汉英语言差异

DifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish资料搜集：，，PPT制

作：李涛，张龙艳主

讲：11.DifferentLanguageFamilies2.LexicalDifference

betweenChineseand

English3.SentenceStructureDifferencebetween

Chinese

andEnglish4.DiscourseDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish5.IdiomDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish6.Suggestionstoavoidnegativeinfluence

ofChineseonEnglishOutline2DifferentLanguageFamiliesEnglishbelongstotheGermanicbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily(印欧语系).ChinesebelongstotheSino-Tibetanlanguagefamily(汉藏语系).3LexicalDifference

betweenChineseandEnglishThemajorwaysofword-buildinginEnglisharecomposition(合成),conversion(词性转化),andderivation

(affixation衍生).AndinChinesewehavethesamemajorways.4English:Composition:motherland,blackboard,handwriting,easy-goingChinese:

Composition:并列式：语言，改革，树立，遥远，左右偏正式：学分，本科，红糖，笑声，新衣主谓式：耳闻，目睹，脸红动宾式：思甜，攻关，灭火，开车，踢球补充式：提前，救活，改善，说明，调好重叠式：平平安安，高高兴兴，懒洋洋

5English:Conversion:paperthewindow,emptythebasket,elbowone’swayChinese:

Conversion:一棵大树,十年树人

出售油漆,油漆门窗鸡鸭鱼肉,鱼肉百姓

安全第一,不太安全English:Derivation:ableunable

takemistake

hope

hopeless

hopelessnessChinese:

Derivation:

6Suffix:手—助手，舵手，选手，帮手，一把手年—幼年，晚年，青少年，周年，光年子—金子，票子，耗子，妻子，爱面子头—外头，对头，拳头，风头，枕头，苗头Prefix：

超—超人，超额，超支，超音速

反—反动，反攻，反驳，反问，反腐败

非—非人，非常，非原则，非正式

无—无视，无限，无线电，无名氏，无疑

汉语中的“非”、“无”相当于英语中的前缀un-,in-,il-和后缀-less7SentenceStructureDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish1.HypotacticvsParatactic(形合与意合)Hypotaxis:Thedependentorsubordinateconstructionorrelationshipofclausesarrangedwithconnectives.E.g.

Ishalldespairifyoudon’tcome.Parataxis:Thearrangingofclausesoneaftertheotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.E.g.Therainfell;theriverflooded;thehouseswerewashedaway.82.ComplexvsSimplex（复杂句式与简单句式）InEnglish,peopleusemuchmorecomplexsentencesthansimpleonesinnormalwritings.TheEnglishcomplexsentencesareoftenlikechainswithclauseslinkingclauses.Ontheotherhand,theChinesesentencesorclausestendtobeshortandsimpleinstructure.Theyareflowingandsimplexwithoneclausefollowingtheotherratherinaline.一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。AnEnglishmanwhocouldnotspeakChinesewasoncetravelinginChina.93.

Top-heavy/Lion-headvsEnd-weight/Peacock-tail（头重与尾重句型）InanEnglishsentence,theshorterelementsusuallygobeforelongeronesinarrangementorder,andthewholesentencelookslikeapyramid.ThatalsoexplainswhytherearesomanyinvertedsentencesinEnglish.

ThearrangementofaChinesesentenceseemsquitetheopposite,soitlookslikeaninvertedpyramidortriangle.104.StaticvsDynamic(静态与动态)EnglishtendstouselessverbsthanChinese.InasimpleEnglishsentenceorinanEnglishclause,onlyoneverbisusedasthepredicateofthesentenceorclause.InaChinesesentence,anumberofverbscanbeusedasitspredicateatthesametime,sowemaysaythattheChineseisrather“dynamic”whiletheEnglishis“static”.115.ImpersonalvsPersonal(InanimatevsAnimate)

（物称与人称）InanEnglishsentence,thechoiceofitssubjectoftenfallsontheinanimateorthethingthatisnotliving.Ontheotherhand,weChinesetendtopickupanimatethingsorpersonstofunctionasthesubjectofasentence.

eg.Thereareeightpeopleinhisfamily.

Hehaseightpeopleinhisfamily.126.PassivevsActive（被动与主动）这个问题正在研究。Theproblemisnowbeingstudied.

必须找到新的能源。Newsourcesofenergymustbefound.

饭做好了。Themealhasbeencooked.137.SubstitutivevsRepetitive(替代与重复)

RepetitionofwordsinEnglishisgenerallymoreorlessabnormalandobjectionableexceptthatitisrhetoricalorsignificant.Toavoidrepetition,Englishoftenemployssubstitution,ellipsis,

variation,andsomeotherdevices.他喜欢跳舞，我也喜欢跳舞。

HelikesdancingandsodoI.(替代)我们要相信群众，依赖群众。

Wemusthavefaithinandrelyonthemasses.(省略)约翰给自己买了一部新的福特牌汽车，他几乎就住在这部汽车里。John’sboughthimselfanewFord.Hepracticallylivesinthecar.（变换）14

Chinese:inductive

English:deductivedetailtopictopicdetail

DiscourseDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish15Hello!Mr.Wang,Iamfeelingterriblenow.Ihaveaheadache.Iamcoughingandsneezingallthetime.IthinkIhaveabadcold.Ihavetoseeadoctor…Iwanttoaskforaleave.Twostudentscalltheirteachers

Hello!Mr.Wang,I’msorrytosayIwanttoaskforaleave.Ihaveabadcold.Ihavetoseeadoctor…16

Idiomsincludemetaphoricalphrases,slang,colloquialism,proverbandsoon.Asanessentialpartofthelanguageandcultureofasociety,idiomsarecharacterizedbytheirconciseexpressions,richandvivid,involvinggeography,history,religiousbelief,livingconventionsandsoon.

IdiomDifferencebetweenChineseandEnglish171.

Differentlivingcircumstance

Itcannotbedenied

thatnaturalenvironmentincludinggeographicalposition,climate,ecologicalconditionissomethingthatplayscontributoryroleintheformationofalanguage..

1)Geographicalenvironment

Britainisanislandcountry.Peoplewholivealongseacoastandwhoselivelihoodisdependentontheseawillhaveidiomsaboutwater,sailing,islandandfish.18spendmoneylikewater

挥金如土abigfishinalittlepond

山中无老虎，猴子称霸王neveroffertoteachfishtoswim

不要班门弄斧towerone'ssail

甘拜下风burnone'sboat

破釜沉舟

atsea

茫然19TheHanPeopleliveonland,theybelongtoanagrariansocietythatplacesagriculturalproductionatthetopofthenationalagenda,regardingindustryandcommerceasthenon-essentials.Duringthelonghistoryoffarming,theChineselanguagehasaccumulatedlargenumbersoffarmers'idioms,like

二人同心，黄土变金

上无片瓦，下无寸土

种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆

瓜熟蒂落

瑞雪兆丰年

五谷丰登202)Climate

Britainislocatedinwesternhemisphere,withNorthtemperateZoneandmarineclimate,so"westwind"isthesymbolofspring.ThewestwindblowsfromtheAtlanticOceanaswarmandgentleasChineseeastwindandbringsvoluminousraintothisarea.Britainaboundsinraincanbeprovedinsomeidiomsconcerningrain:"tomakehaywhilethesunshines"(趁热打铁),"rainyday"（穷困时期）,"toraincatsanddogs"（倾盆大雨）

"inafog"（云里雾里），"Springuplikemushrooms"(雨后春笋)21

InChineselanguage"eastwind"is"thewindofspring";springiswarmandcolorful,anditisregardedasthebeginningofalllives.TherearemanyidiomsinChina,whichrefertospring：春暖花开,春意盎然,一年之计在于春.Springhastheimageofgoodthings,soChinese“春”isusedinsomeidiomstoexpressthis:满面春风,春风化雨.Summerisalwaysconnectedwithextremelyhotortheintenseheat,so赤日炎炎似火烧、骄阳似火aretermsoftenusedtodescribesummer222.Differenthistoricalallusion

Differentcountriespossessdifferenthistoryculture,whichmainlycomprisesallusion,myths,poems,ancientbooksandrecords,etc.Amongthem,allusionisthemostimportant;itreflectsthenationalcharacteristic.Idiomsfromhistoryculturearethegemsofhumanculturalheritage.Itisworthwhileforustolearnthemwell.231)Historicalevents

Inmost,ifnotall,languages,peopleembellishtheirspeechorwritingwithreferencestocharactersoreventsfromtheirhistory,thatistosay,idiomaticexpressionsarecloselyrelatedtoacountry'shistory.

卧薪尝胆

沉鱼落雁之容，闭月羞花之貌三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮

知己知彼,百战不殆tomeetone'sWaterloo

一败涂地

toeat

crow

tobeforcedtochange

thatonehassaid;admitthatoneiswrong242)Fablesandmythologies

GreekandRomancivilizationshaveagreatinfluenceontheEnglishlanguage,sotheGreekandtheRomanmythologieshavegreatlyenrichedtheEnglishidioms.

MostEnglishallusionscomefromtheBibleandtheGreekRomanMyth.APandora'sbox(theoriginofallevils)Achilles'heel(theoneweakspotinaman'scircumstancesorcharacter)crocodile'stears

猫哭老鼠假慈悲DavidandJonathan管鲍之交拔苗助长囫囵吞枣画龙点睛邯郸学步253.Differentreligionsandbeliefs

Chinaisamulti-religiouscountry,BuddhismhasagreaterinfluenceinChineseculture.放下屠刀，立地成佛救人一命胜造七级浮屠做一天和尚，撞一天钟借花献佛平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚TotheordinaryChinese,Heavenisthesupremeruleroftheworld.AllhappeningsontheeartharebelievedtobecontrolledandarrangedbyHeaven.谋事在人,成事在天

生死由命，富贵在天民以食为天

天生我才必有用

一人得道，鸡犬升天26MostofthewesternersareChristians,whobelievethattheworldwascreatedbyGod,andthateverythingintheworldisarrangedanddisposedofaccordingtoGod'swill.The

teachingsandbeliefsconcerningChristianityarerecordedin

theBible,whichhascontributedagreatdealtoEnglishidioms,formanyEng