高考英语阅读理解之主旨大意课件

ReadingComprehension------Howtogetthemainidea?

?Asweallknow,testingthereadingabilityofthestudentsisthemostimportantpurposeinthecollegeentranceexamination.Theproblemsdesignedinthepapersrelatetothetestingoftheabilitiesofinferring（推论）,gettingthemainideaofapassage,guessingthemeaningofaword/phrase,tellingdifferentstatements,decidingtheauthor'sattitude/purpose,andsoon.Soknowingthefeaturesandcorrespondingstrategiesofthereadingcomprehensionpartisveryimportantandnecessary.

Whatisthepurposeofmyintroduction?1、细节理解题(questionsofdetails)2、词义猜测题(wordsincontext)3、推理判断题(questionsofinference)4、文脉结构题(contextandstructure)5、主旨归纳题(mainidea)

Questionforms:1.主题类

（1).Themainideaofthepassageis________.(2).Thepassageismainlyabout___________.(3).Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(4).Whichofthefollowingstatementcanbestsummarize/sumupthemainideaofthepassage?(5).What'sthemainpoint/mainidea/centralthoughtofthepassage?

Questionforms:2.标题类

（1).Thebesttitle/headlineforthispassagemightbe______.(2).Thetext(Passage)couldbeentitled__________.(3).Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?(4).Whichofthefollowingwouldbesuitableasatitleforthepassage?3.作者意图类

(1).Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageis___.(2).Thepassageismeantto__________.(3).Thepurposeofthisarticleis_______.(4).Theauthor'spurposeistoshow_______.

Brainstorming:Howcanwegetthemainideaofapassage?Howcanwefindoutthetopicsentenceormainidea

ofaparagraph?1

Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker'scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?（1分钟）

health.2

Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessionalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotryappearance.（1分钟）

So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance.

3.

Whatcausestrafficjams?Toomanycars,right?No!SomeBritsarenowsayingthattrafficlightsaretoblameformuchofthecongestion（交通拥挤）.Theysuggestthattrafficlightsberemovedatbusyroads.Theybelievepeopleareabetterjudgeofwhenit'ssafetogo,notatrafficlightprogrammedbyanabsentregulator.

3.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitle?

A.Don'tCountOnTrafficLights

B.NewTrafficSystemsNeededC.TurnThoseTrafficLightsOff

D.LetPeopleHaveMoreSayInTraffic总-分-分

T.S.

4

TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.（2分钟）

Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.

A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.B.TombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromHarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.C.TomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatBerlinuniversity.D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.detaildetaildetail主旨大意题的干扰项(错误选项)有3种：

?

1.概括范围太窄，只表达局部信息或某一细节，不能概括整篇文章的主旨大意。

?

2.概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。

?

3.无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。

TypesOf

Paragraph

StructuresTypeThepositionofthetopicsentenceInformationwordsAtthebeginningAttheendIn

the

middleNocleartopicsentencebesides,forexample……

so,therefore,……

SumthemupbyyourselfBut,however,actually……

Summary:Howcanwegetthemainideaof

apassage?firststep:

keyparagraph(s)secondstep:

keysentence(s)

＆keyword(s)Autonomouslearning(guidance)Autonomouslearning:

PracticeDon'forgetto

underlinekeypoints

&analysethestructure!

主要内容型

这种类型的题的关键是找到主题句

（topicsentence）。主题句通常在文首、文末或首尾呼应，有时也在文中，或者没有主题句，需要根据文章所述内容进行归纳。各段的主题句也常在该段的句首或尾句。议论文和说明文一般有主题句，但记叙文通常没有主题句，需要归纳。

三、解题技巧

文首：

新闻报道、议论文

文末：

记叙文

说明文:例子/假设

例子/假设后进入主题

没有主题句：

找反复出现的词语

判断文章体裁很重要！

TypesOfPassageStructuresTypePositionoftopicsentenceinthefirstparagrahorthelastparagraph

inthefirstparagrah

inthelastparagraph

inthemiddleGeneralidea----Supportingdetails----Conclusion(总-分-总)

Generalidea---Supportingdetails（总-分-分）

Supportingdetails---Conclusion(分-分-总）

Supportingdetails---Conclusion---Supportingdetails（分-总-分）

Autonomouslearning(guidance)找主题句的小窍门

1)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨；

首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。

2)作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；

3)段落中出现表转折的词语（如however,thus,infact,actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；

例题一

Widespreadmediacoveragehasbeengiventoanewpilltopreventheartdiseaseandstroke.TheSunsaidthepill,calledAteronon,“couldsavethousandsoflives”.TheDailyTelegraphsaidthatthenewproductcontainsanaturalthingfoundintomatoesthatisapowerfulantioxidant.Thenewspapersaidthepillcanpreventthebulid-upoffat.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?A.Howwecanpreventheartdisease.B.Anewpillgetsmuchmediaattention.C.Thebuild-upoffatisharmful.D.Anaturalthingwasfoundintomatoes.

开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。

体裁：新闻报道

例题二：Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels体裁：说明文

没有主题句

找反复出现的词语

文章标题型

文章标题就是对文章主要意思的概括，考查对全文中心思想的理解，因此，解答这类题的方法与解答主要内容题基本相同，都是寻找主题句，或归纳主要内容，但与之相对比，却具备了概括性、针对性、醒目性的特点。

推敲选项正误的小窍门：

?1)正确选项不出现细节信息。

?2)正确选项一般不含过分肯定或者绝对意义的词。

?3)正确选项一般有抽象名词或概括性词语。

?4)四个选项中，内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中，往往有一个是正确选项。

?5)干扰项特点：①概括范围太窄，只含局部信息；②概括范围太宽，所表达的内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容。③无关信息：即文章中未提到、或找不到语言依据的信息。

例题一：

3

Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only＄79.Twodayssale.Hu--rry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.(2分钟)Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_________.

A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSale

Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.

(detail)

(detail)(detail)诱售法

例题二：

Ifcarshadwings，theycouldflyandthatjustmighthappen,beginningin2011.ThecompanyTerrafugia,basedinWoburn,Massachusetts,saysitplanstodeliveritscar-plane,theTransition,tocustomersbytheendof2011.“It'sthenext‘wow'vehicle，”saidTerrafugiavicepresidentRichardGersh.“AnybodycanbuyaFerrari,butaswesay,Ferrarisdon'tfly.”

Thecar-planehaswingsthatunfoldforflying—aprocessthecompanysaystakesoneminute—andfoldbackupfordriving.Arunwayisstillrequiredtotakeoffandland.TheTransitionisbeingmarketedmoreasaplanethatdrivesthanacarthatflies,althoughitisboth.ThecompanyhasbeenworkingwithFAAtomeetaircraftregulations,andwiththeNationalHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministrationtomeetvehiclesafetyregulations.ThecompanyisaimingtoselltheTransitiontoprivatepilotsasamoreconvenientandcheaperwaytofly.Theysayitsavesyouthetroublefromtryingtofindanothermodeoftransportationtogettoandfromairports:Youdrivethecartotheairportandthenyou'regoodtogo.Whenyouland,youfoldupthewingsandhittheroad.Therearenoexpensiveparkingfeesbecauseyoudon'thavetostoreitatanairport—youparkitinthegarageathome.体裁：说明文

Thecar-planeisdesignedtoflyprimarilyunder10,000feet.Ithasamaximumtake-offweightof1,430pounds,includingfuelandpassengers.TerrafugiasaystheTransitionreducesthepotentialforanaccidentbyallowingpilotstodriveunderbadweatherinsteadofflyingintomarginalconditions.TheTransition'spricetag:$194,000,Buttheremaybeadditionalchargesforoptionslikearadio,transponderorGPS.Anotheroptionisafull-planeparachute.“Ifyougetintoaveryawfulsituation,itisthenecessarysafetyoption，”Gershsaid.Sofar,thecompanyhasmorethan70orderswithdeposits.“We'reworkingverycloselywiththem,buttherearestillsomeremainingsteps,”Brownsaid.

（

）

What'sthebesttitleforthepassage?

A．CarsWithWingsMayBeJustAroundtheCornerB．WhichtoChoose:AFerrarioraCarPlane?C．AMoreConvenientandCheaperWaytoFlyD．CarsWithWingsCanFlyasFastasPlanes写作目的型

这类题的题干中常有purpose，或者后面接有目的的动词不定式，如：intendto,meantto,（inorder）to。我们可以根据文章的主旨和体裁来判断作者的写作目的，因此，文章的首尾段或每段的首尾是阅读的重点，作者的写作意图往往就隐含在其中。

与写作目的对应的文章如下：

?1)toentertainreaders（使读者愉悦、发笑）：常见于个人经历或故事类的文章。

?2)topersuadereaders（说服读者接受某种观点）：常见于广告或议论文。

?3)toinformreaders（告知读者某些信息）：多见于新闻报道类、科普类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建议性的文章。

例题一：

Howshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation(通货膨胀)?Leftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvalue,howeverhightheinterestrate.Onlyabraveman,oraveryrichone,darestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavings,andevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtoofferpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinteresting首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclocks,whichIofantiques.…

…They…inventedwater-clocks.Indeed,anyseriousstudentsofantiqueshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalaces,statelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast.Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensive,butoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.Afterall,ifyouaregoingtoberuledbytime,whynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofit?()Thepurposeofthepassageis_____________.

A.tointroducethecultureofantiqueclocks.B.tooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclocksC.tocomparedifferentwaystomakeafutureprofitD.toexplainconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingtime例题二：

Parentsandkidstodaydressalike,listentothesamemusic,andarefriends.Isthisagoodthing?Sometimes,whenMr.Ballmerandhis16-year-olddaughter,Elizabeth,listentorockmusictogetherandtalkaboutinterestsbothenjoy,suchaspopculture,heremembershismoredistantrelationshipwithhisparentswhenhewasateenager.

“Iwouldneverhavesaidtomymom,‘Hey,thenewWeezeralbumisreallygreat.Howdoyoulikeit?'”saysBallmer.“Therewasjustacompletegapintaste.”

Musicwasnottheonlygulf.Fromclothingandhairstylestoactivitiesandexpectations,earliergenerationsofparentsandchildrenoftenappearedtomoveinseparateorbits.Today,thegenerationgaphasnotdisappeared,butitisgettingnarrowinmanyfamilies.Conversationsonsubjectssuchassexanddrugswouldnothavetakenplaceagenerationago.Nowtheyarecomfortableandcommon.Andparent—