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SESSION41ORIGINSANDRELATEDpeoplearethecraziestBovine,cidlikeacow,stolid,patient,unexcitable,isbuiltontheLatinwordforoxorcow,bovis,plusthesuffix-ine,like,similarto,orcharacteristicof.Tocallsomeonebovineisofcoursefarfromcomplimentary,forthisadjectiveisconsiderablystrongerthanphlegmatic,andimpliesacertainmildcontemptonthepartofthespeaker.Abovine issomewhatlikeavegetable:eatsandgrowsandlives,butapparentlyislackinginanystrongfeelings.bovinebovine andslow-stolid['stɒlɪd]havingorshowingnoconsiderably[adv]:toagreatdegree非常considerable:largeinamountordegree相当 feelingsorwishes体贴的phlegmatic[fleg'mætɪk]showinglittleemotion[近]undemonstrative情绪不外露的vegetableHumansaresometimescomparedtoanimals,asinthefollowingadjectives:leonine['liːənaɪn](LEE′-Ə-nīn′)—likealioninappearanceortemperament.canine['keɪnaɪn(KAY′-nīn′)—likeadog.Asanoun,thewordreferstothespeciestowhichteet（similartothoseofadog.feline['fiːlaɪn](FEE′-līn′)—catlike.Wemayspeakoffelinegrace;or(insultingly)offelinetemperamentwhenwemeanthata “catty.（的，狡猾的）vulpine['vʌlpaɪn](VUL′-pīn′)—foxlikeinappearanceortemperament.Whenappliedtopeople,thisadjectiveusuallyindicatestheshrewdnessofafox.狡猾的【近】guilefullupine['lju:pin](L′-pīn)—wolflike.狼的；凶equine['iːkwaɪn(EE′-kwīn′)—piscine['pɪsaɪn](PIS′-īn′)—fishlike.鱼的，像鱼的（在法语中，piscine指游泳池）AlltheseadjectivescomefromcorrespondingLatinwordsfortheanimals;and,ofcourse,eachadjectivealsodescribes,orrefersto,thespecificanimalaswellastothelikenedtotheleocanisfelisvulpusursuslupusequuspiscisThewordformeatfromapig—pork—derives,obviously,fromporcus.UrsaMajor(大熊星座)andUrsaMinor（小熊星座）theGreatBearandtheLittleBear,thetwoconspicuousgroupsofstarsinthenorthernsky(conspicuous,ofcourse,onlyonaclearnight),aresolabeledbecauseinformationtheyresembletheoutlinesofbears.ThefemininenameUrsulais,byetymology,“alittlebear,”which,perhaps,isastrangenametoburdenachildwith.Theskindiseaselupus（狼疮）wassonamedbecauseiteatsintotheflesh,asawolfmight.youcan’tgohomeNostalgia,builtontwoGreekroots,nostos,areturn,andalgos,pain(asinneuralgia,cardialgia,etc.),isafeelingyoucan’teverunderstanduntilyou’veexperiencedit—andyouhaveprobablyexperienceditwheneversomeexternalstimulushascrowdedyourmindwithscenesfromanearlierday.Youknowhowlifeoftenseemsmuchpleasanterinretrospect?Yourconsciousmemorytendstostoreupthepleasantexperiencesofthepast(thetraumaandunpleasantexperiencesmaygetburiedintheunconscious),andwhenyouarelonelyorunhappyyoumaybegintorelivethesepleasantoccurrences.Itisthenthatyoufeeltheemotionalpainandlongingthatwecallnostalgia.Theadjectiveisnostalgic(nos-TAL′-jik),asin“motionpicturesthatarenostalgicofthefifties,”orasin,“Hefeelsnostalgicwheneverhepasses138thStreetandseesthehouseinwhichhegrew 怀旧之情neuralgia神经痛cardialgiarelive:experienceagaininimaginationThere’snopointinrelivingthepast.重温过去Cacophonyisitselfaharsh-soundingword—andistheonlyonethatexactlydescribestheunmusical,grating,ear-offendingnoisesyouarelikelytohearinman-madesurroundings:theNewYorksubwaytrainsthunderingthroughtheirtunnels(theyarealso,thesedaysinthelate1970s,eye-offending,forwhichwemightcointhetermcacopsis,noun,andcacoptic,thetrafficbedlamofrushhoursinabigcity,asteelmill,anautofactory,ablastfurna unpleasantunpleasantsound-cacophonousunmusical,jarring,discordant词根：caco: [温故知新]cacography：poorhandwritingThesewordsarebuiltontheGreekrootskakos,bad,harsh,orugly,andphone,sound.Phone,sound,isfoundalsoeuphony—pleasantsoundphonograph—etymologically,“writerofsaxophone萨克斯管—amusicalinstrument(hencesound)inventedbyAdolpheSaxxylophone['zaɪləfəʊn]木琴—amusicalinstrument;etymologically,“soundsthroughwood”(Greekxylon,wood)phonetics(fƏ-NET′-iks)—thescienceofthesoundsoflanguage;theadjectiveisphonetic(fƏ-NET′-ik),theexpertaphonetician(fō′-nƏ-TISH′-Ən)phonics—thescienceofsound;alsothemethodofteachingreadingbydrillingthesoundsoflettersandsyllables声学；自然拼读thefleshandCarnivorouscombinescarnis,flesh,andtodevour.Acarnivorousanimal,orcarnivore(KAHR′-nƏ-vawr′),isonewhosemaindietisVoro,todevour,istheoriginofotherwordsreferringtoeatinghabits:herbivorous(hur-BIV′-Ər-Əs)—subsistingongrains,grasses,andothervegetation,ascows,deer,horses,etc.Theanimalisaherbivore(HUR′-bƏ-vawr′).Derivation:Latinherba,herb,plusvoro,todevouromnivorous(om-NIV′-Ər-Əs)—eatingeverything:meat,grains,grasses,fish,insects,andanythingelsedigestible.Theonlyspeciessoindiscriminateintheirdietarehumansandrats,plus,ofcourse,somecatsanddogsthatlivewithpeople(incontrasttofelines猫科动物andcanines犬科动物—lions,tigers,bobcats,wolves,etc.—thatarenotdomesticated).Omnivorous(combiningLatinomnis,all,withvoro,plustheadjectivesuffix-ous)refersnotonlytofood.Anomnivorousreaderreadseverythingingreatties(thatis,devoursallkindsofreadingvoracious(vaw-RAY′-shƏs)—devouring;hence,greedyorgluttonous;mayrefereithertofoodortoanyotherhabits.Onemaybeavoraciouseater,voraciousreader,voraciousinone’spursuitofmoney,pleasure,etc.Thinkofthetwonounformsofloquacious.Canyouwritetwonounsderivedfromvoracious?(1), 吞食食肉的-carnivore【易混】carnivalherbivorous食草的-herbivore食草动物omnivorous杂食的；什么都读的voracious=greedy贪婪的/gluttonous贪吃的indiscriminate不分皂白的；无差别的domesticated家养的；驯服的Latinomnis,all,istheoriginomnipotent(om-NIP′-Ə-tƏnt)—all-powerful,anadjectiveusuallyappliedtoGod;also,toanyrulerwhoseerningpowersareunlimited,whichallowsforsomeexaggeration,asKingCanutetheGreatprovedtohissycophanticcourtierswhenheorderedthetidetocomesofarupthebeachandnofurther.Hegotwet!(OmnisplusLatinpotens,potentis,powerful,asinpotentate,apowerfulruler;impotent(IM′-pƏ-tƏnt),powerless;potent,powerful;andpotential,possessingpowerorabilitynotyetexercised).Canyouwritethenounformofomnipotent?omnipotenceomnipotentpotentatepotentate['pəʊt(ə)nteɪt]=apowerful者sycophantic[,sikəu'fæntik]:attemptingtowinfavorbyflattery【近】fawningcourtone’sfavor=curryfavorwithsb.omniscient(om-NISH′-Ənt)—all-knowing:hence,infiniywise.(Omnisplussciens,knowing.)Wehavediscussedthisadjectiveinapreviouschapter,soyouwillhavenowritingthenoun: omniscientɒm'nɪsɪənt]无所不知的inallcesatonce.FearwasomnipresentinEuropeduring1939justbeforeWorldWarII.Asynonymofomnipresentisubiquitous(y-BIK′-wƏ-tƏs),fromLatinubique,everywhere.Theubiquitousicecreamvendorseemstobeeverywhereatthesametime,tinklingthoselittlebells,oncespringarrives.Theubiquitouslittleredwagonridesaroundeverywhereinairportstorefueldepartingnes.“Ubiquitouslaughtergreetedthepresssecretary’sremark,”i.e.,laughterwasheardeverywhereintheroom.Thenounformsareubiquity(y-BIK′-wƏ-tee)or.alternate无所不在的=ubiquitous-ubiquity[n]tinkle发出叮当声all,includingall.”Intheshortenedformbuswehaveapublicvehicleforallwhocanpay;inaJohnGalsworthyomnibuswehaveabookcontainingallofGalsworthy’sworks;inanomnibuslegislativebillwehaveabillcontainingallthemiscellaneousprovisionsandappropriationsleftoutofotherbills.omnibusomnibus 公共汽车moreNotehowcarnis,flesh,isthebuildingblockcarneliankahr-NEEL′-yƏn)—areddishcolor,thecolorofredflesh.玛瑙（赤肉色） (KAHR′-nƏ-vƏl)—originally seasonofmerrymakingjustbeforet大斋节, “Carnevale!”“Ohflesh,farewell!”(Latinvale,farewell,goodbye).Todayacarnivalisakindofoutdoorentertainmentwithgames,rides,sideshows,and,ofcourse,lotsoffood—alsoanyexuberantorriotousmerrymakingorfestivities.词根val-:①strength；②farewell carnival:跟肉类食物说再见（在大斋节前的一lastfling最后的狂欢（在受到限制前的最后一flingfling①throwsthwithsuddenly:flingone’sarmsaroundsb.；；haveaflin sbtothegroundhavea（one（carnal(KAHR′-nƏl)—mostoftenfoundinphraseslike“carnalpleasures”or“carnalappetites,”andsignifyingpleasuresorappetitesofthefleshratherthanofthespirit—hence,,lecherous,lascivious,lubricious,etc.Thenouniscarnality(kahr-NAL′-Ə-tee).carnalcarnal 的 下表示“好色”的一组词 carnage(KAHR′-nƏj)—greatdestructionoflife(thatis,ofhumanflesh),asinwarormass reincarnation(ree′-in-kahr-NAY′-shƏn)—arebirthorreappearance.Believersinreincarnationmaintainthatone’ssoulpersistsafterithasfledtheflesh,andeventuallyreappearsinthebodyofanewborninfantoranimal,orinanotherform.Someofus,accordingtothisinterestingphilosophy,wereonceNapoleon,AlexandertheGreat,Cleopatra,etc.Theverbistoreincarnate(ree-in-KAHR′-nayt),tobring(asoul)backinanotherbodilyform.reincarnation[n]再生incarnate(in-KAHR′-nƏt)—intheflesh.Ifweusethisadjectiveto