语法基本知识之词法和句法学案2022-2023学年初高中英语衔接课程

article(art.)article(art.)numeral(num.)noun(n.)pronoun(pron.)verb(v.)adjective(adj.)adverb(adv.)preposition(prep.)conjunction(conj.)countablenoun(cn.)uncountablenoun(un.)语法基本知识--词法I.英语中常见的词性有哪些?冠词数词名词代词动词形容词副词介词连词名词又分为：可数名词不可数名词以下划线动词有什么不同？Heiswritingaletter.ThetowerwasdesignedbyGilbertScott.Mywatchstopped.Heislookingatme.Heislisteningtothemusic.请比较以下相同动词在不同语境中的用法:Weareplayingbasketball.Childrenareplayingandchasingeachother.Tomleftlastweek.Neverleftchildrenplayingnearwaterunattended.小结：动词分为及物动词transitiveverb(vt.)和不及物动词intransitiveverb(vi.)，及物动词后面必须加宾语,不及物动词不能接宾语,如需加宾语，宾语前需加介可。及物动词直被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。练习：请说出以下词的词性：deskhewaterthatsafeonefirstheregreathard eat arrive haveand but teaII.构词法：.英语构词法主要有三种：派生，转化，合成。派生(derivation)一通过加前缀和后缀构成另一个词。Eg.happy-unhappy-happiness转化(conversion)-由一个词类变为另一个词类。Eg.watern.---waterv.合成(compounding)--由两个或更多的词构成一个词。Eg.wood+cut=woodcut木亥ljHappy+go+lucky=happy-go-lucky无忧无虑.派生：an,a,theinprefer---preferenceguide-guidanceassistprefer---preferenceguide-guidanceassist——assistance后缀：1)转换为名词exist---existenceappear-appearanceenter——entrancerefer---referenceperform---performanceinsure——insuranceintroduce——introduction小结1：-ence,-anceproduce---productionreduceintroduce——introductionconsume-consumptiondestroy-destructionreceive-receptionintend---intentionreserve---reservationconserve——conservationassume---assumptiondescribe-descriptionsolve-solutiondefine---definitionpreserve-preservationobserve-——observationstarve---starvation辨析：reserve,preserve,conserveReserve:(toarrangeforaplaceinahotel,restaurant,planeetctobekeptforyouto

useataparticulartimeinthefuture)I'dliketoreserveatablefortwo.Doyouhavetoreserveticketsforadvance?Preserve,conserve(toprotectsth.andpreventitfromchangingorbeingdamaged)Wemustencouragetheplantingofnewtreesandpreserve/conserveourexistingwoodlands.Organize---organizationwoodlands.Organize---organizationRealize---realizationExamine---examinationImagine---imaginationInvite--invitationForm---formationTransport---transportationPrepare-preparationOccupy---occupationApply-applicationExtend---extensionAdmit---admissionExplode-explosionDecide---decision小结2：-tion,-sionAssess-assessment小结3：-meritCrazy---crazinessHappyihappiness小结4：-nessIII-illness happy---happinesscivilize---civilizationdetermine-determinationinform---informationexplore---explorationsatisfy----satisfactionrecommend-recommendationexpand-expansionpermit--permissionconclude---conclusiondivide---divisionbase-basementlazy-lazinesslonely---loneliness语法基本知识-一句法I.句子成分：主语subject谓语宾语表语定语状语补语同位语predicateobjectpredicativeattributeadverbialcomplementappositiveWeChinesepeoplearebraveandhardworking.We,youngpeople,shoulddoourduties.LiMing,myfriend,worksinafactory.II.句子的分类：（按结构）Weloveourmotherland.简单句（只有一个主谓结构）Honeyissweet,butthebeestings, 并歹U句Comeagainwhenyouarefree.复合句小结：按照结构，句子可以分为简单句，并列句和复合句。IIL简单句五种基本句式：1.1slept.Yougotup.2.Allsawme.Iliketoplayfootball.Helikesreading.3.1amhappy.Wegotexcited.主+谓（vi.）主+谓（vt.）+宾主+系+表Shelentmesomemoney.Shewhisperedmeyourstories. 主+谓+双宾语ThatladyteachesyouEnglish.Sheaskedmetohelpher.Isawyousmiling.Ihadmyshoescleaned.主+谓+宾+宾补问题1:常见的系动词有哪些？1)表状态:be,remain,keep,appear,seem,lie,stand,look,sound,smell,taste,feel...表变化:become,get,grow,turn,fall,go....他看起来很疲惫。.他说的话听起来很有道理。.这面包闻起来很糟糕。.这汤很好喝。 。.这丝绸摸起来很柔软。.在秋天，熊吃了又吃，长的胖极了。.请保持安静。.天越来越暖和了。.我母亲越来越老了.秋天树叶变黄了。.他仍然保持沉默。.鱼在热天不久就变坏了。.我会一直陪着她，直到她睡着。Iwillstaywithheruntilshefallsasleep..厨房门开着，于是她走了进去。Thekitchendoorstoodopen,soshewentin.Thehousestoodempty..塔斯曼海(TheTasmanSea)位于塔斯马尼亚(Tasmania)和澳大利亚之间。TheTasmanSealiesbetweenTasmaniaandAustralia.问题2：常见的接双宾语的动词有哪些？give,bring,tell,send,pass,show,teach,buy,hand等.他给我带来了一本字典。请让我看看你的护照。请把那支笔递给我。妈妈给我讲了个故事。许老师教我们英语。IV.请分析以下句子的结构:1.Sheisanicelady. Icouldn'tfindabettersittingroom.Ihavegotthewaytosolvetheproblem.IwatchedamoviecalledTheGreatGatsbyIfinallyfoundthemanwhohadhelpedmebefore.小结1:定语修饰名词和代词，一般由形容词，分词，不定式或从句充当。当定语较短时，在所修饰词前，当定语较长时，在所修饰词后。2.1getupatsix. Ididmyworkathome.Shefeelsveryhappy.Hewassurprisedatthenews.Ifyoucomeearly,youwillmeether.Youarelisteningtomeverycarefully.Igetupwhenthebellrings.IgotupearlysothatIcouldcatchthebus.tocatchthebus.Hecanhardlyunderstandit.Heranintotheroomcrying.Hecellphonewasstolen,causingherinformationtobeleaked.小结2：状语一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，分词或从句来充当，表示时间、地点、原因、条件、方式、目的、程度、伴随、结果等。修饰动词，形容词、副词或全句。Ifounditaboringfilm.Theyfoundherhappyyesterday.Isawtheelevatorupanddown.It'sverycol