医学英语课件

Lesson

FiveOBESITYBefore

reading1.

background

information2.

word-building

exercises

on

page283.

words

and

expressions1.Background

informationHaving

too

much

body

fat

can

be

harmful

tothebodyinmanyways.The

good

news

is

that

it's

never

too

late

to

makechanges

in

eating

and

exercise

habits

to

controlyour

weight,

and

those

changes

don't

have

to

beas

big

as

you

mightthink.

So

if

you

orsomeoneyou

know

is

obeseor

overweight,

this

article

cangive

you

information

and

tips

for

dealing

withthe

problem

by

adopting

a

healthier

lifestyle.What

Is

Obesity?Being

obese

and

being

overweight

are

notexactly

the

samething.

Anobese

personhas

alargeamountof

extrabody

fat,

not

justafewextrapounds.Peoplewhoareobeseareveryoverweight

and

at

risk

for

serious

healthproblems.How

to

determine

if

one

is

obese?To

determine

if

someone

is

obese,

doctors

and

other

healthcare

professionals

often

use

a

measurement

called

body

massindex

(BMI身高体重比;体质指数,评估体重与身高比例的参考指数).First,a

doctor

measures

a

person's

height

and

weight.

Then

the

doctoruses

these

numbers

to

calculate

another

number,

the

BMI.Once

the

doctor

has

calculated

a

child's

or

teen's

BMI,

he

orshe

will

plot

this

number

on

a

specific

chart

to

see

how

itcompares

to

other

people

of

the

same

age

and

gender.

A

personwith

a

BMI

above

the

95th

percentile

(meaning

the

BMI

is

greaterthan

that

of

95%

of

people

of

the

same

age

and

gender)

isgenerally

consideredoverweight.Apersonwith

a

BMIbetween

the

85th

and

95th

percentilestypicallyisconsideredatriskfor

overweight.Obesity

is

theterm

usedfor

extremeoverweight.Thereare

someexceptions

tothis

formula,though.

For

instance,

someone

who

is

verymuscular

(like

a

bodybuilder)

may

have

a

highBMI

without

being

obese

becausetheexcessweight

is

from

extra

muscle,

not

fat.What

Causes

Obesity?People

gain

weight

when

the

body

takesinmore

calories

than

it

burns

off.

Those

extracalories

arestored

asfat.Theamountofweightgain

that

leads

to

obesity

doesn't

happen

in

a

fewweeksor

months.

Because

being

obese

is

morethan

just

being

a

few

pounds

overweight,peoplewhoare

obese

haveusually

been

getting

morecalories

than

theyneed

for

years.Genes

small

parts

of

the

DNA

that

people

inheritfrom

their

parents

and

that

determine

traits

like

hair

oreye

color

-

can

play

an

important

role

in

this

weightgain.

Some

of

your

genes

tell

your

body

how

tometabolize

food

and

how

to

use

extra

calories

or

storedfat.

Some

people

burn

calories

faster

or

slower

thanothers

do

because

of

their

genes.Obesity

can

run

in

families,

but

just

how

much

isdue

to

genes

is

hard

to

determine.

Many

families

eat

thesame

foods,

have

thesame

habits

(like

snacking

in

front

of

the

TV),

andtend

to

think

alike

when

it

comes

to

weight

issues

(likeurging

children

to

eat

a

lot

at

dinner

so

they

can

grow"big

and

strong").

All

of

these

situations

can

contributeto

weight

gain,

so

it

can

be

difficult

to

figure

out

if

aperson

is

born

with

a

tendency

to

be

obese

oroverweight

or

learns

eating

and

exercise

habits

that

leadto

weight

gain.

In

most

cases,

weight

problems

arisefrom

a

combination

of

habits

and

genetic

factors.Certain

illnesses,

like

thyroid

gland

problems

orunusual

genetic

disorders,

are mon

causes

for

peoplegaining

weight.Sometimes

emotions

can

fuel

obesity

as

well.People

tend

to

eat

more

when

they

are

upset,

anxious,sad,

stressed

out,

or

even

bored.

Then

after

they

eat

toomuch,

they

may

feel

bad

about

it

and

eat

more

to

dealwith

those

bad

feelings,

creating

a

tough

cycle

to

break.One

of

the

most

important

factors

in

weight

gain

isa

sedentary

lifestyle.

People

are

much

less

active

todaythan

they

used

to

be,

with

televisions,

computers,

andvideo

games

filling

their

spare

time.

Cars

dominate

ourlives,

and

fewer

people

walk

or

ride

bikes

to

getsomewhere.As

lives e

busier,

there

is

less

time

to

cook

healthymeals,

so

more

and

more

people

eat

at

restaurants,

grabtakeout

food,

or

buy

quick

foods

at

the

grocery

store

orfood

market

to

heat

up

at

home.

All

of

these

can

containlots

more

fat

and

calories

than

meals

prepared

fromfresh

foods

at

home.Who

Is

at

Risk

for ing

Obese?●The

number

ofpeople

who

are

obese

is

rising.

About

1.2

billion

people

in

the

worldare

overweight

and

at

least

300

million

of

themareobese,even

though

obesityisone

ofthe

10mostpreventable

health

risks,

according

to

theWorld

HealthOrganization.IntheUnited

States,

more

than

97

million

adults

-

that's

more

than

half

-

are

overweight

andalmostone

infiveadultsisobese.Among

teenagers

and

kids

6

years

and

older,

morethan15%areoverweight-

that'smorethan

three

times

the

number

of

young

people

whowere

overweight

in

the

1970s.At

least300,000deathseveryyearinthe

United

States

can

be

linked

toobesity.Inthe

United

States,

women

are

slightly

more

at

risk

for

ing

obese

than

men.

Race

andethnicity

also

can

be

factors

-

in

adolescents,

obesityis

morecommon

amongMexicanAmericans

and

AfricanAmericans.2.

Word-building

exercises

on

page28sub-(below)subabdominal（腹下的）subsequent（以后的）subacute（亚急性）subcerebral（大脑下的）subendocardial（心内膜下的）hypo-(below)hypothermia（低温）hypoplasia（发育不全）hypochromia（血红蛋白过少）hypochloridemia（低氯血症）hypoglycemia（低血糖）cuti-,cuta-,(skin)cutaneous（皮肤的）cutireaction（皮肤反应）intracutaneous（皮内的）cutitis（皮炎）cuticle（表皮）dermo-,dermato-dermopathy（皮肤病）dermatology（皮肤病学）dermovascular（皮肤血管的）dermatitis（皮炎）dermotomyces（皮肤真菌）3.words

andexpressionssubcutaneous:

a. Sub-:

under

+

cutaneous:from

Latin

word:

cutis

/

cutes

(pl.):

skincuticle:n.(表皮)The

subcutaneous

route

should

not

beused,

because

absorption

is

relativelyslow.皮下注射法不应采用，因为吸收太慢。continuumMost

cellsare

alive,

and

most

can

alsoreproduce

and

thereby

sustain

thecontinuum

of

life.大多数细胞是活的，而且大多数还可以繁殖，从而维持生命的连续。criterion(pl.criteria)The

presence

or

absence

of

metastases

isone

of

the

most

important

criteriaindetermining

the

prognosis

of

an

individualcancer.转移出现与否，在决定每个恶性肿瘤病例的预后时是最重要的标准之一。inverselyad.相反地inverse

a.相反的，倒转的The

blood

cholesterol

level

tends

to

changeinversely

with

thyroid

function.血胆固醇水平常倾向和甲状腺的功能成反比变化。There

is

a

general

inverse

correction

between

thelatent

period

and

the

severity

of

symptoms.潜伏期长短与病体的严重程度之间一般成反比关系。chronologic

a.chronology n.

:

the

science

studying

yearsdifferentiate

v.区分，分化

differentiation

n.e.g.

Special

laboratory

tests

should

helpto

differentiatemyeloencephalitis

resulting

from

toxins

or

chemicals.特殊化验应有助于鉴别由于毒素或化学物质引起的脑脊髓言。With

time

monocytes

increase

in

number

and

differentiate

intomacrophages.随着时间的推移，单核细胞逐渐增多并分化为巨噬细胞。Differentiation

should

also

be

made

between

affinity

and

intrinsicactivity.亲和力和内在活性间也应相区别。The

affected

cells

grow

differently

and

lack

the

differentiationcharacteristics

of

normal

cells.受影响的细胞生长方式发生变化，而不再具有正常细胞所特有的分化作用。preadolescent:

a.

pre-:

beforeadolescent:

of

the

youngadolescence

n.corrective a.纠正的;矫正的改正的n.可数名词起纠正作用的东西;修正It

is

possible

to

do

corrective

surgery

on

the

eyes

to

take

care

ofthe

problem.

通过做眼睛矫正手术解决这个问题是可行的。Scientific

institutions

have

been

reluctant

to

take

corrective

action...科学机构一直不愿作出更正。A

corrective

for

overacidity

is

an

alkaline

substance.酸性过度的中和剂是碱性物质。Correct

v.Animal

experiments

some

ten

years

ago

convinced

Dr.

Smiththat

Protein

C

was

a

key

in

correcting

the

coagulation

response.十年前的动物实验使Dr.Smith坚信C蛋白正是矫正凝血反应的关键所在。epidemiology:

n. a

science

which

studiesepidemic

diseasesepidemiologic

a. concerning

epidemiologyEpidemic n.

&

adj.Epidemic

disease流行病Endemic

disease地方病Occupational

disease职业病Infectious

disease传染病（空气）Contagious

disease传染病（接触）TherapyPhysiotherapyChemotherapyRadiotherapyX-ray

therapyLocal

therapyTherapeuticTherapeuticallymaladaptation:

mal-:malnutrition营养失调;营养不良malfunction

机能不全;故障;疾病Maladaptation

调节不良Malabsorption

吸收不良Malaise

不适Malformation

畸形Malfunction

功能障碍Malnutrition

营养不良Malposition

错位，异位Depress

v.

Depressed

a.Depression

n

Depressant a.

n.Depress

v.

抑制；降低Large

doses

of

corticosteroids

have

been

shown

to

depress

woundhealing

in

animals.在动物身上大剂量使用皮质激素已证明可抑制伤口愈合。Depressed a.抑郁的；沮丧的；压低的；凹陷的Depressed

patients

often

respond

slowly

to

questions.患抑郁症的病人通常对所问的问题反应迟钝。The

plaque

is

generally

flat,

and

may

be

centrally

depressed

or

evenclear.斑块一般是扁平的，也可以是中心凹陷甚至是平滑光亮的。Depress

v.

Depressed

a.Depression

n

Depressant a.

n.Depression

n.抑郁（症)；压低；凹陷The

patient

must

be

carefully

observed

for

signs

of

delayed

respiratorydepression.仔细观察病人是否有迟发呼吸抑制的体征。ST

depressions

were

noted

the

anterior

wall

leads

of

the

ECG.心电图前壁导联可见ST段压低。Childhood

depression儿童抑郁症

is

not

as

rare

as

previously

believed.Depressant a.抑制的；镇静的n.抑制剂This

is

the

disadvantage

of

giving

depressant

drugs

rapidly.这就是快速给与抑制剂的缺点。Propranolol

reduces

cardiac

output

and

is

a

cardiac

depressant.心得安减少心输出量，为心脏抑制剂。negative

aSo

far

57

have

taken

the

test

and

all

have

been

negative.到目前为止，参加测试的有57人，测试结果均呈阴性。Dr

Velayati

gave

a

vague

but

negative

response...

韦拉亚提医生给了一个含糊而否定的回答。If

someone

is

negative(消极的;悲观的)or

has

a

negativeattitude,they

consider

only

the

bad

aspects

of

a

situation,rather

than

the

good

ones.expenditure

n. from

the

verb

“expend”*

expenditure:

the

spending

or

using

(of

resources

such

asmoney,

time,

energy)e.g.

The

expenditure

of

so

much

time

on

that

project

wasworth.*

expense:

a)

a

cost,

price b)

that

must

be

paidat

the

expense

of:

at

the

cost

ofvocabularyPrevalenceVaryOnly

childTableChronologicAppraisalSpurtDistributionDetermineInheritDemandingCompulsiveAccentuateIngestionPrognosisinconspicuousWhile

reading1.questions

and

answers2.

language

points1.questions

and

answersWhat

does

“obesity”

mean?Why

are

tables

of

height

and

weight

got

chronologicalage

unsuitable

for

appraisal

of

adolescents?What

are

the

etiologies

and

correlations

of

obesity

inchildren

and

adolescents?How

do

health

professionals

deal

with

obese

childrenand

adolescents?What

do

obese

individuals

do

to

reduce

their

weight?2.

Language

pointsPrevalence流行；盛行；发病率In

the

days

of

widespread

prevalence,

40%

of

theadult

population

of

the

city

had

been

infected.在广泛流行的日子里，城市成年人曾有40%受到感染。The

reported

prevalence

of

depression

in

childrenvaries

widely.关于儿童抑郁症的患病率，各种报道差别很大。prevalenceIncidence

rateMorbidityAccuracy

rateComplicationrateSurvival

rateResponse

rate发病率发病率发病率准确率并发症发生率存活率有效率Success

rate

成功率Recurrence

rate

复发率Cure

rate

治愈率Detection

rate

检出率Obesity

in

adolescent

girls

is

related

inversel

to

socioeconomic

status,

and

it

is

more

commin

only

children

inboth

sexes.青少年中女孩的肥胖与其社会经济状况成反比，不论男女，肥胖在独生子女中更常见。Nextis

related

inversely

to:与…成反比The

incidence

of

coronary

heart

disease

is

related

inverselyrelated

to

the

level

of

high

density

lipoproteins.冠心病的发病率与高密度脂蛋白的浓度成反比关系。is

directly

proportional

to与…成正比

e.g.

All

bodies

in

the

universe

have

an

attraction

for

all

otherbodies

which

is

directly

proportional

to

the

product

of

theirmasses

and

inversely

related

to

the

square

of

their

separationdistance.宇宙中所有天体对其他天体都有吸引力，这与它们的质量大小成正比，分离距离的平方成反比。介词的使用Ultrastructural

observation

of/on

initialcalcification

indentinandenamel对牙本质和牙釉质的初步钙化的超微观察Long-term

observation

in

patients

withangina

and

normalcoronary

arterograms对心绞痛病人的长期观察及其正常的冠状动脉造影介词的使用Shunt

operation

for

obesity分流术治疗肥胖症Surgery

for

portal

hypertension门静脉高压的手术治疗Surgical

treatment

of/for

hyperthyroidism甲亢病的外科治疗介词的使用Epidemic

measles

in

young

adults青壮年中的麻疹流行Thyroid

function

in

patients

with

breast

cancer乳腺癌病人的甲状腺功能Ultrasound

in

diagnosis

of

cholestatic

jaundice胆汁淤积性黄疸诊断中超声波的应用Steroid

in

treatment

of

clinical

septic

shock在治疗临床感染性休克中激素的使用介词的使用Bacteremia

due

togram-negativebacilli革兰阴性杆菌引起的菌血症Postoperative

syndromes

after

liver

surgery肝脏术后综合症Detection

of

acute

myocardial

infarctionbyradiommunoassay

for

creatin

kinase放射免疫测定肌酐激酶来诊断急性心肌梗塞inspection n.望诊；检查inspect

v.It

should

be

an

absolute

rule

that

inspection

of

the

part

tobe

examined

should always

come

first.在需要检查的部位首先进行望诊，这应该是一项绝对的规则。Inspection

auscultation（听诊

）

Inquiring

Diagnosis望闻问切The

exposed

position

of

the

eye

leads

itself

readily

toexternal

inspection.眼睛处于暴露地位便于外部检查。inherit

vt. 1)

receive

property,

title,

etc.e.g.

The

eldest

son

will

inherit

the

title.2)

derive

(quality

etc.)

from

ancestors

e.g.

Scientists

have

been

reporting

that

atendency

to e

an

alcoholic

can

be

inherited.

A

definite

pattern

of

inherited

cancers

hasnot

been

established

for

most

cancers.Correlate

(with)（使）相互关联The

structure

and

form

of

a

cell

is

closely

correlated

with

its

function.细胞的结构和形状和它的功能之间有着密切的相互关系。Correlation n.相互关系Though

the

classification

is

based

on

pathology,

there

are

fairlyclearclinical

correlations.虽然该分类是建立在病理学基础上的，但是其临床上的相关性是很明显的。Correlative a.相关的Few

roentgen

pathologic

correlative

studies

in

bronchiectasis

appear

inthe

literature.文献中发表的有关支气管扩张的X线病理学相关的研究为数很少。respond

(v)

to

反应，回答response

(n)

to应答，反应The

illness

quickly

responded

to

the

proper

treatment.疾病经适当治疗迅速好转。The

response

to

a

drug

is

determinedby

the

unbound

fraction

that

is

inthe

plasma

water.药物的效应是由血浆中未结合部分决定的。responsive

(a) to

对…迅即感应的Bothe

organisms

are

usually

responsive

to

either

tetracycline

orampicillin.这两种细菌通常对四环素或氨苄青霉素均很敏感。Responder应答者，反应者accentuate v.增强，加重The

condition

of

varicose

veins

of

the

legs

in

thispatient

has

been

accentuated.这个患者下肢静脉曲张的病情已有加重The

importance

of

muscle

fatigue

in

accentuatingrespiratory

failure

has

been

recently

emphasized.肌肉疲劳对加重呼吸衰竭的重要性最近得到了强调。ingestion,intake都意为摄入，可指食物等从外界进入人体，不过intake可指进入的量，意为摄入量The

intentional

or

accidental

ingestion

of

corrosives

causesa

severe

chemical

gastritis.有意无意吃进腐蚀性东西可引起严重的化学性胃炎。Acute

gastritis

is

caused

usually

by

dietary

indiscretions,excessive

intake

of

alcohol,

irritating

drugs,

food

poisoningand

infectious

diseases.急性胃炎通常由于饮食不当，饮酒过度，刺激性药物，食物中毒和传染性疾病引起。underlie:form

a

basis

of形成…基础e.g.

Excessive

drinking

and

fatigue

underlie

liver

cancer.*

underlying

a.

基础的；潜在的

e.g.

Penicillin

and

sulfonamides

are

effective

against

anyunderlying

active

streptococcal

infection.青霉素和磺胺类药物对任何潜伏的活动性链球菌感染有效。Little

is

known

of

the

underlying

mechanism

of

this

disorder.

amend:

make

changes

in

the

workings,

a

proposed

law,etc.1.改正，修正；2.修改，修订，改进The

new

government

decided

to

amend

the

law.The

member

of

the

club

voted

to

amend

the

constitution.amendable

a.Cf.emend:take

out

errors

from1.修订2.订正，校订

e.g.

Prof.

Johnson

decided

to

emend

the

first

chapter

ofthis

book.amend

指改动（字句），相当于change，reform；emend指改正（错误），相当于correct,check

error.可以定义为营养病A由B引起维生素缺乏并发症诱因心理疾患防碍can

be

defined

asnutritional

disorderB

is

responsible

for

Avitamin

deficiencycomplicationpredispositionpsychological

disturbanceinterfere

withAfter

reading1.Supplementary

material2.translation1.Supplementary

materialHow

Can

Obesity

Affect

Your

Health?

Obesity

is

bad

news

for

both

body

and

mind.

Not

onlydoes

it

make

a

personfeel

tired

and fortable,

it

can

weardown

joints

and

put

extra

stress

on

other

parts

of

the

body.When

a

person

is

carrying

extra

weight,

it's

harder

to

keepup

with

friends,

play

sports,

or

just

walk

between

classes

atschool.

It

is

also

associated

with

breathing

problems

such

asasthma

and

sleep

apnea

and

problems

with

hips

and

kneejoints

that

may

require

surgery.There

can

be

more

serious

consequencesas

well.

Obesity

in

young

people

can

cause

illnessesthat

once

were

thought

to

be

problems

only

for

adults,such

as

hypertens