthelawoftortsbealtogetherexcludedfromthescopeoftheinstrumentgiventheinclusionofliabilityforbreachofpre-contractualinformationduties?)andsubstantivedifficulty(asinthecaseoftheexclusionof?illegalityorimmorality).应当注意到,该列表被明确声明其为一个包容而非排他性的,并且它的一些内容引起不确定性(为什么侵权法被完全排除在其给予的范围列入违反先合同义务的信息?)和实质性的困难(如’非法或不道德')的排斥的情况。6.IssueswithinthescopeoftheCommonEuropeanSalesLawbutnotexpresslysettledbyitaretobesettledinaccordancewiththeobjectivesandtheprinciplesunderlyingitandallitsprovisions,withoutrecoursetothenationallawthatwouldbeapplicableintheabsenceofanagreementtousetheCommonEuropeanSalesLawortoanyotherlaw.CESL范围内的问题,并非由CESL解决而是按照其目标与基本原则来解决,它所规定的问题的解决,不诉诸国家法律,这将是一个协议使用CESL或者任何其他适用法律的缺失。7.TheeconomicobjectivesoftheCESLrestonthepossibilityforatradertodobusinesscross-borderonasingle,uniformlegalbasisand,therefore,asinglesetofstandardterms.HowdoestheProposalenvisagethatthiswillbeachievedatatechnicallevel,especiallygiventhequalificationsonchoiceofalawundertheRomeIRegulation.CESL的经济目标为商人跨界做生意,制定单独的,统一的法律依据提供了可能性,因此,可以设立单套标准条款。8.TheagreementtousetheCommonEuropeanSalesLawshouldbeachoiceexercisedwithinthescopeoftherespectivenationallawwhichisapplicablepursuanttotheRomeIRegulationor,inrelationtopre-contractualinformationdutie