北京师范大学

《学术英语读译》2017~2018学年春季学期Unit1 WhowastheFirstScientist?ByWilliamHarrisTheword“scientist”enteredtheEnglishlanguagein1834.That’swhenCambridgeUniversityhistorianandphilosopherWilliamWhewellcoinedthetermtodescribesomeonewhostudiesthestructureandbehaviorofthephysicaland

naturalworld

throughobservationandexperiment.Youcouldmaketheargument,then,thatthefirstmodernscientistwassomeonelike

CharlesDarwin

orMichaelFaraday,twoiconicfigureswhoalsohappenedtobeWhewell’scontemporaries.Butevenifthetermdidn’texistbeforethe1830s,peoplewhoembodieditsprinciplesdid.Tofindtheveryfirstscientist,wemusttravelbackintimeevenfurther.WecouldgobacktothemostancientoftheancientGreeks,allthewaybacktoThalesofMiletus,wholivedfromabout624B.C.toabout545B.C.Bymanyaccounts,Thalesachievedmuchinbothscienceandmathematics,yetheleftnowrittenrecordandmayhavebeen,likeHomer,acelebratedfigurewhoreceivedcreditformanygreatachievementsbutwhomayneverhaveexistedatall.WecouldconsiderotherancientGreeksaswell,suchasEuclid(thefatherofgeometry)orPtolemy(themisguidedastronomerwhoputEarthatthecenterofthecosmos).Butallofthesemen,althoughgreatthinkers,reliedonmakingargumentsinsteadofrunningexperimentstoproveordisprove

hypotheses.SomescholarsbelievethatmodernsciencehaditsoriginsinanimpressiveclassofArabicmathematiciansandphilosophersworkingintheMiddleEastdecadesbeforetheEuropean

Renaissance

began.Thisgroupincludedal-Khwarizmi,IbnSina,al-BiruniandIbnal-Haytham.Infact,manyexpertsrecognizeIbnal-Haytham,wholivedinpresent-dayIraqbetween965and1039A.D.,asthefirstscientist.Heinventedthe

pinholecamera,discoveredthelawsof

refraction

andstudiedanumberofnaturalphenomena,suchas

rainbows

and

eclipses.AndyetitremainsunclearwhetherhisscientificmethodwastrulymodernormorelikePtolemyandhisGreekpredecessors.It’salsonotclearwhetherhehademergedfromthemysticismstillprevalentatthetime.It’salmostimpossibletodeterminewhentheinfluenceofmysticismhadfadedcompletelyamongscientists.What’seasiertoidentifyarethecharacteristicsofamodernscientist.AccordingtoauthorBrianClegg,amodernscientistmustrecognizetheimportanceofexperiment,embracemathematicsasafundamentaltool,considerinformationwithoutbiasandunderstandtheneedtocommunicate.Inotherwords,heorshemustbeunshackledbyreligiousdogmaandwillingtoobserve,reactandthinkobjectively.Clearly,manyindividualsdoingscientificworkinthe17thcentury—ChristiaanHuygens,RobertHooke,

IsaacNewton—satisfiedmostoftheserequirements.Buttofindthefirstscientistwiththesecharacteristics,youhavetotraveltotheRenaissance,tothemid-16thcentury.Youprobablythinkof

GalileoGalilei

atthementionofRenaissancescience,andrightfullyso.HeoverturnedAristotle’sideasonmotionandbegantoexplainsuchcomplexconceptsasforce,inertiaandacceleration.Hebuiltoneofthefirst

telescopes

andusedittostudythecosmos.WhathesawthroughthelensesofhisdeviceremovedEarthfromthecenteroftheuniverseandputitinitsproperplace.Inallhiswork,Galileostressedtheneedforobservationandexperimentation.AndyetGalileoowesmuchtoanotherseminalfigureborn20yearsearlier.HisnamewasWilliamGilbert,aratherobscurefigureinthehistoryofscience.AlongwithGalileo,Gilberthadbeenbusypracticingthe

scientificmethod

inhisworkandsettinganexampleforhispeersafterthefirstdecadeofthe17thcenturyhadpast.Here’swhatJohnGribbinhadtosayaboutGilbertandGalileoinhis2002bookTheScientists:AlthoughGalileoisoneofthetoweringfiguresinscience,knownbynametoeveryeducatedpersontoday,andGilbertislesswellknownthanhedeserves,Gilberthadtheearlierbirthdateand,chronologicallyspeakingatleast,deservesthetitleoffirstscientist.Gilbertwasbornin1544toaprominentlocalfamilyandattendedCambridgeUniversitybetween1558and1569.Eventually,hesettledinLondonandembarkedonasuccessfulcareerasaphysician,attendingtobothQueenElizabethIand,uponherdeathin1603,toKingJamesI.ItwasGilbert’sinvestigationsintothenatureof

magnetism,however,thatmaymakehimthefirstmodernscientist.Thisworkculminatedin“DeMagnete,MagneticisqueCorporibus,etdeMagnoMagneteTellure”(“OntheMagnet,MagneticBodies,andtheGreatMagnetoftheEarth”),thefirstsignificantbookaboutphysicalsciencepublishedinEngland.Inthebook’spreface,Gilbertdescribedtheneedfor“sureexperimentsanddemonstratedarguments”insteadof“conjecturesandtheopinionsofphilosophicalspeculators.”Healsodiscussedtheneedtoconductexperiments“carefully,skilfullyanddeftly,notheedlesslyandbunglingly.”Thescientistfollowedhisownadvice.Gilbert’sbookrecountedhisinvestigationsinsomuchdetailthatanotherpersoncouldreplicatehisworkandverifyhisresults.Thisresearchledtomanyimportantdiscoveriesaboutmagnetism.Thelearnedfellowalsoturnedhisinquisitivemindtotheheavens.GilbertdirectlyinfluencedGalileo.ThefamousItalianscientistreadDeMagneteandrepeatedmanyofitsexperiments.ItiseasytoimagineGalileoporingoverthebookandnoddinginaffirmationatGilbert’sideasaboutexperimentationandobservation—ideasthatGalileohimselfwouldapplyinhisgroundbreakingwork.IsitanywonderGalileoproclaimedGilberttobethefounderofthescientificmethod?ThisendorsementalonemaybeenoughtosubstantiatetheclaimthatWilliamGilbertwasthefirstmodernscientist.WHERE’STHEBACON?ManysciencebooksidentifyFrancisBaconasthefatherofthescientificmethod.Doesn’tthatmakehimthefirstscientist?Itdepends.Baconcertainlypopularizedthemethodsandtechniquesofscientificinquiry,buthewasmoreofaphilosopherthananexperimenter.WilliamGilbertandGalileo,bycontrast,werehands-onscientists.Theydesignedexperiments,carriedthemoutandrecordedtheirresults—justlikeyoudidinyourhighschoolphysicsclass.Thiscommitmenttoconductingrigorous,repeatableexperimentsisoneofthehallmarksofmodernscience.Cultural&BackgroundNotesMichaelFaradaywasanEnglishscientistwhocontributedtothestudyofelectromagnetismandelectrochemistry.Hismaindiscoveriesincludetheprinciplesunderlyingelectromagneticinduction,diamagnetismandelectrolysis.AlthoughFaradayreceivedlittleformaleducation,hewasoneofthemostinfluentialscientistsinhistory.ItwasbyhisresearchonthemagneticfieldaroundaconductorcarryingadirectcurrentthatFaradayestablishedthebasisfortheconceptoftheelectromagneticfieldinphysics.ChristiaanHuygenswasaprominentDutchmathematicianandscientist.Heisknownparticularlyasanastronomer,physicist,probabilistandhorologist.Huygenswasaleadingscientistofhistime.HisworkincludedearlytelescopicstudiesoftheringsofSaturnandthediscoveryofitsmoonTitan,theinventionofthependulumclockandotherinvestigationsintimekeeping.Hepublishedmajorstudiesofmechanicsandoptics(havingbeenoneofthemostinfluentialproponentsofthewavetheoryoflight),andpioneeredworkongamesofchance.RobertHookewasanEnglishnaturalphilosopher,architectandpolymath.HebuiltsomeoftheearliestGregoriantelescopesandobservedtherotationsofMarsandJupiter.Basedonhismicroscopicobservationsoffossils,Hookewasanearlyproponentofbiologicalevolution.Heinvestigatedthephenomenonofrefraction,deducingthewavetheoryoflight,andwasthefirsttosuggestthatmatterexpandswhenheatedandthatairismadeofsmallparticlesseparatedbyrelativelylargedistances.ExercisesPreview:DefinitionDirections:Writeadefinitionofthewordscientistinnomorethantwosentences.Thencheckyouranswerinthetext.Towhatextentisyourdefinitionthesame?_______________________________________________________________________________ReadingforSpecificInformationDirections:SkimthetextasquicklyaspossibleandfindoutwhowasthefirstscientistaccordingtoHarris?_____________________________________________________________________________Directions:Readthetextagainandcompletethefollowingnotes.TheClassicalEra(8thcenturyBCE—5thcenturyAD)—ThalesofMiletus àachievedmuchin______________________àleftnowrittenrecordà________________________—OtherancientGreekthinkers,suchasEuclidandPtolemyàachievedmuchinmathematicsandastrologyàprovedordisprovedhypothesesbywayof________________________TheMiddleAges(5thcenturyAD—15thcenturyAD)—________________________,includingal-Khwarizmi,IbnSina,al-BiruniandIbnal-Haytham—GreatachievementsofIbnal-Haythamàinvented________________________àdiscoveredthelawsofrefractionàstudiedsuchnaturalphenomenaas________________________—Reasonsthatal-Haythamwasnotthefirstscientistàhisscientificmethod________________________àmaybebiasedbymysticismRenaissance(14thcenturyAD—17thcenturyAD)—GalileoGalileiàoverturnedAristotle’sideaonmotionàexplainedcomplexconceptslike________________________àstudiedthecosmosusing________________________àstressedtheneedfor________________________—WilliamGilbertàborntoaprominentlocalfamilyandgraduatedfrom________________________àhadasuccessfulcareeras________________________,attendingtobothQueenElizabethIandKingJamesIàinvestigatedinto________________________—FrancisBaconàidentifiedbymanysciencebooksas________________________àpopularizedthemethodsandtechniquesofscientificinquiryàmoreof________________________thananexperimenter—ReasonsthatGilbertwasclaimedasthefirstmodernscientistàdescribedinhisworktheneedfor________________________à________________________olderthanGalileoà________________________inthatGalileoreadDeMagneteandrepeatedmanyofitsexperimentsàcommittedto________________________(oneofthehallmarksofmodernscience)ReadingforSpecificDetailsDirections:Readthetextagainanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationinthetext?WriteTrueifthetextconfirmsthestatementFalseifthetextcontradictsthestatementNotGivenifitisimpossibletoknowfromthetext_____1.WilliamWhewellcoinedtheterm“scientist”todescribesomeonelikeCharlesDarwinorMichaelFaraday,twoiconicfigureswhowereWhewell’scontemporaries._____2.AncientGreekthinkersmainlyreliedondemonstratingargumentstoproveordisprovehypotheses._____3.TheRenaissancehasdefeatedtheinfluenceofmysticismwhichwasprevalentduringtheMiddleAges._____4.TheArabicmathematicianIbnal-Haythammayhavebeenacelebratedfigurewhomayneverhaveexistedatall._____5.WilliamGilbertmademanyimportantdiscoveriesaboutmagnetismwhichmadehimthefirstmodernscientist._____6.GalileousedthescientificmethodtodisprovePtolemy’sgeocentrichypothesis.IdentifyingandSummarizingKeyPointsDirections:Completethefollowingsummarybasedonwhatyouhaveread.YoucanusesomeoftheanswersinExerciseIItohelpyou.Theword“scientist”wascoinedby________________________in1834,butthefirstscientistexistedwayearlierthanthat.In“WhowastheFirstScientist,”WilliamHarrisgiveshisopiniononthisquestion.AccordingtoWilliamHarris,thefirstmodernscientistemergedduring________________________.Mathematiciansandphilosophersbeforethattimewerenotmodernscientistsinthattheygainedtheirachievementsbywayof________________________andthattheywere,tovariousextent,influencedby________________________.Incontrast,amodernscientistmakesscientificdiscoveriesthrough________________________.Morespecifically,heorsheisawareofthesignificanceof________________________andtheneedto________________________,usesmathematicsasafundamentaltoolandevaluatedata________________________.Judgedbysuchstandards,WilliamGilbertdeservesthetitleoffirstscientist.Thereasonisnotthathehadasuccessfulcareeras________________________workingfortheBritishroyalfamily,butthatheinvestigatedinto________________________.Hepublishedthefirstsignificantbookabout________________________inEngland.Inthisbook’spreface,hesuggestedthatinsteadof________________________,oneshouldconduct________________________.Inadditiontomagnetism,healsostudies________________________,anddirectlyinfluencedGalileo.InGalileo’sopinion,Gilbertwasthefounderof________________________,thoughsomescholarswouldgivethattitletoFrancisBacon.ThefactthatBaconwas________________________andthatoneofthehallmarksofmodernscienceisthecommitmentto________________________isevidenceoftheargumentthatGilbertwasthefirstmodernscientist.Unit2America’sLackingLanguageSkillsBudgetcuts,lowenrollments,andteachershortagesmeansthecountryisfallingbehindtherestoftheworldBy\o"AmeliaFriedman"AmeliaFriedmanEducatorsfromacrossthecountrygatheredinWashington,D.C.,thispastThursdaytolobbyintheinterestofworldlanguages.ItwasLanguageAdvocacyDay,anannualeventonCapitolHillthatisaimedatgarneringmorefederalsupportforlanguageeducation.AsIsatinsessionsandcongressionalconferencerooms,Iheardapersuasiveurgencyintheseeducators’voices.Eachyearasnationalbudgetprioritiesaredetermined,languageeducationislosingout—cutshavebeenmadetofundingforsuchinstruction,includingTitleVIgrantsandtheForeignLanguageAssistanceProgram.AndthenumberoflanguageenrollmentsinhighereducationintheU.S.

declined

bymorethan111,000spotsbetween2009and2013—thefirstdropsince1995.Translation?Only7percentofcollegestudentsinAmericaareenrolledinalanguagecourse.Anotherchallengeemergeswhenlookingatthelanguagesthesestudentsarelearning,too.In2013,roughly

198,000U.S.collegestudents

weretakingaFrenchcourse;just64,ontheotherhand,werestudyingBengali.Yet,globally,

193millionpeoplespeakBengali,while75millionspeakFrench.Infact,ArneDuncan,theU.S.educationsecretary,

noted

backin2010thatthevastmajority—95percent—ofalllanguageenrollmentswereinaEuropeanlanguage.Thisisjustoneindicatordemonstratingtheshortcomingsandinequalitiesinlanguageeducationtoday.Educationisdominatedbydisputesoverpriorities,largelybecauseofpoliticsandlimitedfunding.Somepeople,forexample,

think

artsinstructionisfinancialquicksand,whilesome

believe

thatsportsdon’tbelongintheschools.Others,meanwhile,even

assert

thatschools’emphasisonmathcouldbeholdingstudentsback.Languageisanothersubjectareawhoseimportanceisgreatlydebated.Advocatesandeducatorsdisagreeaboutwhetherit’saworthwhileinvestment—whetherit’ssomethingthatproducesagreaterreturnthan,say,socialstudies.Andwithintherealmoflanguage,advocatesclashoverwhichonesshouldtakeprecedence.__________(1)__________Lessthan

1percent

ofAmericanadultstodayareproficientinaforeignlanguagethattheystudiedinaU.S.classroom.That’snoteworthyconsideringthatin2008almostallhighschoolsinthecountry—93percent—offeredforeignlanguages,accordingtoa

nationalsurvey.Inmanycases,asRichardBrecht,whooverseestheUniversityofMaryland’sCenterforAdvancedStudyofLanguage,saidonThursday:“Itisn’tthatpeopledon’tthinklanguageeducationimportant.It’sthattheydon’tthinkit’spossible.”Languageproficiencyisjustashardtobuildasitistomaintain.Butthesamecouldbesaidevenaboutcoresubjects,suchasmath.Fiveyearsago,ItookMultivariableCalculusandLinearAlgebra;now,Ineedacalculatortomultiplyfourbyseven.Still,mymathclassestaughtmesomethingmorevaluablethanhowtosolveacomplexequation:Ilearnedskillsthathelpmewiththeaccounting,bookkeeping,research,andbudgetstrategizingrequiredinmydayjob.Likemath,language-learningisshowntocomewithahostofcognitiveandacademicbenefits.Andknowingaforeignlanguageisanundoubtedlypracticalskill:AccordingtoMohamedAbdel-Kader,thedeputyleadingtheDOE’slanguage-educationarm,oneinfivejobsaretiedtointernationaltrade.Meanwhile,theJointNationalCommitteeforLanguagesreportsthatthelanguageindustry—whichincludescompaniesthatprovidelanguageservicesandmaterials—employsmorethan200,000Americans.Theseemployeesearnanannualmedianwageof$80,000.KirstenBrecht-Baker,thefounderofGlobalProfessionalSearch,recentlytoldmeaboutwhatshecalls“theglobalwarfortalent.”Americans,shesaid,areindangerofneedingtoimporthumancapitalbecauseinsufficienttimeordollarsarebeinginvestedinlanguageeducationdomestically.“Itcan’tjustbeaboutspecialization[inengineeringormedicineortechnology]anymore,”shesaid.“Theyhavetocommunicateinthelanguage.”TheJointNationalCommitteeforLanguagesadvocatesforintegratinglanguageeducationwithsubjectsrangingfromengineeringtopoliticalscience—anything,really.“Languagesarenotasidedishthat’sextra,butit’sasidedishthatcomplementsotherskills,”Hansonsaid.“Youcanuseittoaugmentandfortifyotherskillsthatyouhave,andexpandtheapplicationoftheseskills.”Butstudents,especiallythoseincollege,areoftendiscouragedfromlanguagecoursesorstudyingabroadbecauseofstringentrequirementsinanothersubjectmatter.Butperhapseducationalinstitutionscanaddressthischallengebyintegratinglanguageintotheirotherprograms.

Onesolutioncitedbyadvocatesisdual-languageinstruction,inwhichavarietyofsubjectsaretaughtintwolanguages,therebyeliminatingtheneedtohireaseparatelanguageinstructor.Attheelementarylevel,theseprogramsappeartohaveimmediateimpactonkids’learning.BillRivers,oneofthecountry’smostprominentlanguagelobbyists,pointstosignificantevidencethatstudentsindual-languageprogramsoutperformtheirpeersinreadingandmathbyfourthgrade—regardlessoftheirraceorsocioeconomicstatus.Andadvocatessaydual-languageprogramsarecost-effectivebecausetheytypicallydon’trequireextramaterialsforthelanguageinstruction;asciencetextbook,forexample,wouldsimplybepublishedinthetargetlanguage.

Thatmeansdistrictsbuythesamenumberofmaterialsastheywouldwithoutthelanguageelement.Thesamegoesforthenumberofteachersneeded—thoughthoseteachersneedtobebilingualaswell.__________(2)__________Thenthere’sthequestionaboutwhatlanguagestooffer.Roughly7,000languagesarespokenworldwide,andit’dtakeaseverallifetimesforanyonepersontolearnthemall.FrenchandSpanishareoftendefaultofferingsatinstitutionsacrossthecountry,butbeyondthat,there’sagooddealofvariability—andfocuseshavetendedtochangeovertime.JanetIkeda,aJapanese-languageprofessorwhomImetonThursday,putitlikethis:“AdministratorsarecuttingestablishedprogramsforwhatIcallthe‘languagedujour’.”She’sright.Americanslearncertainlanguageswhen,forexample,emergencieshit.SlaviclanguagesduringtheColdWar.MiddleEasternonesduringthe“WaronTerror.”TheModernLanguageAssociationhastrackeddataoversevendecadesshowingtheinfluenceofinternationalanddomesticdevelopmentsonlanguageeducation.Butthesepop-upprogramsmaybemisguided:Learningalanguageinanon-immersiveclassroomsettingtakesyears.Soifschoolsareofferinglearningthe“languagedujour”today,it’sboundtobethe“languaged’hier”tomorrow.Andthenthere’stheproblemofteachershortages.Evenifschoolsembracethevariousbenefitsofforeign-languageinstruction,findingqualified,experienced,andengaging,bilingualteachersinacrunchistough.Thelanguage-policyanalystRachelHansondescribesthisasabigchicken-or-the-eggchallengeinlanguageeducation:“Youcan’texpandlanguageeducationifyoudon’thavethepoolofteacherstoteachit,”shesaid.“And,ifthestudentsaren’tlearningthelanguageandbecomingproficient,theywon’tbecometeachers.”__________(3)__________Today,schoolsarehavingahardenoughtimefindinginstructorsintraditionallytaughtlanguages.Infact,theaverageproficiencyoflanguageteachers

isbelowthatneededbythemilitary,Hansonsaid.Buteffortstorecruitqualifiedteacherstoaddressthenation’slanguagedeficitoftenfacetheadditionalobstacleofdevelopingprogramsfocusingonless-traditionallanguages.Thelistoflanguages

designated

bythefederalgovernmentas“critical”includeonesthatmanyAmericanshaveprobablyneverevenheardofbefore.Thereare

morepeopleintheworld

whospeakJavanesethantherearethosetospeakGerman,forexample,andmorewhospeakLahndathanwhospeakFrench.Thecountryhasfacedshortcomingsinlanguageeducationforatleastthepastseveralyears.Enrollmentshavebeenpersistentlylow,ashaveproficiencylevels;thesamegoesfornon-Westernlanguageofferings.AndwithEnglishasalinguafrancaoftradeandinternationalpolitics,bilingualismhasbecomelessandlessofapriority.True,manypeoplespeakEnglishproficiently.But

19millionAmericans

and

billionsofpeopleglobally

donot.“It’snotanice-to-have,”Riverssaid.“Languagesareaneed-to-have.”Cultural&BackgroundNotesBengaliisthenationalandofficiallanguageofPeople’sRepublicofBangladeshandbymanypeopleinWestBengal.Itisalsooneofthe22scheduledlanguagesofIndia.With205millionspeakers,Bengaliistheseventhmostspokennativelanguageintheworldbypopulation.MultivariableCalculus,alsoknownasmultivariatecalculus,istheextensionofcalculusinonevariabletocalculusinmorethanonevariable.Thereisthedifferentiationandintegrationoffunctionsinvolvingmultiplevariablesratherthanjustone.LinearAlgebraisthebranchofmathematicsconcerningvectorspacesandlinearmappingsbetweensuchspaces.Itincludesthestudyoflines,planes,andsubspaces,butisalsoconcernedwithpropertiescommontoallvectorspaces.DujourisaFrenchphrasethatmeans“oftheday.”Somethingdujourservedinarestaurantasaspecialitemonaparticularday.Forexample,oursoupdujourischickennoodle.Second,itmeanshappeningorpopularataparticulartime,e.g.,Longhairwasthestyledujour.Incontrast,d’hiermeansyesterdayinFrench.Lahnda,alsoknownasLahndi,isagroupofnorth-westernIndo-AryanlanguagevarietiesspokeninPakistaniPunjabandinpartsoftheneighboringAzadKashmirandKhyberPakhtunkhwa.Alinguafrancaisalanguageusedforcommunicationamongpeopleofdifferentmothertongues.ExercisesSearchReadingi.Directions:Beforereadingthetext,considerthefollowingquestionsandthendiscussthemwithanotherstudent.1.Intoday’sworld,howimportantisittolearnaforeignlanguage?Nowscanthetextquicklytofindrelevantinformation.___________________________________________________________________________ii.Directions:Skimthetextquicklyanddecidewherethefollowingthreesentencesshouldgointhetext.a.“Itisn’tthatpeopledon’tthinklanguageeducationimportant.It’sthattheydon’tthinkit’spossible.”b.Only7percentofcollegestudentsinAmericaareenrolledinalanguagecourse.c.“It’snotanice-to-have,languagesareaneed-to-have.”ReadingforSpecificDetailsi.Directions:Readthetextandtrytofindanswerstothefollowingquestions.1.WhatisthepurposeofLanguageAdvocacyDay?___________________________________________________________________________2.Whatdoes“anotherchallenge”inparagraph3referto?___________________________________________________________________________3.WhathasFriedmanlearnedfromhermathclass?___________________________________________________________________________4.Whyaredual-languageprogramscost-effective?___________________________________________________________________________5.WhatlanguagesarethedefaultofferingsatAmericanschools?___________________________________________________________________________ii.Directions:Readthetextagainanddecidewhetherthefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationinthetext?WriteTrueifthetextconfirmsthestatementFalseifthetextcontradictsthestatementNotGivenifitisimpossibletoknowfromthetext _____1.Americansdonotthinklanguageeducationmatters._____2.One’slanguageclassescanteachonesomethingmorevaluablethanhowtomasteraforeignlanguage._____3.Americancollegestudentswouldnottakelanguagecoursesbecausetheythinkitisawasteoftime._____4.Languageproficiencyishardtoacquireandmaintainbecauselearninganewlanguageisverytimeandenergyconsuming._____5.InAmericanschools,studentsdonothavemanychoicesintermsoflanguagecourse.IdentifyingandSummarizingKeyPointsDirections:Completethefollowingsummarybasedonwhatyouhaveread.YoucanusesomeoftheanswersinExerciseIItohelpyou. In“America’sLackingLanguageSkills”,\o"AmeliaFriedman"AmeliaFriedmanarguesthat______________________________.Accordingtoher,eachyearasnationalbudgetprioritiesaredetermined,languageeducationissuffering____________________.____________________havebeenpersistentlylow,sohave___________________.Americanstudents,especiallythoseincolleges,arediscouragedfrom____________________,giventhetoughrequirementsinothersubjectmatters