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Accuratemeasurements

inphotovoltaicsPasanSAPierre-RenéBeljean,CTOShanghai,May10,2021.1Whataretheneedsforaccuratemeasurements?2Anaccuratemeasurementwillleadtobetter:ManufacturingcontrolCellmatchinmodulesOverallefficiencyMoneyreturnPredictionofin-siteperformance3ParametersaffectingmeasurementaccuracyinPV:Electrical:ElectricalcalibrationaccuracyDynamicalbehaviourElectro-opticalcalibration:ConfidencetocalibrationlaboratoryOptical:LightununiformitySpectraldistributionCalibrationofRef.CellLightstabilityEnvironnment:Temperature4Electricalerrors:Calibrationofeachchannel(Straightforward!)DynamicalbehaviourTimeresponseofeachchannelTimeresponseofcelltoelectricalstimulationTimeresponseofcelltolightstimulation5Electro-opticalcalibrationerrors:CalibrationofRef.CellormoduleMustbedonebyrecognizedlaboratories.Tediousprocedureneedingtoknowspectralresponseofthecell.ProperuseneedstoknowspectralresponseofthemoduletobetestedandthespectralcontentoflightfromSunSimulator.Difficulttoobtainbetterthan±3%certifiedaccuracy.6Opticalerrors1/2:LightununiformityCurrentgeneratedbymoduledeterminedbytheleastilluminatedcellDifferenceinilluminationbetweenRef.Cellandmoduledirectlyimputableonglobalperformancemeasurement.Lightspectralcontent,mismatchfactorDifferentresponseofmoduleundertestandRef.CellVarieswithmoduletechnologyandqualityoflightCriticalformultilayercells,GaAs,etc.duetothedispositionofseveralcellsinseries,eachofthemusingapartofthespectrum.7Opticalerrors2/2:LightstabilityTheleastimportantparameter.Lightusuallymonitoredinreal-timebyRef.Cell.Softwareallowsautomaticcorrection.8Temperature:IEC60904-3stipulatesSTCtobe25°C±2°C,but±2°Cmeans,fortypicalsilicon,±0.8%ofpowervariation.Temperatureshouldbemeasuredasaccuratelyaspossible.NopossiblematchingofRef.Cellandmodule,asIscmeasurementusedinRef.cellsisquitenotsensitivetotemperature.

9Howtominimizemeasurementerrors?10MinimizingelectricalerrorsCalibrationaccuracy.Periodicalcheck.FastrespondingloadandacquisitionPropersoftwaretoeliminatetransienteffectsincellsand/orinloads.11Minimizingelectro-opticalcalibrationerrorsCalibrationofRef.CellorRef.moduleUserecognizedlaboratoryserviceforcalibration(PVWorldScale).Periodicallycheckyourcalibration.12MinimizingopticalerrorsLightuniformityUsesimulatorwithhighuniformityPeriodicallycheckforuniformityandperpendicularity.(1cmat5.5mcorrespondsto0.3%error).LightspectralcontentUsesimulatorwithaccuratespectraldistributionKnowexactlyyourspectralcontenttocalculatemismatchfactorLightstabilityUsestablesimulator13MinimizingtemperatureerrorsUsetemperature-controlledtestareaAllowmodulesorcellstostabilizetoambienttemperature.Measureambienttemperatureasaccuratelyaspossible14ErrorsevaluationErrorevaluationtableforClassASunSimulators-Allvaluesin%A.UsingRef.Cellcalibration

ElectricalElectro-opticalcal.OpticalTemperatureVIGDyn.(?)Ref.cell/ModuleUniformitymismatchStability

0.200.200.200.502.002.003.000.100.80

Arithmeticsum:9.00%

Geometricsum:4.24%B.UsingRef.Modulecalibration

ElectricalElectro-opticalcal.OpticalTemperatureVIGDyn.(?)Ref.cell/Modul

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