An-Analysis-on-the-Translation-of-Public-Signs英语专业论文

PAGEPAGE24中国某某某某学校学生毕业设计(论文)题目:AnAnalysisontheTranslationofPublicSigns姓名：0000000班级、学号：00000000系(部)：经济管理系专业：商务英语指导教师：0000000开题时间：2008完成时间：2009-12009年10目录毕业设计任务书………………1毕业设计成绩评定表…………2答辩申请书……………………3-5正文…………6-26答辩委员会表决意见…………27答辩过程记录表………………28课题AnAnalysisontheTranslationofPublicSigns课题(论文)提纲Ⅰ.引言1.1研究背景1.2研究目的1.3研究方法Ⅱ.公示语的翻译2.1公示语的翻译特点2.1.1简洁2.1.2简单2.1.3清晰2.2中英公示语翻译上的差异2.2.1观点的不同2.2.2排列顺序的不同2.3公示语翻译中的常见错误2.3.1拼写错误2.3.2语法错误2.3.3逐字翻译Ⅲ.公示语翻译的策略3.1符合国际标准的翻译策略3.1.1指示性3.1.2提示性3.1.3强迫性3.1.4限制性3.2符合中国特色的翻译策略3.2.1具有中国特色的公示语标语3.2.2具有中国特色的旅游景点内公示语3.3其他策略Ⅳ.结语二、内容摘要公示语在我们生活当中必不可少，它涉及到了我们生活中的许多方面。随着中国的发展，越来越多的外国友人来到中国工作，旅游和学习。公示语给他们的日常生活带来了方便，同时也帮助他们更好地了解中国。然而，公示语汉英翻译现状不容乐观，存在着许多错误，这些错误导致了语用的失误，也损坏了我国的国际形象。因此我们应该更加注意它。只有当公示语的翻译达到其原本目的时，我们才能说我们的翻译是成功的.关键词：公示语;汉英翻译;翻译策略参考文献Baker.MonaRutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.London.Rutledge.1998Bassnett—McGuire.SusanTranslationStudies.LondonandNewYork.Methuen.1980DuanLiancheng.Baker.MonaRutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.London.Rutledge.1998Bassnett—McGuire.SusanTranslationStudies.LondonandNewYork.Methuen.1980DuanLiancheng,HowtohelpforeignersknowChina.Beijing.ChinaReconstructsPress.1998JimDi&Nida.EugeneA.OnTranslation.WithSpecialReferencetoChineseandEnglish.Beijing.ChinaTranslationandPublishingCooperation.1984Newmarkpeter.ATextBookofTranslation.ShanghaiforeignlanguageEducationPress,2001包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译.北京.中国对外翻译出版公司.2001郭力嘉.中国大城市公示语汉英翻译研究.四川大学硕士学位论文.2006连淑能.汉英对比研究.北京.高等教育出版社.1993氿全菊.公示语及其翻译.山东大学硕士论文.2005刘伟.中国城市汉语公示语英译失误探析及其翻译研究.上海外国语大学硕士学位论文，2008王颖.吕和发.公示语汉英翻译.北京.中国对外翻译出版公司.2007AnAnalysisontheTranslationofPublicSigns000000000Abstract:Publicsigns,whichcanbeseeninpublicplaceaffectusinmanywaysarenecessarytous.WithChina’sdevelopment,moreandmoreforeignerscometoChinafortheirbusiness,tourandstudy.Publicsignscanbringconveniencefortheirdailylife;meantimeitalsocanhelpthemknowbetteraboutChina.However,thereexistmanyproblemsintheChinese—Englishtranslationofpublicsignscausingthepragmaticfailureanddamagingourinternationalimage.Soweshouldpaymoreattentiontoit.Onlywhentranslationofpublicsignsachievestheintendedpurposecanwesayourtranslationissuccessful.Keywords:publicsigns;ChineseEnglishtranslation;translationstrategiesⅠ.IntroductionInthischapter,itisfocusedontheintroductionofthisthesis,includingthebackground,objectivesandMythologyoftheresearch.BackgroundoftheresearchWithChinahasgainedthemembershipofWTOandintensificationofourreformandopening—uppolicy,Chinabecomemoreandmoreinternational,somoreandmoreforeigner’sstreamingintoChinainincreasingnumbers.Underthiscircumstance,Chinanowisfacinganewchallengeintranslationstudies,agreatnumberofmaterialstranslatedinEnglisharetoessentialforforeignertohelpthembetteradapttoChinaandmakethemfeelathomeisanimportantproblemtoconsiderandsolve.Ifwearecarefulenoughtopayattentiontoit,wecanfindmanyimproperbilingualpublicsigns,forexample“游人止步”，wetranslationit“TheTouristStoptheSteps,”“TouristDon’tGoFurther”or“TouristStophere’’.Butwhichisaccurate?Infact,allthesearewrongfromtheEnglishversionsastheirfunctionalfailure.Insummarypublicsignsperformanirreplaceableroleintheprocessofintegrationwithoutsideworld.Inrecentyeas,moreandmoreSino—foreignjointventuresandcooperativeenterpriseshavebeensetupinChina,whichalsobringintoChinaasteadysteamofbusinesspeoplefromothercountries.Foreignerswillbenefitfromhome.HoweverthefailureintheC—EtranslationofpublicsignsinChinahinderstheeconomicandculturalexchangesinthewholeworld.SomeC—Etranslationsofpublicsignsmisleadandevenirritatethe“internationalcitizens’’whodefacestheimageofournation.Undersuchcircumstances,itisverynecessarytoimplementthisresearchonC—EtranslationofpublicsignsinChina.ObjectivesoftheresearchWhenwetalkaboutpublicsigns,thefollowingoneswillappearinourmind“keepsilence”,“Nosmoking”,“Information”.Alloftheseareincludedinpublicsigns.Thenwhatarepublicsigns?AccordingtotheOxfordAdvanceLeurner’sEnglish—ChineseDictionary,“signsrefertoaboard,notice,etcthatdirectssomebodytowardstosomewhere,givesawarning,advertiseabusinessetc’’.Itisusedasameansofdistinguishingitfromothersordirectingattentiontoit;laterisusedcommonlyonaboardbearingsnameorotherinscription,withorwithoutsomeornamentorpicture.Itisdefinedasaletteredboardorotherpublicdisplayplacedorbeforeabuilding,room,shoporofficetoadvertise,businesstranslatedthereorthenameofpersonorfirmconductingitaccordingtoWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionary.Publicsignscanaffectthepeople’slifeinmanyaspectsanditcanbelistasfollowing:usedastrafficsigns,suchasTwoWay双向行驶OneWay单线行2）Usedinscenicspots,givingdirectionorexplanationsuchasVisitorCenter旅游者服务中心NoLittering请勿乱扔废弃物3)Usedinpublicaccommodationtomaintainpublicorders,suchasNoSpitting严禁随地吐痰Noparking严禁停车4)Usedonthelabel,thepackageorinthepamphlettogiveinformationaboutthecommodity,suchasGlass小心玻璃HandleWithCare小心轻放5)UsedtranslationfirmsnameYixinElectronicCooperation益新电子公司YongheTradingCompany永和贸易公司MethodologyoftheresearchIntheprocessoftranslation,allculturalelements,atranslator’smothertongue,valuesystems,thinkingpatterns,religiousbeliefswillinfluencehischoiceoftranslationstrategiesandapproaches.Theprocessisnottheuntraceableflowofthinkinginthetranslator’smind.Thispaperadaptingtocomparative–analyticalmethodanalyzethecauses.AChinesepublicsignandthetranslatedversionarefirstcomparedandthentranslationproblemsareanalyzed.Inmostcauses,theravishedtranslationisalsoprovided.Ⅱ.GeneralIntroductiontoPublicSignsandTheirTranslationInthischapter,wewillanalyzethelanguagefeaturesofpublicsignsanddifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishpublicsigns,atthesametime,itstillincludeerrorsinthetranslationofpublicsigns.2.1LanguageFeaturesofPublicSignsWiththesignsareonaboard,sothelanguageonthesignsshouldbeinconcisewayduetothecomparativelysmallspace.Secondly,somepublicsignsmustdrawthepublic’sattentionatfirstsightandthereaderscancatchit’smeaningveryquicklyandcorrectly,especiallythetrafficsigns,suchas“AbruptTurnRightAhead前方急转弯,”theappliedwordsshouldbeclearandeasytoread,thesignissetwithoutambiguity.Wecanalsoanalyzethistopicinthreeways.2.1.1ConcisenessAccordingtoWilliamStrunk,JrandE.BWhitein1979(JoanPinkham2001.1):“vigorouswritingisconcise.Asentenceshouldcontainnecessarywordsparagraphnecessarysentences,forthesamereasonthatadrawingshouldhavetounnecessarylinesandamachinenecessaryparts’’.Itisalsotrueoflanguageofpublicsigns.Usuallythereadersforpublicsignsjustlookattheboardwithsignsquicklywhentheypassby,sothelanguageonitneedsimple,aphraseorjustawordisenough,forexample,“NoSmoking禁止吸烟”“Open正在营业”.Weneednotusesentences“pleasedonotsmoking’’and“weareonbusiness”.Sowemustrememberkeepasconcisenessaspossibleprinciplewhenwetranslatesomepublicsigns.2.1.2SimplewordsDuetothetargetreaderalwaysspeedlittletimeonreadingthesigns.Sothemeaningofthesignsshouldbeclearandeasytothemunderstood.Asthetargetreadersarethecommonpeoplewhohavelitterknowledgerelatedtotheconcernedtopic,thesignshoulddirectlyhitthepointandthereshouldnotexistonvagueness.InNiandLiu’sessay(倪传斌和刘治1988)，theyprovideanexample“严禁客货混装Don’tputpassengersandcargostogether.Thetargetreadermayfeelhazybecausetheydonotknowwhetheritmeansthepassengerscannottakethecargosthemselvestothedestinationorwhetheritmeansthepassengersareforbiddentositonthecargosandtheyshouldsitinthecab.Sothesign“严禁客货混装”shouldbetranslatedinto“NoPassengersonTrucks”.Then,readerscanunderstandthatitmeansthepassengerscantakethecargosthemselvestothedestinationbuttheyareforbiddentositonthecargos.Thesignaresetforthepublicandmanyreadersaren’tprofessional,thereforewhentranslatesign,weshouldgetthepointdirectlyandclearlyandshouldnotjusttalkaroundthebush.2.1.3ClearnessPublicsignsaresetfortheforeignerswhoknowalittleEnglishandEnglishisnothismotherlanguage,andtargetreadersalsoincludeoverseasChinesewhoisnotaEnglishnativespeaker.IftheEnglishversionisfullofrarewordsandexpression,itwillcauseapragmaticfailureofcommunicationandevenmisunderstandforpublicsigns.Weoftenseeasmallrestaurantattheairporttoprovidefastfoodforthepassengers,theEnglishtabletshouldbe“Snacks’’insteadof“Refection’’,becausethelateroneisrarewordsandoftenbeusednowadays.Takeanotherexample,“景区坏境卫生，需要你的维护”,shouldwetranslateitinto“EnvironmentalSanitationoftheScenicSpotNeedYourConserve”.Thewords“sanitation’’and“environmental”arenotfamiliarwordsforthepublic,wehadbetteruse“KeepClearorNoLittering”.Sotroughtheaboveweknowifwewantreaderscatchthemeaningatfirstglance,weshouldusetheconcise,clear,simplewordsandexpressionsinC—Etranslationofpublicsigns.2.2DifferentBetweenChineseandEnglishPublicSignsThoughbothChineseandEnglishinpublicsignssharetheabovementionedfeatures,theyhavemuchdistinctioninmanyways,itisbecauseofthesedistinctionsthatChinesenativespeakersalwaysmakemistakeswhentheytranslatingofpublicsigns.Mostproblems,however,concernthecoreofculture:waysoflife,valuesandwaysofthinkingandwriting,whichvarygreatlyfromChinesetoEnglish.Chineseisparataxis,whileEnglishishypostasis.Forexample,theChinesecharacter“人”（“man”isitsEnglishmeaning)seemslikeamanstandingonhistwofeet,andthecharacter“雨”（“rain”isitsEnglishmeaning）,thethreedotsinthecharacterlooklikethedrops.Distinctionscanbeillustratedinthreeaspects:differentcollocations,differentperspectivesanddifferentwordorders.2.2.1DifferentPerspectivesEnglishandChinese,sometimestheyexpressthesomemeaningindifferentperspectives.Weoftenseeasign“小心碰头’’onthewallofanarrowcorridororapassageway.TheChinesetextis“小心碰头’’,itexpressthefacttheceilingisverylowandwhenpassengerspassby,theyshouldbecarefulanddonothititonthehead.Besides,“mindyourhead”,wehaveanotherversion,“lowceiling”.Theformeronealsostatesthefactfromthesamemeaning,andthelateroneisfromtheoppositeperspective.Hereisanotherexample,theChinesetextis“油漆未干”.IfwetranslatefromthesameperspectivewiththeChinesetext,theEnglishversionshouldbe“paintisnotdry”.Butifwetranslatedlikeitisnotthatidiomaticanddoesnotcoincidewiththerulethatsignsshouldbewritteninconcisewords.Sowesterncountriesuse“wetpaint”togivetheinformationthatpaintisnotdryandtellreadersnottotouchit.Therefore,whenwetranslateChinesepublicsignstoEnglish,wecanshifttheperspectives.2.2.2DifferentWordordersDuetoChineseandEnglisharedifferentlanguages,sowhenthesayingthingsalsousedifferentways,thewordordersalwaysaredifferent.Thisphenomenoncanbeseenclearlyinthefollowingchart:ChineseEnglish工农业agricultureandindustry前后backandforth中小型smallandmedium左右rightandleftEventhoughwordshavethesameoriginalmeaningandtheirrelatedmeaningsaredifferent,sometimesevenopposite.Theycanfromdifferentperspectivesandindifferentways.Owingtothesedifferences,Chinesetranslatorsareeasilytomakeerrorswhiletranslating.2.3ErrorsintheTranslationofPublicSignsWecanfindmanyerrorsinthepublishedtranslationsifwearecarefullyenough.Theerrorsincludespellingmistakes,grammaticalmistakes,andWord—for—Wordtranslation.Maketheversionunreadableandfarbelowstandard.Thesemistakesnotonlyleavesabadimpressiononforeignersanddamagetheinternationalimageofourcountry,butalsoputupbarriersintheinternationalcommunication.Therefore,thetranslatorsshouldpaymoreattentiontothepubicsignstranslate.2.3.1SpellingErrorsThespellingerrorsareeasytobefoundandalsoeasytobemade.Thiskindofmistakeswillleaveaperfunctoryandslapdashimpressiononthetargetreadersbecauseitresultsfromcarelessnessonthepartoftranslatorsandprinters.Meanwhile,itisaseriousmistakeasitdecreasestheeffectivenessandcausesthefailureofunderstanding.Wrongspelling:Example13Chineseversion:公司业务(中国银行)OriginalEnglishversion：CompamyBusinessReviseEnglishversion:CompanyBusinessUsingChinesepinyintoreplaceEnglishwords:Example14Chineseversion:高教书店OriginalEnglishversion：GaoJiaoShuDian2.3.2GrammaticalErrorsGrammaticalerrorsinthetranslationofpublicsignsmainlyrefertothewronguseofnumbers,prepositions,voicesandpartofspeech.Theseerrorsarequitenoteworthyastheyleaveverynegativeimpressiononforeignguests.Fortranslators,grammaticalrulesarethefoundationduringtheprocessoftranslation.Asweknow,thesemistakescanbringmuchtroubleinunderstandingsignstoforeignreaders.TheChinesereadersforconsultationserviceis“总服务台”or“咨询台”,theexistingtranslationofitare“Information”,“Information’s”,“Enquiry/Inquiry”or”Enquiries/Inquiries”,whichonesaregrammaticallycorrect?“Information”isanuncountablenounandhasnotthepluralform,and“Enquiry/Inquiry”iscountablenounandhaspluralform.Thestandardusagesinwesterncountriesare“Information”or“Enquiries/Inquiries”.2.3.3Word—for—WordTranslationInsomesituations,whenonelanguageistranslatedintoanother,thepragmaticmeaningismoreimportantthanthemeaningofwords.Thustheword—for—wordtranslationisusuallyincorrectintermsofsentence.Structureandgrammar;andeveniftheyareright;itstillcannottransfertherealinformationoftheoriginaltext.Example15Insomesupermarket,thereisasign“欢迎你下次再来购物”postattheexit,taking“Welcometoourshopagain”asitsEnglishversion.TheChinesetextisusedwhenthecustomersleavetheshop,onthecontrary,theEnglishversionisagreetingwhenthecustomersarrivetheshoptoshowthehospitalityand“欢迎你再次来到我店”isitsChinesemeaning.Therefore,word—for—wordtranslationnotonlygoesagainsttheoriginalintentionoftranslatorsbutalsoleavesbadimpressiononChina’sinternationalimage.Soweshouldpaymoreattentiontoitwhenwetranslateit.Ⅲ.StrategiesforTranslationofPublicSignsInthischapter,somestrategiesfortranslationofpublicsignsaregiven.Then,wecanlearnsomewaysabouttranslationofpublicsigns3.1StrategiesforTranslationofPublicSignsFollowingInternationalStandardTherearesomepublicsignshavethesamefunctionindifferentcounties.IntranslatingsuchChinesepublicsigns,wecouldusetheready—madepublicsignsinEnglishspeakingcountriesforreference.Asforthem,oneshouldabidebytheinternationalstandard.Forexample,Smokingisforbiddeninmanypublicplaces.Sothesign“禁止吸烟”canbeseeninpublicsignsinChina.Asweknow,theEnglish—speakingcountriesalsohavesuchrequirement.Wecansee“NoSmoking”inpublicplaces.ThefollowingarewidelyusedstructuresintranslationofpublicsignsandtheexamplesaremostlyfromEnglishandChinesesignsBookletcompliedbyYuFulin.3.1.1DirectingPhrases,nonfiniteforms,adjectives,abbreviationsandetcareoftenusedbythiskindofpublicsigns.Example16:OnSale大减价Example17:NotforSale非卖品3.1.2PromptingThisfunctionisgenerallydemonstratedbynounphrasesandnone—finiteforms.Example18:WetFloor小心地湿Example19:MindYourHead当心碰头3.1.3RestrictingGenerallyspeaking,thisfunctionisdemonstratedbystatementsorimperativesentences.Example20：KeepofftheGrass勿踏草地Example21:Danger,Evacuation危险，请绕行3.1.4CompellingMostlyanegativeadverborthosewordscarryingthemeaningofforbiddingarecontained.Example22:NoParking禁止停车Example23:NoPhotographs/Photos禁止拍照3.2StrategiesforTranslationofPublicSignswithChinesecharacteristicsAsVermeerputsit,everytranslationisdirectedatanintendedaudience.Wemusttaketheaddresseeintoaccount.AccordingtotheGermanfunctionalism,thetop—rankingruleforanytransitionis“skoposvule”，whichmeansthatatransitionalactionisdeterminedbyitsskopos,thatis,“theendjustifiesthemeans”(Nord,2001).Asweknow,ithasmuchdifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishculture.LargenumbersofuniqueChinesevocabulariesandexpressionshavemushroomed,andit’sdifficulttofindtheready—madecorrespondingtranslationsinEnglish.Asforthosepublicsigns,translatorsshouldputforeigner’sculturalhabitsinthefirstplace,adoptsomefeasibletranslationskillssoastomakethewordsandexpressionssmoothlyconveytheideas.3.2.1PublicSignsofSloganswithChinesecharacteristicsGenerallyspeaking,thetranslatorsshouldgiveconciseandpreciseversionoftheseslogansbecausetheaddresseesofChineseslogansareforeignerswhohavelimitedknowledgeaboutChinesecultureandhistoricalbackground.Therearefourtypesasfollow:A:literaltranslationExample24:Chineseversion:平等，发展，和平Englishversion：Equality,Development,PeaceSothetranslationofChineseslogan,thismethodiscommonlyusedintheexpressionscomposedofparallelwordsonly.B:InversionorRestructuringExample25：Chineseversion：桂林山水甲天下Englishversion：EastorWest,Guilinlandscapeisbest!Sothetranslationnotonlytransmitstheoriginalinformation,butalsocaterstotheculturalhabitsofthetargetreaders.3.2.2PublicSignsintravelspotswithChinesecharacteristicsThecriterionforC—Etranslationofpublicsignsisnotwhetherthetargettextfaithfultothesourcetext,butwhetheritachievestheintendedfunctionofofferingadequateinformationorarousingtargetreaders’interneinscenicspots.Thereisanalysisfromtwoways.A:literaltranslationExample26:Chineseversion:青岛市音乐广场位于青岛市东部浮山湾海滨东侧与五四广场毗邻。他分为树阵区，偏心广场及软雕塑区，音乐观海台及地下休闲娱乐区四部分。Englishversion：QingdaomusicsquareislocatedonthecoastalongtheFushanBightintheeasternregionofQingdao,neighboringtheMay4thsquareontheeast.Ithasgreenbeltoftrees;eccentricsquareandboltsculpturegroups;musicalsea—viewingplatform;andundergroundentertainmentarea.B:pinyinplusliberaltranslationExample27:Chineseversion:虎跑梦泉Englishversion：HuPaoMengQuan(DreamingofTigerSpringatHuPaovalley)Thecertainnotesorexplanationcouldbeaddedforbetterunderstandingandmemorizingofforeigntourists.Sothemostessentialinformation“dreamingoftiger”inthelegendshouldbemadeclear.3.3SomeotherstrategiesNotranslatingforsomeoccasionsnotallthepublicsignsarenecessarytotranslateintoEnglish,becausesomeareonlyforChinesepeople,andthetranslationofsuchpublicsignsmaydamagetheimageofChinaandChinesepeople,weneedthesignslike“禁止在公园大小便’’,“禁止乱刻乱画”,“禁止小商小贩”，etc.Othersignslike“少生孩子多种树，少生孩子多养猪”,“不要文盲妻，不嫁文盲汉”etc,arerudeandillegal,whichwehadbetternottranslate,otherwiseforeignersmayfeelridiculous.Example28：Chineseversion：禁止摘花OriginalEnglishversion:Don’tpicktheflowerRevisedEnglishversion:Takecareoftheflowers,please!InEnglishthesentencesbeginningwith“Don’t”areseldomusedinpublicoccasionsbecauseofitsharshmannerofexpression.publictoTherefore,thesigncanbeputinto“Takecareoftheflowers,please!”Ⅳ.ConclusionWithChina’saccessiontoWTOandShanghaiInternationalTradeConferencein2010iscoming.EnglishbecomemoreandmorepopularinChina.Publicsignsconstituteavitalpartofourdailylife.StayinChina,itisnecessarytotranslateChinesepublicsignsintoEnglishforthepurposeofbringconveniencetoforeignersandmakingthemfeelathome.ThetranslationofChinesepublicsignsisanimportantandurgenttaskfacingtranslators.Translationismadeforthepurposeofcross—culturalcommunication.Therefore,onlyemphasizingthefidelityoftranslationcannevermakethetranslationofpublicsignseffectiveandsatisfactory.Translatorsshouldkeepthemselvesinlinewithinternationalnorms;otherwise,thetranslationofpublicsignscanonlyserveasculturegarbageanddamageChina’simageintheprocessofpublicity.TranslatingChinesepublicsignsintoEnglishisnotaneasyjobtranslator’smajorroleistohelpthoseforeignreadersovercometheculturalbarriers.Inordertoachievethefunctionalequivalence,somemethodsareintroducedthoughanalyzingmanyexamplesinthepracticeofC—Etranslationofpublicsigns.Ononehand,theyshouldlearnmuchfromtranslationtheory,andontheotherhand,heshouldapplythetheoryintopracticefrequently.TokeepagoodimageofChinaandbettercommunicatewiththeoutsideworld,thequalityofthetranslationofpublicsignsmustbegivenconsiderableattention.Ontheonehand,thegovernmentshouldgivemoreattentiontoitandmakegreatereffortinrelatedgovernance,suchassettingupauthoritativeinstitutionforexaminingandapprovingtranslationandtheEnglishtranslationscannotbepublisheduntiltheyareconfirmed,ontheotherhand,translatorsshouldkeepimprovingtheirownprofessionaswellastranslationethicsinordertobetteradaptthedevelopmentofcircumstances.Soweshouldbefamiliarwiththetranslationtheoriesandovercomeallthepotentialproblems.参考文献：Baker.MonaRutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.London.Rutledge.1998Bassnett—McGuire.SusanTranslationStudies.LondonandNewYork.Methuen.1980DuanLiancheng.Baker,MonaRutledgeEncyclopediaofTranslationStudies.London:Rutledge.1998Bassnett—McGuire.SusanTranslationStudies.LondonandNewYork.Methuen.1980DuanLiancheng.HowtohelpforeignersknowChina.Beijing.ChinaReconstructsPress.1998JimDi&Nida,EugeneA.OnTranslation:WithSpecialReferencetoChineseandEnglish.Beijing.ChinaTranslationandPublishingCooperation.1984Newmarkpeter.ATextBookofTranslation.ShanghaiforeignlanguageEducationPress.2001包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译.北京.中国对外翻译出版公司.2001郭力嘉.中国大城市公示语汉英翻译研究.四川大学硕士学位论文.2006连淑能.汉英对比研究.北京.高等教育出版社.1993氿全菊.公示语及其翻译.山东大学硕士论文.2005刘伟.中国城市汉语公示语英译失误探析及其翻译研究.上海外国语大学硕士学位论文.2008[26].王颖,吕和发.公示语汉英翻译.北京.中国对外翻译出版公司.2007基于C8051F单片机直流电动机反馈控制系统的设计与研究基于单片机的嵌入式Web服务器的研究MOTOROLA单片机MC68HC（8）05PV8/A内嵌EEPROM的工艺和制程方法及对良率的影响研究基于模糊控制的电阻钎焊单片机温度控制系统的研制基于MCS-51系列单片机的通用控制模块的研究基于单片机实现的供暖系统最佳启停自校正（STR）调节器单片机控制的二级倒立摆系统的研究基于增强型51系列单片机的TCP/IP协议栈的实现基于单片机的蓄电池自动监测系统基于32位嵌入式单片机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