综合写作超级小范围

1文明前，Anasazi人已经规模的修建水利公事，但估计最后是这些公事没能保证足够的水源，使得Anasazi人无法应对突如其来的旱灾，家园。都个强大但缺水的部落civilization为了争夺水源和Anasazi人打仗，.迫使后者离开家园。WhilethereadingpassagehighlightsthreepossiblereasonsoftheAnasazipeople'sleavingtheircliffdwellings，thelectureclaimstheyarecastindoubtbythreecorrespondingissues.ThereisnodenyingthefactthatthereasonbehindAnasazipeople'sleavingtheirhomesisatopicworthyofdebate.Consequently,itiscriticalto yzetheargumentsrelatedtothisissue.ThepassageclaimsthattherewasabigmigrationoftribesintotheAnasazilivingareaandthismighthavecausedawar.Therewasalsoarchaeologicalevidenceofbonesandweaponry.Unfortunaythisargumentdoesnotholdupundercloseexamination.ThemainproblemwiththisargumentisthatthesacredritualgroundsmayhavebeenburntbytheAnasazithemselves.Thisistruebecausesometribesheldtheseburningritualstoindicatetheywouldnevercomebackagain.Despitethepassage'sassertion,theclaimthattherewasawarismisleading.Also,thepassageemphasizesthatarchaeologistshaveevidenceoffamineanddroughtinneighboringareas:thisinevitablywouldhaveledto.ThispointisovershadowedbythefactthatthereweremanypossessionsleftbehindbytheAnasazipeople.Furthermore,hadtherebeenawar，theintruderswouldhavetakenallthepossessionsaway.Asaresult，theclaimthatawarhappeneddoesnotholduponcloseysis.Basedonthislineofreasoning，onecanseehowtheassumptionisnotsoconvincing.Finally,thepassageassertsthatNavajotraditionclaimstheAnasaziweredefeatedinbattleanddtoflee.Ontheotherhand,thespeakerarguesthattheAnasazipopulationgrewtooquicklysoitbecamevulnerabletowatershortages.Allthingsconsidered,thespeakermakesamuchstrongercase.Herargumentisbasedonthefactthatalargepopulationcanbeeasilysubjecttoproblemscausedbydrought.Withalloftheseargumentsinhand,itisobviousthatthepassage'sbasicassertionisunreasonable.2Thelisteningcontentandthereadingpassagearetotallycontradictoryinhowtostopthebuyingandsellingofrhinohorns.Tobeginwith,theauthorsaysthatthe ernmentcanhaveanimaldoctorsremovethehornsfromtherhinofirst.Withouthorns，,hunterswillthenloseinteresttokilltherhinos.However,thelecturerclaimsthatitisimpossibletotakeawayhornsfromthewildrhinos.Therearesomanyrhinosinthenature.Besides,itissomewhatdetrimentaltothisspeciesbecausehornsmusthaveitsactualfunctioninthisanimal.Secondly,thereadingindicatesthathornbuyerscanbeeducatedfornotbuyingbecausethebenefitsofhorninmedicineisnotprovedscientifically.However,thelecturerthinksthatbuyerswillstillcontinuemakingpurchasesbecausethisbuyingbehaviorisbasedontraditionthatishardtobeeradicated.Theyfirmlybelievethatrhinohornsarehealingandpotent,soitcannotberecedwithotherLastly,thespeakerclaimsthatthe ernmentillegalizingthebuyingandsellingbehaviorwillencouragemorekillingandhuntingbecausepeoplethinkitisagreeabletobuythehornandthepriceislow.Yet,thereadingpassagemaintainsthatlegalizingofthehornbuyingbehaviorcanstopthiscruelkillingthingduetolowerprofitmarginsintheprice.3ThelisteningcontentandthereadingpassagearedifferentinhowtheMinMinlightisproduced.Firstly,thereadingclaimsthatthelightisfromluminousinsectsthatflyingroupabovethesky.However,fromthelistening,itsaysthatthelightleftfromsuchinsectsshouldneverbethatvisibleandstrong.Inaddition,thelightismovableand insometimecircularshape.Thetrailofinsectcanneverhavesuchphenomenon.Inthesecondce,methaneormarshgascanbeusedtoproducelightwhenitisworkedwiththeairundersomecondition.However,thespeakersaysthatthelightsightingspotsareeverywhere.Itmeansthatsomesightingspotsareatthecewherethereisnowatersource;tobemoreexact,therearenomarshesaroundbeingdryces,sohowcanthemethanegasbeingproducedthatcreatesthelightafterwards.Lastly,FataMorganaphenomenonindeedcanreflectlightsfromfaraway,suchasthesourceheadlightsofautoinpotionfaraway.However,thespeakerproposesthatthisonlyexthelightingphenomenonatthepresenttimeaboutMinMinLights.Yet,whenthereisnosuchlightbeingreflected,therearestillMinMinlightsbeingspotted.Thisisapparentlynotthereflectionofanylightnearfaralike.4’ThereadingandlisteningcontentsareopposingindealingwiththeGiantAfricanSnailsthatspreadoutinanunfavorablewaydamagingtheecosystemisasevereway.Tobeginwith,byintroducingtheirnaturalpredator,thenumberofcanbecontrolled.Yetthelecturerthinksthatthenaturalpredator,thecrab,canalsodoesharmtothenativecreaturesinthesamearea.Thiswillcausethealreadyunpleasantsituationmoreoutofhand.Secondly,itissuggestedfromthereadingthatpeoplecancatchthesnailsbyhandeasily.However,thespeakeropposestothisideabecausethesnailexcretesliquidsubstancewhentheymoveandthisistoxictohumans.Moreintherealtest,yetthemainideaislikethis.Inthelastce,thelecturerindicatesthatonlymaturesnailscanbespottedbythenakedeyesandbekilledwhentheyarefoundontheboatsorcargoswiththeregulationofthelaw.Asfortheyoung,smallerones,thecolorofthesmakestheminvisibletopeople.Wewilltakethosesnailsasrocksorstonesonthegroundwhenweseethem.Thus,theinspectionoftheboatsorcargosisnotaneffectiveapproachtostopthemspreadingaround.5size200,000年前，逐渐变小的原因（decreaseofhuman'sbrain1)decreaseofmuscle.：professor反驳，三个原因（1)upanddown6阅读：Artificialreefshaveseveralbenefits31人工礁给鱼类和繁殖的空间，鱼类数量可以得到增加2small-scalefishersbuildprivateartificialreef,有利于改进小渔民的竞争力，因为只有自己2buildprivatereefisunsafe因为如果其他fishers捕鱼的时候不知道，会有，在Shallowstormreef7古罗马斯巴达克，reading里认为斯巴达克的是真的，并给出了三点，说或怎样成为的，文章是反驳这个观点，认为，关于他的并确。1Spartacusreturnhomelandfighting2Spartacus1Spartacus实际是为了复仇和征服古罗马，想要财宝 3这本Spartacus的是创作于18世纪的欧洲，还有广大的人民被 ，发动slavepickupSpartacus来鼓舞人心，这只是编的故事inys，自然不是完全还原史诗。81RNAcomplexorganism3host三个点121阅读:有一种蚊子一种疾病,科学家发明了一种改良过的蚊子和这种蚊子交v导致后代有缺陷,减少这种蚊子的population,可以预防疾病:有些人不同意,原因（1)蚊子数量下降,可能导致其他带有同样的蚊子数量上升,其中可能包括一些有些可能有更厉害的蚊子（2)如果改良的蚊子咬人的话,传到人的身上,对无益（3放出这些蚊子可能导致环境问题，可能会对其他物种产生影响例子是种改良过的菜但是菜周围的蝴蝶数量减半2阅读现代都市里glass越来越多严重干扰鸟类飞行有三个solutions可以防止birds撞onewaywindow(单一光线玻璃)，里面看得到外面,外面的鸟看不到里面。（2)玻璃上昼图案(彩色的玻璃),比如stripes(3)制造人工磁场,鸟类向玻璃飞近反对所有观点(1鸟以为是镜子，同样会撞上（2)找缝隙撞到没有颜色的玻璃上（3)制造人工磁场导航在短距离没效果。3为了防止沙漠化的扩大，有人提出用可以collectwaterdevice种树，是否可行。阅读说，不可行1、太贵，2、当地人没有motivationinstallmaintain那些device;3、树长大后就要移除DEVICE了，因为太大呀，然后他们自己生存能力不行，就挂了，这不是浪费钱吗？说，可行。1device可重复利用20reasonable2 那些设备也可以种蔬菜啊，当地人就会有食物了，而且树长大后可以branch砍下来当firewood烧，当地人会照看设备的3、树长大后根系也发达了，可以达到更深处的土层，一旦他reachwaterresources,就能独立存活了，而且90%的树木在离开设备后两年都活得好好的。4动物界发现一个52-hertzwhaletheory是这只whale是hybrid，二是它有问题，三是它是一种rarespecies;教授一一：whale很难有hybrid，whale通过throat，和没有connection，如果是rarespecies应该会有其它只whale被发现。5Reading:Gastornisisacarnivorousbird.Reasons:(1)it'soverallappearanceresemblesothermeat-eatingbirdsliketerrorbirds(2)ithasalarge,powerfulbeaktocutthroughmeatandbones(3)ithaslargetalonsatitsfeettocaptureListening:(1)itresemblesbothmeat-eatingandnt-eatingbirdssotheappearancecannotdetermineit'sacarnivore.Eg.Ithasthesamefeatureastheostrichesandemus.(2)ithasastraightbeakinsteadofcurvedbeak.Thestraightbeakismorelikelytobeusedonntssuchasnuts.(3)thefootprintsleftbyGastornisdon'tshowclaws.Thelastboneofitsfootmaybethestructure,notatalon.6海藻制油不现实。文章给的理由，1，海藻是水生动物的食物，不能大规模养。2，海藻留下的细菌会降低由的品质。3，海藻不能在低温下浮起来。教授不同意。认为是好的方法。他对此反驳了有其他的海藻可以用于产油。2，可以用其他方法清洁油;3，可改变海藻上的fattyacid，这样的话，粘度改变，就比较容易低温时候浮游起来独立写作：做好旅游业，可以花钱用于雇佣 还是修整老房子和老街道。7个古代sculpture被认为是米开朗基罗的，阅读 他不止一二 他有一幅画和雕塑很像被认为是作为雕像的准备三 为了钱 年幼无知时为了出名，出名之后不必二、 画有2处和雕塑不同，是巧合三、 伪造毁名声8RichardIII是否杀了他的侄子来争夺王位的故事。1、阅读说他又动机杀，因为想当king，说还有很多其他方法当king，比如说他哥哥和老婆的 ，不被认可，侄子也无法合理继承2、 除了莎士比亚还有很多其他作家也这么觉得，但是听力说这是值得怀疑的，因为这些作家和理查德德的敌人tudors有关，朵朵想瓦解理查德德之类3、伦敦塔里有小孩头骨在房间里，证明是他杀的，可是说当时有很多小孩在伦敦塔，不能判断是谁的，也不能断定和9讨论将solartechnology当作fossilfuels的一个阅读1solarenergy没有othersources带来的pollutant,比如没有fossilfuel的pollutant和没有nuclearenergy的radioactivecontamination:反驳：使用solarenergy需要大量占地，比如NY如果要用能，那么得占用它25%的土地面积来建thousandsofpanels，而在土地越来越珍贵的今天，大量占用土地也是一种environmentalproblem阅读2solarenergyisalwaysavailableandplentiful。能不像其他能源需要beminedwithgreateffort,而且可以store起来等没阳光的日子用！反驳：储藏能的电池是METAL做的，那些metal也需要beminedwitheffort，能的使用也会被effectedbynatureresources阅读3Solarenergy能在remotelocations使用，比如mountainsandships现在这些边远地区难以接电线还是什么管道，所以能源使用，然而他们可以solarpanels，就可以自己发电反驳solarenergyisacomplextechnology.如果你在CITYsolarenergy的设备坏了，修起来还方便；如果在边远地方，那就要花很长时间来修，也很。所以边远地区还是用gasoline好，easytomaintainThreetheoriestoexinwhymothsoftenflytowardsartificialreason1:Theymistakenartificiallightsforthemoon.(itisthenatureofmoths5toavoidpredatorsuchas,itwillflytowardsthemoon5sowhenmothsencounterapredator5itwillconsideranylightasmoon,somothswillflytowardsthelightwhichitobserved)reason2:Mothstakeman-madelightsasthelightfromflowers.(flowersreflectmorelightthanotherobjectsinthenight)，Mothsoftenflytoflowerssotheycansuckthenectarfromflowers.Sowhenartificiallightison,theythinkitisthelightfromflowers.reason3:Mothsflytoartificiallightbecausetheywanttoheatthemselves,becausethelightsourceiswarm.Listeningrefute3ideasreason1:Mothscirclearoundtheartificiallightandevencollideintoeachotherwhentheyfly.Theyalsoflymuchlongerthannecessary,evenlongafterthepredatorisgone.Ifthemoontheoryisvalid,mothswouldonlybeflyingupwardsratherthancircling.reason2:MothsdetectthepresenceofflowersbecausetheycandetecttheCO2thatflowersrelease,notbecausethereislightaroundtheflower.Ithasbeenfoundthatmothscandetectthekindofflowerandtherichnessoftheflowerfromtheamountofco2thattheseflowersrelease.SinceartificiallightdoesnotreleaseanyCO2,the“flowertheory”isalsoflawed.reason3:Ifthe“heattheory”isreasonable,thenmothswouldbeflyingtowardssometypesoflightmorethanothers.Forexample,theywouldflyintoflorescentlightmuchlessoftenbecauseflorescentlightiscold.Butonthecontrary,mothsprefertoflyintoflorescentlightratherthanotherwarmerlights.综合写作：东北部一个小区公园突然发现一批针叶树木逐步死掉，怀疑是附Household使用的一种新型除草剂（Herbicide)惹的搞。文章认为不是的，主要原因-这种除草剂在投放市场之前经过了机构详细的长达数年的测试木有问题-并非所有的针叶树木受，还有好多其他种类树木木有问题。-」专家「发现这段时间气候突然变化（）可能是因为气候原因导致树木死Lecture讲到还是认为这个除草剂是元儿：-的测试主要是针对人和动物的安全测试，没有太多对植物的-那些没有被的树木发现都是在高处的，而低处的都被了因为是流经附近小区的河流将除草剂带到了公园里这些树木的根部-气候变化应该是那些枯黄的老树叶先死掉，而事实上很多新绿的树叶也掉落了12讲的是spaceship在宇宙空间中会遇到debris，三种解决方法1trackingdebris2shield3教授认为，第一种有很多小碎片很难追踪，第二种是航天飞船需要的能量来建立防御罩，第三种用宇宙飞船把碎片脱离宇宙空间版2:讲如何处理太空，reading里往方案，一bracking这些debris，二是加一个金属的shield，三是用laserbroom给扫走。里面逐一批驳，方案一只能追踪到大的piece，小的一样很有性，且无法追踪。二会加重飞船重量，需要更powerful的。三laserbroom有可能会被用作武器。独角鲸头上独角的作用。关于独角鲸tusksofnarwhals(NarwhalsNarwhile)functions独角鲸头上独角的作用）阅读：提出三种理论独角应该是用来Piercethroughthickicesheettobreathe的，因为独角鲸待的地方在冰层下面不好呼吸，还说有eyewitnesssee曾经有独角鲸冰层。独角是malenarwhals用来Competefor此角与鲸的神经系统相连，可以起到—sensor的作用，感知oceanpropertiestemperature、盐浓度、气压etc),而且是importantinnarwhals：教授反驳。她说其实独角是软的，可以Bend的，而且还是从manydirections，所以说独角根本就穿透厚厚的冰层，只能弄碎很薄的冰面。目击者看到的情况很有可能只是独角itshead放在一个icesheethavealreadybeguntobreak的地方。她说其实所谓两条公独角鲸为领地而战只是远观而得的结论，如果是从close的地方看就会发现，其实独角録在gentlyrubeachother，这是它们的一种交流方式她说Femalenarwhalsdon'thavetusks，那如果这玩意在narwhilesurvivalimportantlivelongerthanThetopicisaboutthefunctionalityofNarwhal'stusks;Narwhalsakindofwhaleinocean;however,sinbothreadingandlisteningcontentaredifferentforthefunctionoftheFirstofall,thelecturerindicatesthatthetuskcannotbetobreakicesheetsintheoceanbecausethetusksarebendableandnothardenoughtopiercethroughthethickice.Eventhoughsomepeoplewitnessedtheice-breakingphenomenonNarwhalsdidasthereadingexins;itistruepartlybecausetheicesheethavealreadybrokeintosmalleronesorthinnerones,whichmakesitmucheasiertobreak.Secondly,thereadinginsiststhatthetuskisasweaponsformaleNarwhalstocompeteforterritoryforsuperiormatingopportunities.Likewisethisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhotusksthatobservationfromadistancemakespeopleconfusedaboutwhattheyactuallywereng.Theywerecommunicating,notfightingeachother.MaleNarwhalsrubtogetherasawayofLastly,ifthetusk,possessedmostlybymale,isreallyessentialinthesurvivalgameforsuchcreatureintheocean,thelifespanofmaleshouldbelongerthanthatofthefemalethatrarelyhavetusks.HoweverthefactinthatfemaleNarwhalshavelongerlifespanthanmaleNarwhals.ThereadingsaystuskscanbeusedtosensethechangesoftheirlivingenvironmentandarevitaltoalltheNarwhals.Sothisdoesnotmakesense.Asabovementioned,thereadingandthelisteningcontentsareopposing.引，引进盐度低的海起等不经济，太远了造价昂Thistopicisaboutthreesolutionsforavoidingthesalinitylevelbeingaggravated;however,sinbothreadingandlisteningcontentaredifferent.FirstofallthelecturerindicatesthatduringtheprocessofdesalinationharmfulchemicalstheS-word(阅读文本中会有具体拼写)asmentioned/citedinthelisteningcannegativelyaffecttheseaandthecreatureslivinginthesamearea,includinghumanbeings;howeverreadingsayssuchpumoutwatermethodforremovingthesaltfromitisaneffectivetogetthesalt.Secondly,thereadinginsiststhatconstructingc orpipelinestointroducewaterthatislesssaltythantheGulfofCalifoniatotheseaisagreatidea.Likewise,thisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhothinksthatisverypricytobuildsuchc onpipeline.Itcostsmillionsofdollarsandthelocalernmentcannotafforditatall.Lastlythelisteningj^6ntentpointsoutthatthewallbuiltin^rtoeitherbalancethesalinitymaintainthesalii#yforthemajorpartisnotagoodSincetheSaltonSeaissitedingeologicallyacl^eregion,itisvulnerabletoearthquakes^notherwords,thewallcaneasilybedestroyedor^rackedforpossibleleakage,causingoretrouble.Nevertheless,theauthordisprovesit^yputtingforththeideathatwallscan^ieusedtoseparatethelakeintodifferentsections,fablingtokeepthesectionlesssalt^^romtheabovepoints,thereadingthusandthelistingcontentsare产生物质相比dispersant来说oil更，overallreducethetoxicThetopicdebatedisaboutwhetherornotoildispersantsaregreatagentasamethodtobeutilizedforoilspills;thespeakerandtheauthorholdadifferentonit.Thefirstpointisregardingthefactthatoildispersantscannotreallysolvetheproblemonceandforallbecausetheyjustturntheoilintosmallerdropletsadtheoilisstillthere.Eitherburningorskimmingtheoilisabettersolution.However,thespeakersaysthatthosetwomethodsofremovingtheoilcannotbecarriedoutwhenthewavesarehighorthewindisstrong.Thus,themethodsarenotefficientandfeasible.Secondly,accordingtothelecturer,theoildupletswithdetrimentalchemicalsareonlyathighconcentrationinthelabs,notintherealseacondition.Soinrealscenario,theconcentrationislowanddoesalmostnoharmtoseacreaturestheecosystem.However,，thereadingindicatesthatthesmallerdropletscanbeconsumedbycreatureslivingintheecosystemandaredeadlytoLastly,thereadingpointsoutthatoildispersantsarepoisonousthemselves,However,thespeakerclaimsthateverythingisatrade-offToputitdifferently,oilchemicalsfromtheoilspillarewaymoretoxic.Withlimitedways,oil-dispersantmethodisstillthebestforthetimebeing.Insummary,thespeakerthinksthattherearenomethodsthatcanperfectlywithoutanyflawordefect.Oildispersantarestillidealforthesolutionofoilspillatthistime.Thus,thestancesonbothmaterialsarecontradictory.阅读：越来越多的人对在大公司上班失去了，转而自己开公司(self-employed)： idea。2，3extrabenefitsAnincreasingnumberofpeoplechoosetostarttheirownbusinessinsteadofworkingfor.Thereadingpassageexinswhyself-employmenthas esopopular,whilethelecturerpointsoutseveralrisksassociatedwiththistrend.First,thereadingsaysthatbigcompaniesoftenhavetoomanybureaucraticregulationsandrules,makingitdifficultforindividualemployeestopursuetheirownideas.However,thelecturerarguesthatstartingone’sownbusinessinvolvesevenmorerulesduringtheprocessofbusinessSecond,thereadingstatesthatemploymentbybigcompaniesnowadaysisnotasstableasitusedtobe,leadingtoadecreasedsenseofsecurityamongemployees.However,thelecturerrefutesthispointbysayingthatstartingupanew involvesfarmorerisksandfarlessstabilitybecauseitcouldmeanthelossof alinvestmentorotherassets.Finally,thereadingsuggeststhatrecentlythereisatrendforbigcompaniestostopofferingextrabenefits,suchaspensionormedicalinsurance,totheiremployees.Yetthelecturerpointsoutthattheseextrabenefitsareevenlesslikelytobefoundinastart-up 12【REDRAINKerala2redrain1volcaniceruption;2.meteoricexplosion;3.sporesoflichens;1redrain,redrain因为和一般的雨差不多，生前地面上应该有大量的红色lichens,可是市民都没有看到这种现象。3【TheHohokam】人类的原因：1heHohokam前1000年他们一直用得好好的，咋就一下没了？3乏明确，有工事不等于有，也许只是预防而己；再说没有其他关于的遗迹留下ThetopicisaboutthereasontheHohokampeoplewentextinctandvanished.Thecontentofbothmaterialsinreadingandlisteningaredifferent.Thefirstpointisaboutfoodscarcityproblem.Fromthereading,theirrigationsystemtheHohokampeopleusedcausealkalinequalityofthewaterthatleadstoinfertilizationonthelandHowever,thelisteningcontentindicatesthatfallow,themethodofleavinglandunseeded,allowedtheland efertileagainbyrainwaterwashingawaythesaltywater.Besides,theHohokampeoplehadbeenusingsucharablemethodforthousandsofyears.Thiswasacommonpractice,sothelandwouldnot eunabletofarminashortperiodoftime.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,thetreementionedwasabletogrowfastwiththenurtureoftheMotherNature.Iftheywereonlyusedformaterialsofsettingupfiresorbuildinghouses,theywouldnotbeusedupeasily.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthattheychoppeddowntoomanytreesthattheir“meatsource”,livedon.Inotherwords,whenthoseanimalsdiedout,theHohokampeoplewerecutoffthefood.Atlastfromthereading,Navajogroups,theinvasivepeoplehassuccessfullyoccupiedthecetheHohokampeoplelived.Thusthereweresomefortificationsleftasevidence.Fromthelistening,however,mightnotbeemployedforwars.Maybetheywerejustusedfordefendingagainstinvadingpeopleandtheyneverusedit.Ontopofthat,therewerenothingelseleftexpectthosefences.Thereshouldbemoreevidenceleftiftherewerewars.Allpointsmentionedabove,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferentviewsonthisissueforhowtheH