英国概括文化篇课件

BritishCultureEducationLiteratureScenicsports&historicalsitesⅠBritishEducationElementaryEducationSecondaryEducationHigherEducation1.ElementaryEducationAllchildrenintheU.K.mustreceiveafull-timeeducationfromtheageof5to16.CompulsoryeducationStatePrimarySchoolAninfantsection(5-7);Ajuniorsection(7-11);KindergartenorNurserySchools(3-5);StatePrimarySchoolTheacademicyearbeginsinSeptember,andisdividedintothreeterms,withholidaysatChristmas,Easterandinthesummer.Mostprimaryschoolsarewhollymaintainedbythelocalauthorities.Onethirdbelongstochurches,eitherAnglicanorRomanCatholic.PrepSchoolsThepreparatoryschoolsareindependentschoolsforchildrenfrom7or8upto13.Theprepschoolcurriculumdiffersfrom…Itsmaintargetisthe“commonentrance”examinationattheageof13,foradmissiontoapublicschool.2.SecondaryEducationTwocompleteeducationalsystems:Thestateschools;Theindependentschools;Forallchildreninstateschools,secondaryeducationbeginsattheageof11.Thereareatthistimetwosystemsforsecondaryeducation,theselectiveandthecomprehensive.SchoolsatthisstageGrammarSchool;ComprehensiveSecondarySchool;SecondaryModernSchool;PublicSchool;GrammarSchoolOldestschoolsinU.K.;WilliamShakespeare;3%ofthestateschoolstudents;Theseschoolsarereservedfor…2002年高中入学率London5８％；MexicoCity62%;LosAngels90%;Shanghai94%;Tokyo97%;GeneralNationalVocationalQualifications国家专业资格证书这一证书是专为职业技术学校毕业的学生设置的，共分５个级别，这就便于人们按阶梯逐级攀登，根据自己条件通过实际工作和专业培训由低级向高级发展．获四级国家专业资格证书相当于学士学位；获五级相当于研究生水平．90%studentsattendComprehensiveSecondarySchool;5%attendSecondaryModernSchool;PublicSchoolThefourmostfamous:EtonCollege;HarrowSchool;WinchesterCollege;RugbySchool;Theyemphasizetwofactorsineducation.Oneisthestudyofclassicsandscience(needsofthebourgeoisie),theotheristhedevelopmentofcharacter.Thepublicschoolspiritisteamspiritandleadership.3.HigherEducationBritishuniversitiesarepublicbodieswhichreceivefundsfromcentralgovernment.Sofar,theUKhasonlyoneprivatelyfundeduniversity,theUniversityofBuckingham.Oxford&CambridgeNearlyallCabinetMinisterswhowenttouniversity…Oxbridge;46%ofConservativePartyMembersofParliament…¾oftheGovernmentexecutives…Mostseniorcivilservantsare…著名的牛津人（知名牛津校友）牛津产生了4位英国国王，46位诺贝尔奖获得者，25位英国首相，3位圣人，86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。国王

爱德华七世

爱德华八世

总统和首相

克雷芒·艾德礼安东尼·艾登哈罗德·麦克米兰哈罗德·威尔逊爱德华·希斯玛格利特·撒切尔托尼·布莱尔比尔·克林顿TwofeaturesofOxfordandCambridge:Thecollegesystem;Tutorialsystem;ScottishUniversities;TheMiddle-AgedUniversities;Post-WarUniversities;TheOpenUniversity;ⅡBritishLiteratureFictionPoetryDramaFictionFables:whichareaboutanimalsorsupernaturalpersonsorincidentsandwhosepurposeisteachingamoralareprobablytheearliestformofstory-telling.Legendscomelater;Thebest-lovedstoryisaboutRobinHoodwhowasapopularherolivingunderthegreenwoodwithhismen,takingfromtherichandgivingtothepoorandwagingwaragainstbishopsandarchbishops.ThomasMore(1478-1535)InUtopiaMoreexposesthepovertyofthelaboringclassesandthegreedoftherich;hepointsouttheprincipleofUtopia“Fromeveryoneaccordingtohiscapacities,toeveryoneaccordingtohisneeds”whichisthepracticalbasisforacommunistsociety.ThePuritanPeriodJohnBunyan,aprosewriter;JohnMilton,anoutstandingpoet;JohnBunyanThreegreatallegoriesintheworldliterature:Spenser’sFaeryQueen;Dante’sDivinaCommedia;Bunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress;Pilgrim’sProgressItisareligiousallegorywhichdepictsthespiritualpilgrimageofaChristian,whofliesfromtheCityofDestruction,meetswithperilsandtemptationsattheSloughofDespond,VanityFair…andfinallyreachestheDelectableMountains.DanielDefoeModernnovelbegantoappearinthe18thcentury;Defoe:forerunnersoftheEnglishrealistnovel;ThemodernEuropeannovelbeganaftertheRenaissance,withCervantes’sDonQuixote;塞万提斯《堂吉诃德》，是西班牙作家塞万提斯于1605年和1615年分两部分岀版的反骑士小说。故事背景是个早没有骑士的年代，主角堂吉诃德幻想自己是个骑士，因而作出种种匪夷所思的行径，最终从梦幻中苏醒过来。评论家多称《唐吉诃德》是西方文学史上的第一部现代小说，也是世界文学的瑰宝之一。这部书原本是打算对当时流行的骑士传奇小说进行反讽。然而吊诡的是，由于后来骑士小说渐渐销声匿迹，自文坛消失，于是当初塞万提斯讽刺骑士小说的此一初衷渐渐被后世读者所淡忘；后来由于美国百老汇歌舞剧《梦幻骑士》的成功改编，原本“唐吉诃德”由嘲讽那些不自量力、脱离现实、自以为是一代大侠的这一类型人物，如今已多被用来指那些勇敢坚持自己的理想，敢于挑战社会不合理现象、不顾众人嘲笑仍坚持一己信念之人物。RobinsonCrusoeRobinCrusoetellsoftheonlysurvivorofashipwreckwholivesaloneonadesertedislandformanyyears,solvingtheproblemsoffood,clothingandshelterasbestashecan.CreatingtheimageofEnglishBourgeoisie:FridayCharlesDickensOutstandingrepresentativeofcriticalrealism;Writingabouttheworkingclass;Greatestcreativewriters;Someofhisnovels:OliverTwist;DavidCopperfield;TheOldCuriosityShop;HardTimes;GreatExpectations;ATaleofTwoCities;DombeyandSon;WilliamMakepeaceThackerayWritingaboutmiddle-class;Masterpiece:VanityFair;ThetitlewastakenfromBunyan’sPilgrim’sProgress;Thesubtitleofthenovel:ANovelWithoutaHero;WomenNovelistsJaneAusten,PrideandPrejudice;Narrowrangeofthesociety:Theconstantquestofthemiddle-classmotherforrichhusbandsforherdaughters;TheBronteSistersEmily(1818-1848)WutheringHeights;Charlotte(1816-1855)JaneEyre;Ann(1820-1849);Alliterary,alltalentedandalldyingyoung,isoneofthesaddestpagesinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.TwentiethCenturyNovelistThomasHardy;D.H.Lawrence;JamesJoyce;Poetry

GeoffreyChaucer,thefatherofEnglishpoetry,thefirsttowriteintheLondondialect;TheCanteburyTales;JohnMiltonGreatestrevolutionarypoetofthe17thcentury;ParadiseLost;Pre-RomanticismPoetsRobertBurns;WilliamBlake;WilliamWordsworthwasafamousnature-poetattheturnofthecentury;LyricalBallads;Byron(1788-1824